Managing the Dark Side:

~ Tre a ti n g Officers \ with

ddictio By Robin Kroll, PsyD, Clinica l Psychologist and Director of Interventions, Dr. Robin Kroll, Inc., Chicago, Illinois

Law enfo rce ment officers know stress as well as, if not better, than most people, They co me face-to-face with life-th reatening

situa tions, victims of traumatic inci dents, and unpredi ctability o n a regu lar ba sis. One of th e results of offi ce rs' ex pos ure to stressors tha t surpass th e typica l range of human em otions is th e struggle to find a way to co pe with these ex perie nces. For so me officers , a lco ho l is or becomes an acceptabl e response in dealing w ith those emotions .

Co ns ide r, for instan ce, the following sce na rios :

When OfficerMike returned homefrom work, the last thing he expected was a "Dear iohn"notefrom his w!fe. He kneu:his I/wn iage was toxic;he knew his drinkingattributed to their issues;he kne,L' he didn't know how to bealone. Turning to his typical coping /Jd lll" ior, he drank himselii nto a blackout. The next thing he kneu: the police werebreaking dOW/I his dOO I; and hespent the next three da~ is at a psychiatric unit sobering up. Immediately afterhis discharge!. he ,uas strippedofduty.As thefog begml to lift, Mike remembered pieces of that night, which included putting hisgun to his heaa.lt zuasn't until he noticedthe bullet hole in theceiling that he realized he had attempted toend his life.

o.lficerGary was thefirst to respond to a caraccident inc'oILlingthree teenagers, and he witnessed them bum aliveas they pleaded for help. He couldn 'tget to them in time.Hejl nished hissh!ft. uvnt home, huggedhis kids, andfound himself sitting injront of 23 /Jeersthetol­lowing day.

o.lficer Lori lost herpartner toa line-of-duty death and blamed hersel] for being 01!duty the night it happened.Drinking was the only way to alleviatehersenseo.fguilt.

After being injured on thejob.Officer Stevewas reliant on his pain medication, even after his on-duty injllly healed. When his prescrip­tions ranalit, he began purchasing opiatesa/I the streets.

The stories a bove demon stra te the ma ny lin ks betw een alcoh ol! substance abuse an d law enforce me nt. O ne of the greatest facto rs stems from the reality that officers a re exposed to stressors that sur­pass the typical range of human emotio ns . For some officers, alcoho l is an acce ptable resp onse in dealing with those emo tions.

48 THE POLlCE CHIEF/SEPTEMBER 2014

While these sce narios may so und drastic to some; there are a number of office rs w ho have heard of simila r situations or witnessed the ir peers succu mb to these metho ds of "coping." Research suggests th at officers consume alco hol at gre a ter rates than th e ge neral po pu­lat ion; in law enfo rce me nt, cumulative stre ss is as sociated wit h an increa sed risk of alco ho l abuse with an od ds ratio of approxima tely 3 to 1.1 Law en force ment office rs d rink in grea ter quantities and have higher rates of bin ge drinking com pared to non-offi cers. This drink­ing is not always off the job-25 percent of o fficers rep ort having co n­sumed alcoho l whil e OIl duty?

In a 2011 study, 18.1 percent of male officers and 16 percent of female office rs described "adverse consequences" !i'OlTI alcohol use, an d 11 percent of male and 16 percent of fema le officers ad m itted to engaging in at-risk levels of alcoh ol use du ring the previou s week." In another rece nt stu dy, 33.9 percent of law enforce m ent stu den ts indi ­ca ted excessive alco ho l use co m pared to 26 percent o f other studen ts, and, in a study by Peter Weiss, 44 .8 percent of the lowest perfonning officers of the 632 surveyed exhibited "alcohol issues,"

Alco hol and su icide in law e nforcemen t are al so clo sely lin ked. A 2010 s tudy found th e presence of alcohol in over 95 percent of poli ce suicid es. It is esti m ate d that a peace officer co mmits suic ide every 17 hours.'

