Managing 400 Hectare Private Forest for old-growth ...
Transcript of Managing 400 Hectare Private Forest for old-growth ...
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Managing 400 Hectare Private Forest for old-growth
characteristics
Mohammed Master
December, 2018
MFC Capstone Project Report.
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Abstract: The Great Lakes Forest region covers 20 Million Hectares or 20% of Ontario and has 62% forest
cover (MNRF, 2018). The property selected for this study is in the northwestern section of
Lanark County, where the forest cover is 75% with many stands 80 to 100 years old (Sentesy,
2008). The logging of this resource played a pivotal role in the early economic development of
the province. Trees were not only cut for timber, but large tracts of stands were burnt to clear
land for farming (Ken A. Elliott, 1998). Later the advent of industrial age increased demand for
charcoal and severe cutting of the forest occurred in 1940’s (Ken A. Elliott, 1998). To achieve
the objective of restoring the old growth characteristics, it was decided that accurate data of the
present tree species composition and age class distribution would be helpful. To accomplish this
objective a sub set of the Vegetation Sampling Protocol (VSP) (Danijela Puric-Mladenovic,
2018), was used to collect data in the summer of 2018. Comparing this data with old land
surveys, Historical Records (Sankey, 2010) and the Forest Resource Inventory (FRI) provided by
Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) reveals that Acer saccharinum Linnaeus
(silver maple), Pinus resinosa Aiton (red pine), Quercus alba (white oak), Larix laricina (Du
Roi) K. Koch (tamarack), Picea rubens Sargent (red spruce), were once present on site but not
found now. Very few Tsuga (Endler) Carrière (hemlock) (0.4%), Prunus serotina Ehrhart
var. serotina (black cherry) (0.25%), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce) (0.3%) were
observed now. Compared with historical records (Keddy K. , 1993) showing hemlock at 27.62%.
MNR FRI estimates black cherry and white spruce at 2.2% each (MNRF, 2009). Some
recommendations coming out of this work include reintroducing species that were originally
present but are missing now, as well as recommendations on how to prepare the forest for
climate change and defend against external threats faced by pests and diseases that may have
detrimental effect on existing tree species. Some examples of such threats include the Emerald
Ash Borer (EAB), Asian Long Horned Beetle (ALNB), Beach Bark Disease (BBD) and Oak
Wilt (OW). Climate change may challenge certain species that may need replacement with trees
currently growing in slightly warmer regions of southern Ontario.
Introduction and objectives: This study focuses on two adjacent forested properties over 900 Hectares located in the
northwest section of the Township of Lanark Highlands, where the forest cover is 75% with
many stands 80 to 100 years old (Sentesy, 2008). The area was previously known as Lavant
Township, before being amalgamated into the present larger unit. Both properties have
previously been logged, certain sections very poorly and as recently as twenty years ago. The
author has interviewed long time residents of the area and has a good idea of which sections
were logged when. This summer on-ground inventory of some sections of the forest was
undertaken. Using the data collected from sections with known logging dates, it was possible to
infer the approximate time frame of logging activities in the sections with no knowledge of
logging dates. Mainly state of decay of logged stumps was used as an indicator.
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Because of the current state of this forest, the term preservation is not appropriate to use. This
term would be more suitable in the context of preserving the old growth forests in British
Columbia, or sections of Ontario’s northern Boreal forests that have never been logged. Instead
the focus will be on restoring for old growth characteristics. It is estimated that 70–89% of pre-
settlement forests in this region were old-growth (uneven-aged, >150 years old), and only 1–3%
were young forests less than 20 years of age. Today forests with these characteristics occupy less
than 0.5% of the region (Keeton, 2006). Two possible options for achieving this goal will be
considered. The first is active restoration in form of adding missing species of trees that existed,
but have not reappeared after harvesting, would have advantages over passive (or non-
manipulative) restoration as means for recovering old-growth forest conditions. The second is
leaving the forest to nature for natural regeneration, with no form of human intervention.
Study conducted by D’Amto, Catanzaro, and Fletcher (Anthony W. D’Amato, 2015) describe an
experiment to restore old growth characteristics on a private forest in western Massachusetts.
The study area has very similar species composition, terrain, elevation, climate, age distribution
and stem density as the area of this study. Their results would provide a starting point for future
work on site. The climate change may challenge certain species that may need replacement.
