Managing End of Life Batteries Todd CoyEVP Kinsbursky Brothers and ToxcoEnvironmental Health & Safety International Communications ConferenceCommunications ConferenceSanta Rosa, CA September 11-13th, 2012

Facilities and ProcessesFacilities and Processes

Background…expanding on existing processing and business model(s)

• Longstanding history of battery recycling at Kinsbursky

Brothers, (1970’s) – Large Format Industrial Batteries, including

Telecommunication BatteriesTelecommunication Batteries.

• Combined Facilities in:o Anaheim, CA

Manages Over 80 M Pounds of

o Trail, British Columbia Canada

o Lancaster and Baltimore Ohio

T ( 6) P f Hi h E Lithi B tt S t

Batteries per Year

• Toxco (1996) - Processor of High Energy Lithium Battery Systems.• Primary Lithium Batteries• Secondary Lithium Batteries

Other Battery Recycling ActivitiesLithium Battery Recycling

Ni Cad Recycling

Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries

B tt i bj t t S bj t t diff t • Batteries subject to USEPA regulations

• May be managed under

• Subject to different requirements based on activity:

– Universal Waste Rule Part 273

– Part 266 Subpart G

– Storage– Transportation– Reclamation

• Exempted from manifest requirements– Broken batteries are

– Export

typically managed as waste– Leaked acid or debris clean

up, could be waste

Battery System Chemistries

D th B tt S di Flooded Pb Cells

Durathon Battery: Sodium Metal Halide Chemistry

VRLA Batteries Sealed Lead VRLA Batteries – Sealed Lead Acid Chemistry

Prevent Hydrogen Build e e t yd oge u d up/Thermal Runaway

• Battery rooms should be • Battery rooms should be well ventilated

• Ambient temperature Controls

• 77 F Recommended

• Hydrogen Alarms• Maybe

I i • Inspection system• Monitoring and

maintenance • Cell Balance• Cell Balance• Voltage• Temperature

Battery Room Response Management – Lead Acid Batteries Maintain a hazmat spill response • Labels/MarkingsMaintain a hazmat spill response kit at lead-acid battery storage area for leaks:

• Acid resistant gloves (Butyl

• Labels/Markings

• Onsite container for placing clean up debris

Acid resistant gloves (Butyl Rubber)

• A supply of polyethylene plastic bags (six millimeter or thicker,

• Other appropriate personal protection:

– Safety Glasses– Tyvek or other appropriate PPEg ( ,

and sized to contain the largest battery expected for storage).

• Rags or disposable wipes (for id l k l )

Tyvek or other appropriate PPE– Boots

• Posted response procedures and notification call list should b il blacid leak clean-up)

• Appropriate absorbent (for spill clean-up)

be available

• Don’t forget to train ER staff!!!

Battery Management - What could Happen?

Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries

B tt i bj t t DOT’ i i• Batteries subject to USDOT regulations

• Hazmat table in 49 CFR

• DOT’s main issue:Batteries must be prepared and packaged in

172.101 • Batteries, wet… UN 2794• Batteries wet

a manner to prevent a dangerous evolution of heat.• Batteries, wet

nonspillable UN 2800• Packaging must be

li t ith 49 CFR

– Terminals Insulated• All caps and plugs must

be inserted in battery compliant with 49 CFR 173.159 and 173.159a

be inserted in battery vents.

• Zero tolerance

Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries

N ill bl b tt i B tt i t t bj t • Nonspillable batteries may be excepted from HMR if:

• Securely packaged in strong outer packaging

• Batteries wet are not subject to requirements if:

• No other hazmat is transported on vehicleouter packaging

• Marked as NonSpillable• Batteries are subject to

incident reporting

transported on vehicle• Batteries must be braced to

prevent damage/short circuits• Other materials must be incident reporting

– Fire– Violent rupture– Explosion

Other materials must be blocked and braced to prevent contact with batteries

• Transport vehicle may not i l hi d b– Etc… carry material shipped by any

other person, other than battery shipper.

Battery Management – Lead Acid Batteries

Secured and proper packaging Secured and proper packaging reduces transportation risk.

Battery Management – Lead Acid BatteriesBattery Management – Lead Acid Batteries

Superfund – It is still there….

CERCLA 8• CERCLA 1980• Simply Stated, A Federal

Government's Program to Locate, Investigate and Remediate Investigate and Remediate Contaminated Sites

• Has Broad Authority to Seek out PRP’s (Potentially Responsible Parties)

• Over 1,000 sites on the National Priority List

Superfund Recycling Equity Act – November 1999• Exempts Certain Persons Who “

Arrange for recycling of Recyclable Materials”

All of the following conditions must be met for the scrap company to take advantage of the exemption:

• ‘recyclable material’ means scrap paper, … or spent lead-acid, spent nickel-cadmium, and other spent batteries...”