What linksAddiction in law Enforcement lt is commo n to learn that office rs ad mit they were alcoho lics or

have abused alcoh ol prior to their police wor k and. of co urse, mini­mized the ir drinking habits at pre-employment screenings . It is also co mm on to di scov er that there often ex ists a histo ry of alcoh olism in an office r's family. Alcoh olism is a progressive, de teriorati ng dis­ease, so officers with the addictio n will likely decline with tim e, du e to cum ulative stress, dealing with ext remes, an d the negativity and vio lence th ey experie nce on the job, as well as th e negati ve percep­tio n that so me of the public an d m ed ia have toward law enforce ment. Office rs also often ex perien ce unhealthy slee p cycles due to work shift chan ges an d ro tat ions th at regu la rly switch from days to nights or assignmen ts to special units that req uire putting in lon g hours, w hich can co ntribute to stress and unhealthy lifestyles. In addition, officers are notoriou s for working side job s, no t on ly to support thei r fam ilies, but to sup port th eir addic tion habits as well, leading to fur­ther slee p deprivatio n and pe rp etuating the cycle .

For new recruits who don't necessar ily en ter th e force wit h an addi ction issu e, the acclimation to police culture can engende r ha bit­forming behaviors. New office rs want to fit in, so they may sta rt hanging ou t at local police ba rs, and, eve ntua lly, the rea lities of law enforceme nt's social milieu become part of th e rec rui ts' lifestyl es.

Eleva ted d rin kin g ca n occ ur as th e result of a cri tica l incident or post-traumatic s tress disorder (PTSD). While officers can dev elop

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PTSD from their jobs in law en forcem ent , som e officers admit to joining the de part­ment with existing PTSD from the military or from childhoo d trauma, with sym pto ms that are activated by the experiences they face in the line of duty. Officers' training teaches them to be guarded; showing emotions on the streets or ja ils can imply vu lnerabil­ity. They can often forget to let their guard down when they go hom e to their families; as a result, they shut down communication, creating relationsh ip issues for which alco­hol becom es an unhealthy solution.Officers are also reluctant to obtain pro fess iona l help in fear of administrat ive con sequ ences up to and includ ing term ination .

Defining and Identifying the Problem Alcoho lism in law enforceme nt is an

ongoing conce rn, and one that is often ignored in small, medium, and large agen­cies alike. Loyalty to the "brotherhood" hin­ders officers of all ranks from addressing the issue. This code of silence becomes an enabling beh avior, and officers with alco ­holism may deteriorate un til the probl em is too big to ignore-such as involvem ent in a dom estic altercation, causing a fatal­ity while intoxicated , or suicide. However, it's possible to ide ntity officers wh o may be struggling with alcohol or substance abuse before a crisis occurs . Officers with addi ctions may show signs of the disease in a variety of ways, including the following symptoms: • Noticea ble decay in performan ce • Abuse of med ical leave and faking

injuries (may indi cate needin g time to recoup from a binge on alco hol or other subs tances)

• Taking time off on the first day returning to work

• Coming in late for roll call • Displays of disgruntled attitude ,

argumentative be havior, and disobedi ence of direct orde rs

• Mishandling offende rs or inmates; demonstrat ion s of aggressive beh avior, low toleran ce, or repea ted use of excessive force

• Unke mpt uniforms and poor hygiene • Increased involvement in accide nts • Inabili ty to stay on task; incomplete

pap erwork or cases; and requests for other officers to take ove r assign ed duties

• Noticea ble signs of withd rawal, such as shaky hand s, swe ating, flushed face, bloat ed and swo llen features, vom iting, complain ts of insomnia, nausea, anxiety, and hea daches

Treatment When officers strugg le with add iction, it

is critical that they take time away from the job. Medical leave allows officers to fully con­cent rate on recovery, which includes gaining