There is a considerable threat to many existing trees from invasive pests such as EAB, ALNB,
BBD, OW, etc. Without any preventive measures more than half the trees in the forest may be
lost.
Location of the Property:
Figure 1: Courtesy of CPAWS Ottawa Valley
The property is marked by a purple dot on the Map in Figure 1. The forest is situated in the
center of the Algonquin to Adirondacks biological corridor, the only one east of the Rockies that
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connects the northern Boreal Forests to the Carolinian Forests of southern United States and
provides a route for the migration of plant and animal species ( Algonquin to Adirondacks
Collaborative , 2016). In the summer of 1998 a moose (Alice) was tagged by biologists from
NYS Department of Environmental Conservation and fitted with a radio transmitter in
Adirondack near Adjidaumo Flow. (A Moose Tale: The Saga of Alice, 2001). The journey was
tracked by biologists on both sides of the border and her sightings were recorded. She crossed
the property being studied between the summer of 2000 and Winter 2000-2001. Her remains
were found in Algonquin Park in August 2001. Alice’s journey underscores the importance of
the corridor between the Adirondacks and Algonquin Park.
Description of the property:
Figure 2: Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (MNRF) Make a Topographic Map (MNRF, 2018)
The terrain contains a lake (Mann Lake), steep slopes, hill tops, moist lowlands and seasonally
flooded wetlands. Elevation varies from over 300 meters to 220 meters above sea level. This
provides for rich variety of plant species to thrive. Twelve thousand years ago when the melting
glaciers temporarily created Champlain Sea that submerged most of eastern Ontario under water,
this area was not flooded (Keddy D. P., 2008). Signs of this sea’s shoreline is visible as one
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drives towards the property from French Line Road. The exposed bed-rock on the property
shows signs of the direction of glacier movement as eroded lines on its surface. All parts of the
forest are accessible by logging and skidder trails left by previous owners.
Geology of the Region: The property is located at the southern tip of the Canadian shield (Fig. 3). The underline bedrock
consists of biotite and hornblende schist (Peach, 1956). These are rich in minerals, have medium
to large, flat, sheet like grains that are roughly parallel. These bed-rocks break with a straight
edge (Fig. 4). An active magnetite (iron) mine (Rodenhurst and Csldwell Mine) operated on the
property from 1890’s to 1950’s (Peach, 1956) (Pauk, 1989). The ore was shipped to Kingston
using the Kingston and Pembroke (K&P) Railroad. The line never reached Pembroke and was
abondeoned in 1961. Now the path is maintained as K&P trail, popular with ATV and
Snomobile users. The harsh terrain that made the railroad construction difficult, is the reason for
very few roads in the region. The terrain is unsuitable for farming and has remained isolated with
very few tourists or residents in the area.
Figure 3: Underlying rock formation (Keddy K. 1993)
Surface stones present come from two sources. Most
common are broken pieces of schist from the exposed
bedrock. These can be easily identified by straight faces
and sharp edges if newly broken off (Figure 5). Second
types are stones carried down by moving glaciers and
deposited on the property as the glaciers receded (Figure
6). These are smooth, spherical in shape and of different
compositions (Keddy D. P., 2008) Figure 4: Straight break in Schist. M. Master
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Figure 5: Surface stone broken from bedrock M. Master Figure 6: Surface stone by glaciers. M. Master
Plant life over last 10,000 years 12,000 years ago, the last glaciers in the region receded leaving behind bare bedrock, sand and
stones. Pollen in core samples taken from the bottom of Round Flower Lake, located a kilometer
from the property, indicates that thousand years later, herb-shrub tundra appeared followed by a
dwarf-shrub tundra with spruce. First coniferous forest dominated by pine took hold 1500 years
later. It took another 2000 years for hemlock dominated forests with hardwoods (Acer
saccharum Marshall (sugar maple), Quercus rubra Linnaeus (red oak), Fagus
grandifolia Ehrhart (American beech), Betulaceae Gray (birch), Ulmus
americana Linnaeus (American elm)) to take hold. About 4,800 years ago hemlock trees started
dying throughout eastern North America. This was probably caused by a rapidly spreading
disease. With the decline in hemlock, hardwoods increased in abundance. About 3,500 years ago,
hemlock recovered, and oak began to decline. (Keddy K. , 1993)
Forest before European Settlements There are two sources available to historians for recording the original forests present in the
region before they were cut down for wood and farming. A quote from one such source states:
"In Upper Canada the endless hills of pine give way at last, or at most stand thinly intermingled