(1) the recyclable material met a commercial specification grade;

(2) a market existed for the recyclable material;

• Scrap Suppliers must Exercise “Reasonable Care”

• The Recycling Facility Must be In Compliance

material; (3) a substantial portion of the recyclable

material was made available for use as a feedstock for the manufacture of a new saleable product; and Compliance

• The Supplier Must be in Compliance with Regulations Applicable to:– Storage

new saleable product; and (4) the recyclable material could have

beena replacement or substitute for virgin

i l h d b–Transportation –Management

raw material, or the product to be made from the recyclable materialcould have been a replacement or substitute for a product made, in whole or in part, from a virgin or rawmaterial

Lithium Battery Universe – Diverse and High Energy

Lithium Batteries - Growing Market

• Production of lithium-battery cells grew from 625 million in 2000 to

4.4 billion in 2010, according to Gov report

• Total is expected to almost double by 2020, reaching about 8 billion.

• About half of lithium batteries are shipped on U.S. Registered

i ft aircraft,

• Source : Freighter Airplane Cargo Risk Model September 2011 –

DOT/FAADOT/FAA

Lithium Ion Battery Handling -

• Lithium Ion batteries may be a hazardous waste under

USEPA.

• Lithium Ion batteries are (most likely) regulated as a California

waste.

• Lithi I b tt i l t d h t USDOT• Lithium Ion batteries are regulated as hazmat per USDOT

• Lithium Ion batteries may be shipped under the following proper

DOT descriptions:DOT descriptions:

o Lithium battery 9, UN 3090 PG II

o Lithium ion battery UN 3480

Lithium Ion (and all others)

• All batteries are subject to the requirements

of HMR of HMR.

• Batteries exhibit 2 types of hazards

o Chemicals or other materials in the battery

h l i l i l f h bo The electrical potential of the battery

Batteries = Electrical Devices

49 CFR 173.21 - Catch all

• (c) Electrical devices such as batteries and • (c) Electrical devices, such as batteries and

battery-powered devices, which are likely to

create sparks or generate a dangerous

l ti f h t l k d i evolution of heat, unless packaged in a

manner which precludes such an occurrence p

Lithium Battery Handling

• 49 CFR 173.185 (d)• Cells and batteries, for disposal or recycling. A lithium cell or

battery offered for transportation or transported by motor vehicle to

a permitted storage facility, disposal site or for purposes of recycling

is excepted from the specification packaging requirements of

paragraph (a)(4) of this section and the requirements of paragraphs

(a)(1) and (a)(6) of this section when protected against short circuits (a)(1) and (a)(6) of this section when protected against short circuits

and packed in a strong outer packaging conforming to the

requirements of §§173.24 and 173.24a.q 73 4 73 4

Lithium Ion Battery Handling -

• Strong outer packaging means the outermost enclosure that provides

protection against the unintentional release of its contents. It is a

packaging that is sturdy durable and constructed so that it will retain packaging that is sturdy, durable, and constructed so that it will retain

its contents under normal conditions of transportation. In addition, a

strong outer packaging must meet the general packaging requirements

of subpart B of part 173 of this subchapter but need not comply with the

specification packaging requirements in part 178 of the subchapter. For

t t b i ft t t k i i bj t t §173 27 f transport by aircraft, a strong outer packaging is subject to §173.27 of

this subchapter. The terms “strong outside container” and “strong

outside packaging” are synonymous with “strong outer packaging.”p g g y y g p g g

Lithium Ion 18650

DOT/FAA DOT/FAA Flammability Assessment - LiIon18650 Single Cell.

UPS Cargo Plane: Dubai 2010

Lithium - Packaging

Battery Service Programs

h i• The Big Green Box Small Package ProgramProgram.

• All Battery Chemistries including Chemistries, including lithium

• Meets Packing group II Meets Packing group II Specifications

Battery Recycling Facility – What to look for?

• Permit Status

o Level of permitting

RCRA P it

• Employee Training

• Biological Monitoringo RCRA Permits

• Facility Compliance History

o Minimum 5 years

• Facility Inspections

• Cleanliness

• A ti M i t o Minimum 5 years

• Insurance Levels

• Assurance

• Active Maintenance

Programs

• Check With State Regulatorso Closure Funding

Check With State Regulators

Battery Recycling Facility – Arranging Shipments

• F iliti h diff i q i t • Facilities have differing requirements. Examples : o Material Profile

• To be submitted prior to receipt• To be submitted prior to receipt• Identify battery chemistry• Quantity

o Purchase Order• Pricing

o Delivery Appt.

Compliant packagingo Compliant packaging

Battery Safety – Lithium Storage Trail, BC Canada

d d

• Specially Designed Concrete Explosion Proof Bunkers

• Dedicated Fire Suppression Supply Lines

p• Alarmed • Automated Suppression System

All Battery Handling – Main Take Away

• Batteries MUST be insulated to prevent short circuits or generation

of heatCan use tapeo Can use tape

o Baggies

o Other effective means

• Batteries must be packaged in sound containers and strong outer

packages, that can withstand the conditions of transportation

B tt i h ld b t t f iliti th t h d t h i l • Batteries should be sent to facilities that have sound technical

abilities, environmentally compliant with good management

practicespractices.

Contact Todd CoyKinsbursky Brothers

Mr. Paul JohnsonDir. Environmental Affairs

E C i l125 E Commercial StAnaheim, CA 92801

ki b k

125 E. CommercialAnaheim, CA 92801

pjohnson@kinsbursky comtcoy@kinsbursky.comTel 949-310-0807

pjohnson@kinsbursky.com714-738-8516