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insight to the root of their addiction, learning new healthy copin g strategies, and identi ty­ing triggers that have led or could lead to a relapse.An officer may need to be off a mini­mum of three months to complete inpa tient and outpatient treatmen t. A collaborative approach, utilizing a team of unified sup­po rt systems, will give the officer the grea t­est outcome. Support and treatme nt op tion s include the following: • Employee Assistance Program (EAP)

services • Peer support serv ices • Inpatien t treatm ent • Inten sive outpatient treatment • Ind ividu al thera py • Gro up therapy • Family the rapy • Alco ho lics or Narcotics Ano nymo us

(A/\ or NA), spo nsorship, and fellows hip

• Psychiat ric treatm ent • Police cha plain un it • Sober hou se

Pl't" Suppor: Lnit«and If' Peer support unit s and EAr are good

places for an officer to begin the process of getting help with an addiction. Som e of these units' duti es include the following : • Responding to calls for ass istance

from office rs and fam ily me mbe rs, supervisors, and peer suppo rt personn el

• Ca rrying out wor kplace and family intervention s

• Stabilizing living enviro nm ent • Providing initial assessme nt • Iden tifying the pro blem • Referring to treatment • Keeping the office r en gaged after

treatme nt • Ensuring follow-up with human

reso urces and union rep resenta tives • Being a resource for future qu estion s

and direction "

ltuuuicu! Trratmrnt For most peopl e with addictions, an inpa­

tient program is the best start to recovery, bu t it is also one of the most difficult steps for an officer to take. For an officer, en tering an inpatient facility may feel similar to incar­cera tion, which is con trary to wha t the law enforcem en t pro fession represen ts, and giv­ing up cont rol goes against everything offi­cers are train ed to do .Their training has also provided the m with a hyper-aware ness of external sur roundings-it is not uncommon for officers entering treatment centers to scan the ir surround ings and mark their exits the way they do on the streets or in jails.

Off icers may need to tour the facility imm ediately upo n admissio n to feel com­fort able an d safe. They are often perceived as be ing "clinically" paranoid becau se civilian pat ient s do not displa y exte ns ive

gua rde dnes s to the degree sho wn by law enforceme nt office rs. Defense mecha­nism s kick into high gea r, an d officers can be difficult in the early stages of inpatient treatment. The difficult behaviors can include non compliance, being "closed off," hesitanc y in offering clinical history, height en ed susp icion of staff and pati ents, and secrecy ab out wh at they do for a living. Law enfo rceme nt officers are gifted in their ability to run the show and do thin gs their way, an d it takes a strong staff to keep offi­ce rs integrated in the treatment progra m. They ofte n feel very differen t from th e o the r pa tients, an d it takes time to assimi­late. O nce this integration is achieved, offi ­ce rs can then focus on their recovery with succe ss. Placing an office r in a trea tment program that has a first res ponde rs track is prefe rable becau se clinicians who und er­stand law enforce me nt culture will be tte r understand how to work with the officer.

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An Inten sive Outpatient Program (JOP) is recomme nded to tran sition an officer who is in recovery, and it is typically struc­tured as a gro up setting. As an outpatient, the officer can reside at hom e or in a recov­ery hou se to strengthe n his or her recent sobriety while making the adjustme nt to liv­ing a sober lifestyle. Som e officers may be able to mainta in their normal commitme nt to family and work while doing lOP. O ut­patient treatment usually begins five days a week and dec reases to three days, the n tw o days, and eventua lly to one day aftercare. The process can be open-ende d, and par­ticipation is a decision that is mad e between the officer an d treatment facilitators.

ludiuiduu! T1l1'mpy Whe n an officer completes inpatient

care, it is advisab le to see a licensed clini­cian, specifically, one wh o has experience wo rking with law enforce me nt as an inter­ventio nist. Police psychologists or other clinicians with experience trea ting law enforceme nt officers are be tte r prepared to address field-specific issues and concerns. For instance, a psychologist unfamili ar with law enforceme nt may react poorly to the presenc e of a weapon , eve n if the officer carr ies it as a matt er of course, or might not fully und erstand the pressures of the job that could lead to addiction.