with gigantic beeches, tall hemlocks and ash, with maples, birch and wild sycamore, the
underwood of these great leafy hills. Mile after mile, and hour after hour of such a route was
passed-- a dark black solitude, with here and there a vista opening up, showing the massive
trunks, grey as cathedral ruins, which bore the rich canopy of leaves aloft." (Keddy K. , 1993)
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Surveyors notebooks was another source used to document tree species present. They did not do
forest inventory, but recorded tree species observed during the surveying process. K. Keddy has
counted the number of times each species was mentioned and tabulated the results. This provides
some insight about the abundance of each species. This should not be taken as a rigorous on
ground tree inventory. The chart in Figure 7 shows references to hemlock occurred most often
followed by sugar maple and white pine in equal proportion. It should be noted that in winter
identification would be difficult (absence of leaves) and surveyors from Europe may not be
familiar with all tree species found in this region. Another source records the presence of “vast
expanses of timber including white and red pine, maple, ash, elm, beech, basswood, red oak,
ironwood, hemlock, cedar and birch” (Streit, 2011). Export to England consisted of white pine
for ship’s masts and white oak, ash and elm for lumber. Beech and maple were considered
worthless and burned, the ashes gathered and sold for making potash which had a good export
market. By 1861 Lavant Township had less than 10% forest cover left (Streit, 2011).
Tree Species record from MNRF FRI (2009) Figure 9 shows a portion of the forest being investigated with details of one polygon from
MNRF’s 2009 FRI. Black dots represent VSP grid and green dots are randomly selected circular
sampling areas of 400 m2each. Total area of the polygon is 272303 m2. All the codes in the
above table are explained in FRI Technical Specifications 2009 (MNRF, 2009). For example:
OYRORG 1944 (overstory year of Origin), OSPCOMP Pt 60 Mr 20 Be 10 Bf 10 (overstory
species composition 60% poplar, 20% red maple, 10% beech and 10% Abies
balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller (balsam fir)), OAGE 65 (Overstory Age), OHT 24 (Overstory
Height), OCCLO 95 (Overstory canopy closure 95%), OSC 2 (Overstory Site Class).
Tree species abundance
Balsam Fir Sug.Maple Beech
Ash w Pine Wh Cedar
Basswood Hemlock Elm
Figure 7: Number of occurrences in surveyors’ records (K. Keddy) Figure 8: Regional distribution of tree species (K. Keddy)
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Figure 9: MNRF 2009 FRI sample polygon and data (MNRF, 2009)
This inventory only records four or five most abundant species in a compartment. On site
inventory captures all species within the sampling area but can still miss species occurring
outside the sampling area. Since the sampling area is about 0.2% of the area of the polygon, there
is a good chance that these two methods will give different results.
Vegetation Sampling Protocol: On ground 2018 inventory: The inventory was conducted using a fixed area sampling plot protocol, first developed by D.
Puric-Mladenovic as part of the PhD thesis at the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto in
1998 (Puric-Mladenovic, 2016). Originally developed for forest sampling it was later modified to
include wetlands, rocky outcrops, meadows, and other types of natural and anthropogenic
landscapes. The protocol being modular in its design allows the researchers to use any one or set
of modules as required for the purpose and objectives of the study. This proposal focuses on
restoration and rehabilitation of forests degraded by successive logging. For this study VSP
provided the tools needed to collect information on tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH)
for all trees greater than 5cms DBH and tree heights for few canopy and sub canopy trees within
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a 400 m2 standardized circular plot. This would be used to determine the basal area as well as
stocking density of different tree sizes. The species abundance module of VSP was used for
determining regeneration of various tree species on the property. For future study in biomass,
carbon content and carbon sequestration, the Coarse Wood Debris (CWD) module was used to
collect data for dead wood on the ground and standing dead trees (snags). Finally, site conditions
such as topography, physiography, surface stone, leaf litter, exposed soil, water pooling,
browsing was recorded.
The area to be studied is shown in Appendix A. It consists of two neighboring properties totaling
900 Hectares. During the summer of 2018 data was collected from 28 of about 270 plots that
were marked for sampling. This was due to lack of both time and resources available for this
project. The project depended on availability of volunteer help to go to this remote site on
weekends and holidays.