When an officer seeks individual therapy, defensive behaviors can surface. As with most people who struggle with addiction, trauma is typically a co-occurring issue. Trust and safety are key factors for a pe rson wh o has an addi ction , especially officers whose finely tun ed training teaches them not to trust. Being patien t and using the first few therapy sessio ns to get acquainted allows the officer to gain assurance that the clinician can be m isted. Officers someti mes won')' that

TH E POLICE CHI EF/SEPTEMBER 2014 49

others will see them visiting a therapist, espe ­cially due to the cultura l stigma that can sur­round mental health issues. A psycho logist experienced in wo rking with law enforce­ment may be able to help the officer's comfort by scheduling sess ions du ring a time wh en no one else will be present in the waiting roo m or near the office. In addition, officers who have addiction issues stemming from a traumatic incident or who have height­ened sensitivity to un familiar environ me nts from their training may take multipl e visits to feel safe in the office, an d a skilled police psychologist will be sensitive to those types of fears. O fficers are intuitive, and they will sense a clinician 's discomfort, which will, in turn, create discomfort for them. Once trust is established, an officer's treatme nt can be extraor dinary and sustained sobri ety likely.

How Clinicians Can Work with an Officer While clinicians can't always accommo­

date eve ry officer's request, some reaso nable accommodations or considera tions might includ e the following : • Give new law enforcement clien ts

the first appoi ntme nt of the day, an after-lun ch appoi ntme nt, or the last appointment to redu ce the cha nce of enco un ters w ith other clients or office rs.

• When se tting up the ap pointment, ask jf the office r has any co nce rns that he or she wo uld like to ad dress prior to the first visit.

• Some office rs like to text the clinician to confi rm that the office is clear before en ter ing-it is recommended to allow thi s.

• If there is an ex tra roo m, allow the officer to go in there and shut the doo r until the office is clear of oth er peopl e, if he or she wish es. Once officers are comfor table with therapy, th ey usually stop worryin g ab out co ncea ling their identities.

• Don 't pu sh too m uch too soo n­obtaining a thorou gh clinical history may have to wait until the officer is co mfortable.

• An sw er qu estion s ope nly and honestly; officers eas ily recognize ins ince rity.

• Use lan gua ge officers can relate to; don't be too clinical.

• Officers may test a clinician's ability to handle them; use an approach that is assertive without bein g controlling .

• Understand addiction an d AA and the 12-step progra m, and be mindful of supporting these steps if the officer is working on them with his or her spo nsor.

• Ge t con sent from the officer to mainta in communication with his or her oth er suppor t systems, if po ssible. If communication is ope n, the clinician an d other sup porte rs may be abl e to ide ntify the point a t w hich the

50 THE POLIC E CHIEF/ SEPTEMBER 2014

officer migh t be slipping away from the recove ry program (e.g ., missing appointments with the psyc hiatrist, EAP rep res entatives, peer support unit , or not go ing to AA meetings ).

• Remind officers that furlou gh s need to be structure d and to increase their support syste m during time off; officer s can relapse during vaca tions when the ir routines cha nge.

• Develop a relap se pre vention plan, and identi ty tr iggers and cycle beh aviors that cause relapse . Officers' triggers can com e from the three key areas of their lives: (l ) stress on the streets or in the ja ils, (2 ) stress from the org an ization, and (3) stress from their personal lives.

• Help officers develop health y coping strategies to replace drinking, as we ll as be ing mindful of not replacing the addiction with other unhealthy behavior s such as ga m bling , sex, sp ending, an d so forth .

• Officers with add ictio ns who res po nd to calls that evo ke emo tions typically use alcoho l or dru gs as numbing agents to de al with th e impac t of the expe riences . Remind them to use their new coping str ateg ies (reac hing out to support systems) to prevent relapses. A return -to-wo rk plan is imp ortant since

the officer has most likely been on med ical leave. Office rs in recovery often face anxiety about re turning to work for a variety of rea ­sons: \Vhat will th ey tell th eir pee rs abo ut why they've been off? Will they be bumped to another district o r wo rk shift? Is there new technology that they have to lea rn? Having officers vi sit their de par tme nts on ce or twice prior to the ir actual return date will reduce th is anxiety, If they wear a un ifo rm, having them put it on at hom e to reconnect with their identity can also be helpful, as can encouragi ng officers to go to th e gu n range, as they are likely going to have to re-qualify.

When officers return to work, they should still see a psycho logist at least once a wee k for the first few months, then once every two weeks for a couple of months. If they are doin g well transitioning back to work and have a stro ng AA or NA schedule, hav­ing them check in monthly for the first yea r back at work will help maintain quali ty sup­port . AA or similar fellowship meet ings will be a life-lon g commitmen t, and it's esse ntial that officers in recovery learn to be mindful of finding a balanc e in life, ma king sure that their iden tity isn't solely abo ut being police officers, and findin g activities that includ e their civilian com munity an d friend s.

Therapeutic Approaches An integrat ed approach is ben eficial as it

avoids restricting the officer to a single per ­spec tive. A partnership of orientations an d approaches can elevate the level of thera­pe utic success.

• Bring in family members to suppo rt and educate officers ab out addiction be ing a family disease. Wh en family members are invo lved, they often find them selves unit ed in the office r's recovery.

• Ne uro feedback training is excellent for anxiety, trauma, addic tion, slee p disorde rs, peak performanc e train ing, and more. Ne urofeedback training entails the self-regul ation of brain wave activity in real time, allowin g officers to re-train their central nervou s syste ms to fu nction more efficiently.' Discovering a new baselin e that iden tifies a calming sensation will allow officers to gai n greater control and stability ove r beh avior s as they navigate their tours.

• Eye Move me nt Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy treatmen t th at was origi na lly design ed to alleviate the distress associa ted with traumat ic memories." It has bee n proven an exce llent appro ac h to treating PTSD.

• Stress man agemen t an d relaxation training can be ext reme ly useful techniqu es tor officers who regul arly experience chro nic stress, officers with add iction issues, or officers with ties to trauma and have a co-occurring diagn oses of anxiety disord ers. Teachin g officers how to control leve ls of persona l stres s by ide ntifying intern al reso urces can prevent the m from looking for unhealth y externa l aid es such as alco hol or drugs, Utilizing relaxa tion techniques regularl y can improve an office r's everyd ay function ing.

• Mo tivating an office r to be con scientiou s of healthy eating and exercise can only enha nce a we ll­rounde d recovery pro gram ,

• Developing dual d iagn osis po lice gro ups and!\A or NA po lice meet ings are a great way to give office rs in recovery continu ed su pport. It doesn 't take mu ch; a facilitator can consist of a police clinician o r a representative from a commu nity law enforceme nt age ncy. Th e structure sho uld be relaxe d with the understanding that "what's said in gro up stays in gro up." Police groups allow 0 fficers to discuss issues that they wo uld n't brin g up in a regul ar civilian meeting. The safe ty and com fort of the gro up relies on its specia l bo nd- no need for records or du es, ju st support and enco urageme nt.

Additional Support Systems Psychiatrists: Seek a psychiatrist who spe­

cializes in addictio n and, if possible, one who has experience working with first responder s and is mindful of the law enforceme nt agen ­cy's po licy on med ication s. The American Co llege of Occupational and Environme ntal Medicine (ACO EM) Guidancefor the Medical

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Evaluationojl.au)EJl!l)fCelllmt Officers addresses medication use for law enforceme n t."

Policechaplains: Police cha plains are a wonderful resource for offi­ce rs, as th ey add a co m pone n t of faith th at is a sign ifica n t theme in recovery. Being m indful o f w hen to co nne ct th e officer to a sp iritu al resource is impo rta n t. It is not unusu al for o ffice rs to be a ngry and rese n tfu l in th e begin ning stag es o f reco very , es pecia lly at God . Blam­ing evelyo ne but onese lf is a defense m ech anism th at allows a per son with an addiction to avoid responsibility an d accoun tab ility. O nce the offi cer stops using denial as a shi eld, b ringing in faith (as the officer kn ows it) can add strengt h to the recovery p rocess.