Data Analysis This is a young forest with half the trees under 10 cms DBH followed by 40% between 10 to 25
cms in diameter, 8% between 25 and 35 cms DBH and only 2% of the trees above 35 cms.
Seventy percent of the plots measured had the basal area between 17 and 35 m2/ha (Figure 10).
Mature hardwood stands have stocking levels averaging about 35 m2/ha of total basal area (Al
Corlett (Writing Team Coordinator), 1998). There are however some scattered large trees over
95 cms DBH. During inventory four such trees were identified, and their locations marked, As
the inventory progresses over next few years more of these trees may be found on the property.
There is also lack of diversity of species as the result of indiscriminate logging over past century.
The pre-European settlement forests consisted of 28% hemlock, 24% of white pine 24% of sugar
maple and remaining portion had about 17 other species. The MNR FRI records indicate 31%
poplar, 16% red oak, 13% red maple and 11% sugar maple. The ground inventory indicates that
sugar maple is a predominant species comprising over 30% followed by 10% each of balsam fir,
beech and poplar. Ironwood and white birch account for another 7% each. Figure 11 shows DBH
distribution for sugar maple and American beech, the two most abundant hardwood species
present. Appendix 3a and 3b provides details of the experimental observation and Appendix 4a
and 4b provides details of the tree composition extracted from MNR FRI for polygons in which
the measured plots were located.
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Figure 10: Tree size distribution.
Figure 11: Size distribution of two most dominant species on the property\
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0
NU
MB
ER O
F TR
ESS
IN E
AC
H S
IZE
CLA
SS
BASAL AREA M2/HECTARE
C O M P A R I N G B A S A L A R E A W I T H N U M B E R O F T R E E S I N E A C H S I Z E C L A S S
5 to 10 DBH 10 to 25 DBH 25 to 35 DBH > 35 DBH
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Figure 12: Difference in species distribution
Figure 12 shows difference in species composition for one plot (6229) between what was
observed within a sampling circle and the results of the MNRF’s FRI for the corresponding
polygon (27). Sugar maple was the dominant species found during on-ground sampling although
Poplar dominated the FRI.
When species in all measured plots are compared with the species present in their respective
MNR FRI polygons there appears to be considerable amount of discrepancy in relative species
composition. There are two possible reasons for this discrepancy. First a 400 m2 sample plot
chosen at random in a larger polygon of approximately 30 Hectares may not be representative of
the species composition of the overall larger polygon. Second and more likely reason is the
method that is used to create the FRI using aerial photographs is not capturing accurate species
composition. On crown lands MNR supplements this data with on-ground inventory done at
regular intervals. However, such data is not available for private forests (Ministry of Natural
Resources, Ontario, 2009). As most of the surrounding forested land is privately owned, the data
for this part of the province may not have been verified by ground inventory.
Plo
t ID
Po
lygo
n ID
Logg
ed (
Yrs)
MN
R Y
r O
rig
MN
R A
ge
Ht
Mea
sure
d
Ht
MN
R F
RI
MN
R C
an C
l %
B A
20
18 m
2/H
a
Max
DB
H(m
s)
5 t
o 1
0 D
BH
10
to
25
DB
H
25
to
35
D
BH
> 3
5 D
BH
Tree
s/H
ecta
re
6447 31 60 1959 59 30 21 85 49.50 33.19 325 375 125 100 925
8351 97 20 1924 94 17 19 60 10.01 26.00 500 475 25 0 1000
41%
22%
35%
2%
Species distribution within sampling circle
Sug.Maple Beech Poplar Elm
10
20
10
60
Species distribution FRI
Balsam Fir Red Maple Beech Poplar
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Figure 13: Left Plot 6447 logged 60 years ago and right Plot 8351 logged 20 years ago.
Georeferenced aerial images were extracted, from March 2016 aerial survey by MNR, for the
entire property. Each image captures 1km2 ground area on a north to south flight path. Figure 11
is an image of plot 6447 on the left and plot 8351 on the right. The age of the trees present inside
the left 400 m2 circle corresponds to what was observed on ground and is also reflected in the
image. However, the right plot was clear cut 20 years ago and has small trees that have
regenerated from seed or larger diameter ones that have sprouted from the base of the cut stump.
These grow in clusters of eight to ten same size stems around each stump and adds to the count
now, but all may not survive in such dense cluster. This is where the MNR FRI is completely
different from on ground observation as it shows the age of this stand to be 94 years old.