Soberhouse:Pla cing officers in a so be r hou se ca n be as difficult a s or worse th an getting them admitted to a treatment cente r, a nd it is understandable why th at is. O ffice rs are un comfortable with hal fway houses; th ey have concerns that th e o ther hou se member s w ill res ent th em, a nd there is th e potential of runnin g into a house member whom they ar rested. But for so m e offi cers, it is th e o nly way they can m aintain sobriety: in o ther cases, th e o ffice r m ay not be a llowed to re tu rn home if th e family wo n' t allow it. Livin g a lone is not ad visa b le because it will be ea sy fo r th e o ffice r to become isola ted , w hic h often lead s to relapse. De veloping a relationshi p w ith a so be r house that supports o fficers is w orthwhile, and kn owin g that tru sted resour ces (su ch as psychologists o r peer support uni ts ) are famil iar wit h the hou se m an ager can be of co m fort.

HowPolice Agencies Can Support Their Officers First and forem ost, agenc ies ne ed to rem ove the stigma o f seek­

ing co unseling and support their offi cers in taking care of th em selve s and each other. Law e nforce m e n t o rganizatio ns sh ouldn't hesitate to rea ch ou t to me n tal health p rofessiona ls in the co m m unity who understand th e culture or add ictio n a nd trauma; it is a n honor for th em to assist th e agenc ies a nd th e ir offic ers.Train ing at th e acad emy lev el a nd co n tinued training through out an offi ce r's care e r is also essen tia l. Th is includes ed ucation not just a bo ut alcoho l an d d rug awa reness, but ab out re lated issues suc h as poten tial critical inciden ts a nd eleva ted use, PTSD, and su icide prevention. Dev elop ing \\ llness p rograms that inclu de s tress management tra inin g, family days. a nd spous al awareness sem inars th rou ghout th e year will be a co n tinued reminder to ma in tain em o tio nal sta bility.

Regardless of th e size of the agen cy (sm all, m edium, o r I rge ), building support units suc h as police ch apl ain programs, critica l inci­dent teams, and strong peer suppo rt units is possib le wit h a modes t budget. Small police age ncie s ca n jo in forces with other co m m unity police d epartments to develop these units and look for vo lun teers in th e police communi ty who are w illing to co me to th e aid of their brothers or sist ers in need . Reach out to o ffice rs in recovery-they ar e p roud o f who th ey' ve become and th eir lifestyle encou rages gh i ng back: "Having had a sp iritu al awake n ing as the result of these ste ps, we tried to ca rry this m essage to alc oholics, and to practice these prin­cip les in a ll o ur affairs,"!"

Conclusion Supporting offi ce rs in taking ca re o f th emselves and each o the r

ca n m ake th e difference between life and d eath when it co m es to add ict io n. The need fo r police agencies to remove the stig m a of see king counseling a nd treatment will g ive o ffice rs a seco nd cha nce - pro ba bly th eir o n ly cha nce . Officers in reco velY o ften re tu rn to w or k new a nd im pro ved, a nd th is fresh ness becomes ve ry a ppa re n t to superio rs and co lleag ue s alike . The ir new o u tlook on life o fte n a llow s th em to advance in rank a nd responsibi lity, and m a ny bec ome pe e r suppo rt m embe rs as a way of g iving ba ck. They view reco very as a gi ft.

Office rs put th eir lives o n th e lin e da ily to protect their co mm uni­ties. Su pporting th em in the ir recovel)' is a se nse of duty a nd honor th at agencies and clinicians ca n bestow upon th em in retu rn-e-a co m­muni ty of public servants se rving ea ch other. •:.

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RESOURCES American Addiction Center (The Colony,Texas): (214) 731-4037

Genesis House (Palm Beach County, Florida): (800) 737-0933

MirmontTreatment Center (Philadelphia, PAl: (610) 744-1400

ACOEM Guidelines for theMedicalEvaluation ofLawEnforcement Officers. www.acoem.org

DOT The Substance Abuse Professional Guidelines. http://www.dot .gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/00APC%20SAP%20Guide%20Aug09.pdf

American Board of AddictionMedicine:www.abam.net

American Society ofAddiction Medicine:www.asam.org

Dr. Robin Kroll is a clinical psych ologist with an ind epen­dent p rac tice wi th offices in Chicago a nd Lake County, Illinois, suburbs . Dr. Kroll is th e Director of Interventions and specializes in Police Psychology. Her concentrati on includes working with polic e officers in indi vidual, group, and fam ily therapy fo r issues rela ted to addiction, m ood disorders, w ork-related matt e rs, and post-traum a tic stress disorder. Sh e has expe rience in fitn ess for duty treahnent and assessment, police arbi tratio n, a nd expert testimon y. Dr. Kroll speaks at po lice and public sa fety co nfer­ence s and implements str ess management se m ina rs fo r law enforcem e n t ag encies.

Notes: 'Robyn R. M . Gershon, Susan Lin, and Xianbin Li, "Work Stress in

:\g ing Police Officers,"[ournal a/ Occupationaland Enuironll/elltalMedicine 44, no. 2 (2002): 160- 167.

'Jeremy D. Davey, Pat ricia L. Obst, and Mary C. Shee han , "Developing a Profile ofAlcohol Consumption Patt ern s of Police Officers in a Large Scale Sample of an Aust ralian Police Ser vice," European Addiction Research 6, no. 4 (2000): 205-212.

-'James F.Ballenger et a l., "Patterns and Predic tors of Alcohol Use in Ma le and f ema le Urban Police Officers,"American journalonAddictions 20,

no.J (2011): 21-29. ' M. Kevin G ray, "Problem Behaviors of Students Pursuin g Policing

Careers: ' Policing 34, no. 3 (2011): 541-552; Peter t\. Weiss e t al ., "The Persona lity Assessment Invent ory Borderline, Drug, and Alcohol Scales as Predictors ofOverall Performance in Police Officers: A Series of Exploratory Ana lyses," Policing {" Society 18, no. 3 (2008): 301- 310.

"Jean G. Larned, "Understand ing Police Suicide,"Forensic Examiner 19, no. 3 (2010): 64-71.

"Robin Kroll and James Morrison, "Liquid Courage:Treati ng Officers wit h Alcoholism- A Path to Recovery" (prese ntation, 119th Ann ua l lACP Conference, San Diego, CA, September 29,2012).

'John N. Demos, GettingStarted with Neurofeedback (New York: Norton and Co. Publishers, 2( 05).

' Francine Shapi ro, "Efficacy of the Eye Movement Desens itization Proced ure in the Trea tment of Traum at ic Memories,"jOIlI'J1I11of'Irtumiatic Strcs« 2, no. 2 (1989): 199-223; Francine Shapiro, "Eye Movemen t Desensitization: A New Treatment for Post-TraumaticStress Disorder," tourna!ofBehaviorTherapy and ExpcnmcntnlPsychiatry 20, no. 3 (Sep tem ber 1989): 211-217.

"American College of Occupational and Environmental Med icine, Guidancciortlu:Medical Eualuation otLau.Enforcement OfficCl':' (Elk Grow Village, ll: Know ledge Centers), http ://www.ilcoem.org/leogu ideline5 .aspx (accessed August 1, 2014).

"'Alcoholics Anonymous, "Step Twelve: ' in TwelveSteps mldTt(d , ',' Traditions (AA Grapevine, Inc. and Alcoholics Ano nymous Publishing July 2012): 106, http :// www.aa,org /a ssets/en_USi en_ step12.pd i lacce: :;ed August 1, 2(14 ).

TH E POLICE CHI EF/ SEPTE\IBER 20 14 :;1