The present tree composition suggests that future management options may include some
seedling planting or seed dispersal of species that were present on the site but are now either
completely missing or are present in such small quantities that natural regeneration may not be
enough to correct the imbalance.
Potential threats to forest trees: Ash, beech and red oak compromise over 20% of the trees encountered in the current inventory.
Threat posed by EAB, BBD and OW is real as trees within 200km of the forest have died or are
suffering due to these infestations. There are two methods to deal with this problem. First is to
take preventive actions such as biological control currently being tested for EAB. Second is to
introduce replacement species that are currently not under any threat of infection. Beech
particularly is a mast tree providing food for wildlife and its loss can have a significant effect on
the biodiversity. Some other nut tree species can be planted at appropriate location to ensure that
in case of loss of all beech trees an alternative is available. Red oak is also a significant
component of the forest and to mitigate the affects of its loss Quercus alba Linnaeus (white oak)
and Quercus macrocarpa Michaux (burr oak) could be introduced. Section 9.5 in the Silviculture
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Guide for Tolerant Hardwood Forest provide details of both seed dispersal and seedling planting
method of regeneration (Al Corlett (Writing Team Coordinator), 1998).
Another potential threat to the forest is climate change which would result not only in higher
average temperatures but may also result in changes in precipitation levels and extreme weather
events. Temperatures in the region has increased by 1.5C in last 40 years and are expected to
increase at even higher rate in the next 40 years. MNR’s guide “Managing your woodlot in
changing climate” suggests planting diverse native species considering projected climate
changes. “Plant drought resistant species such as oaks, hickories and pines. Species currently
found at the southern edge of their range may persists better in cooler and moister habitats such
as north facing slopes and near lakes and wetlands” (Gleeson J., 2015).
Conclusion: The main objective of the owners is to leave a healthy forest for future generations. This requires
ensuring that the forest is not overly dependent on a single or few species and is able to
withstand the challenges faced by climate change and potential disease infestation. This requires
a good inventory of the current state of the forest health, species composition and age class
distribution. Work done during summer of 2018 was the first attempt to gain some knowledge of
the existing structure of the forest. During this year only 10% of the actual sampling points, that
were randomly selected, were completed.
Silver maple, red pine, white oak, tamarack, red spruce, hemlock, black cherry and white spruce
that were once present in the region but are not found in the forest now should be reintroduced.
Care should be taken to introduce these species on sites with suitable soil and micro climate such
as north, east, west or south facing slopes, hilltops, moist low lands or near streams and water
bodies. Butternut was once present but was lost to butternut canker. It may be possible to plant
some specimens that were found to be resistant to the canker. Due to climate change, range of
many tree species are expected to move northward. To prepare the forest for possible loss of
some existing species, trees for which this location is the northern limit of their range would be
planted (Catherine Ste-Marie, 2011,).
During the inventory process, besides measuring trees, data on CWD was also collected. This
report does not deal with this data. Future study to determine carbon stored in this forest and the
rate of carbon sequestration would be a useful addition to present work.
This study may also provide a model to develop systems, based on VSP, to assist small woodlot
owners, with little or no knowledge of forestry practices. The advent of smart personal
communications devices, and availability of GPS devices, makes it possible to provide interested
woodlot owners with tools to conduct their own forest inventory. Such province wide inventory
of small forests would prove valuable to organizations such as MNRF to improve their own FRI.
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Discussion:
Preserving and enhancing Intact Forest Landscape (IFL) should be recognized as one of the most
important goal in ecological conservation debate. Such areas are rare in Southern Ontario
landscape. Only patches of scattered forested areas remain. However, over 1000 km2 of mostly
contiguous area of hardwood
forests are present in eastern
Ontario. These are privately
held woodlots, most under 80
Hectares. The forest in this
region is relatively young and
lacks the biodiversity of the
original forests of the area.
Market based conservation
approach provided by
certification schemes is not
very effective in preserving
these areas. Incentive based
approach such as Ontario’s
Managed Forest Tax
Incentive Program (MFTIP)
is popular with small
landowners. This program
promotes sustainable forest
management and harvesting
of forest products by offering
reduced property tax to
owners. There is a need for incentive-based programs for owners who are more interested in
preserving, protecting and restoring the forests to their original old growth characteristics. This
study has demonstrated that forests regenerating naturally are missing the original level of
biodiversity (Vasseur, 2012). Restoration would improve the ecosystem functions and services,
facilitating the reintroduction of species originally present in these forests, increasing
biodiversity (Mansourian et al. 1986). The cost of these should be shared by local, national and
even international governments and organizations as these activities’ benefit society in general
and not only the land owner. One good example is Forestry Grant Scheme (FGS) by the Scottish
government in UK which provides capital grants for a range of activities in existing woodlands
that will, encourage natural regeneration and benefit priority habitats and species, improve the
biodiversity, resilience, and structural diversity of even aged woodlands (Scottish Government,
2017).
Acknowledgments: This work would not have been possible without the advice, guidance and encouragement from
D. Puric-Mladenovic my research supervisor. Training and equipment provided by her was
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greatly appreciated. K. Baird in setting up the sampling grid and ArcGIS software. The data
gathering would not have been possible without the volunteer help from my fellow students,
Vishakha, Rashid, Joanna and Jenna. H. Clifford, owner of the adjacent property, for his
knowledge of logging activities and plant identification, was most appreciated. He accompanied
us on most of our expeditions. INaturalist software, with help from Wasyl Bakowsky and David
Bradley, was invaluable in identifying trees and plants in the field. Thanks to the Natural
Heritage Information Centre for providing this support.
References Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative . (2016). Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative .
Retrieved from Algonquin to Adirondacks Collaborative :
http://www.a2acollaborative.org/landscape1.html
A Moose Tale: The Saga of Alice. (2001, Feb). Retrieved from The Spruce Moose2:
http://www.esf.edu/communications/spruce/2001-2.pdf
Al Corlett (Writing Team Coordinator). (1998). A Silvicultural Guide for the Tolerant Hardwood
Forests in Ontario. Toronto: Ont. Min. Nat. Resour.
Anthony W. D’Amato, P. F. (2015). Early Regeneration and Structural Responses to Patch
Selection and Structural Retention in Second-Growth Northern Hardwoods. For. Sci. ,
183–189.
Association of Nature and Forest Therapy Guides and Programs. (n.d.). Shinrin-Yoku means
"Forest Bathing.". Retrieved from Shinrin-Yoku: http://www.shinrin-yoku.org/shinrin-
yoku.html
Canadian Forest Service. (2017). Release of parasitic wasps for biological control of the EAB in
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Catherine Ste-Marie, E. A.-E. (2011,). Assisted migration: Introduction to a multifaceted
concept. Th e For esTr y ch r on icl e, 724 - 730.
Danijela Puric-Mladenovic, A. N. (2018). Forest inventory and monitoring information to
support diverse management needs in the Lake Simcoe watershed. Forestry Chronicle,
140 - 146.
Gleeson J., N. G. (2015). Managing your woodlot in a changing climate. Toronto: MNRF.
Keddy, D. P. (2008). Earth, Water, Fire. An Ecological profile of Lanark County. Carleton
Place: Motion Creative Printing.
Keddy, K. (1993). A Forest History of Eastern Ontario. Kemptville: Eastern Ontario Model
Forest.
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Keeton, W. S. (2006). Managing for late-successional/old-growth characteristics in northern
hardwood-conifer forests. Forest Ecology and Management 235 , 129–142.
Ken A. Elliott. (1998). The forests of southern Ontario. THE FORESTRY CHRONICLE, 850 -
854.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. (2018). Sustainable forest management. Retrieved
from Sustainable forest management: https://www.ontario.ca/page/sustainable-forest-
management
Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario. (2009). Forest Information Manual, Forest Resources
Inventory Technical Specifications. Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario.
MNRF. (2009). The Forest Information Manual Forest Resources Inventory Technical
Specifications. MNRF.
MNRF. (2018). Make A Topographic Map. Retrieved from Ministry of Natural Resources and
Forestry:
https://www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca/matm/Index.html?site=Make_A_Topographic_
Map&viewer=MATM&locale=en-US
Natural Resources Canada. (2018, Sept 14). How much forest does Canada have? Retrieved
from How much forest does Canada have?:
https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/report/area/17601
Pauk, L. i. (1989). Geology of the Lavant Area: Frontenac and Lanark Counties. Toronto:
Ministry of Nortern Develoment and Mines.
Peach, P. A. (1956). The Geology of Darling Township and Part of Lavant Township.
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(1890). REPORT OF THE Royal Commission on the Mineral Resources of Ontario. Toronto:
WARWICK 4 SONS,.
Sample, V. A. (2004). Sustainability in Forestry: Origins, Evolution and Prospects. Washington
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Service: https://www.fs.fed.us/blogs/conservation-versus-preservation
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Appendix 1
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Appendix 2 P
lot
ID
Po
lyg
on
ID
Lo
gg
ed (
Yrs
)
MN
R Y
r O
rig
Ht
Mea
sure
d
Ht
MN
R F
RI
MN
R C
an C
l %
B A
20
18
m2/H
a
Max
DB
H(c
ms)
No
5&
10 c
ms
No
10
&20
cm
s
No
>2
0 c
ms
To
tal/
Hec
tare
2581 88 40 1929 21 15 80 18.00 11.92 1250 475 0 1725
5926 2 50 1944 31 23 70 47.20 31.72 475 200 350 1025
5989 3 40 1929 28 18 35 35.60 18.46 700 200 250 1150
6148 15 80 1934 26 27 90 34.40 21.23 875 225 225 1325
6189 19 40 1934 23 19 60 35.00 24.06 275 375 300 950
6192 21 50 1924 24 19 60 40.50 20.79 425 325 175 925
6229 27 60 1944 24 24 95 36.30 38.46 325 475 450 1250
6236 28 80 1944 28 24 95 34.40 19.63 600 200 200 1000
6417 28 80 1944 24 24 95 29.44 37.60 525 150 325 1000
6447 31 60 1959 30 21 85 49.50 33.19 325 275 325 925
6665 36 60 1914 23 21 95 23.92 33.50 550 525 275 1350
6832 37 60 1914 24 21 95 33.00 14.46 225 100 200 525
6845 40 60 1914 22 21 95 36.30 19.61 275 425 200 900
6846 41 40 1914 26 21 95 26.50 15.22 525 400 175 1100
6970 110 80 1949 31 14 45 56.10 17.9 400 25 125 550
7444 53 40 1979 23 15 95 35.50 23.18 1325 775 75 2175
7486 61 40 1959 24 19 90 32.50 25.36 675 675 225 1575
7508 64 40 1959 24 19 90 22.70 17.45 1250 800 50 2100
7510 65 60 1959 23 19 90 26.50 22.52 550 500 225 1275
7523 975 60 1979 32 16 95 20.91 39.70 525 575 125 1225
8351 97 20 1924 17 19 60 10.01 26.00 500 475 25 1000
8450 99 80 1940 29 25 80 23.03 44.00 150 225 225 600
8714 107 80 1929 29 18 75 17.49 31.20 200 325 200 725
Average 57 1940 25 20 81 31.5 25.53 562 379 205 1147
19
Appendix 3a Number of each species observed during 2018 inventory on randomly selected plots.
Bal
sam
Fir
Stri
ped
Map
le
Red
Map
le
Sug.
Map
le
Ald
er
Yel B
irch
Wh
Bir
ch
Bee
ch
Ash
Tam
arac
k
Iro
nw
oo
d
w. S
pru
ce
Red
Sp
ruce
w P
ine
Po
pla
r
Ch
erry
Red
Oak
Wh
Ced
ar
Bas
swo
od
Hem
lock
Elm
Po
lygo
n ID
Plo
t ID
AB
IEB
AL
AC
ERP
EN
AC
ERR
UB
AC
ERSA
S
ALN
U-S
P
BET
UA
LL
BET
UP
AP
FAG
UG
RA
FRA
XA
ME
LAR
ILA
R
OST
ERV
IR
PIC
EGLA
PIC
ERU
B
PIN
UST
R
PO
PU
-SP
PR
UN
-SP
QU
ERR
UB
THU
JOC
C
TILI
AM
E
TSU
GC
AN
ULM
U-S
P
Tota
l
Keddy (1) 3 50 2 8 5 0 0 50 12 15 58 7 210
88 2581 13 77 19 25 31 13 50 17 245
2 5926 79 88 6 23 13 28 3 240
3 5989 20 37 56 10 14 33 4 13 3 3 193
15 6148 25 79 16 2 21 57 2.5 5 208
19 6189 49 73 2 9 3 2 18 12 168
21 6192 5 1 7 2 13 5 3 1 1 8 2 5 5 58
27 6229 74 40 63 3 180
28 6236 2 8 88 50 15 13 50 4 230
28 6417 7 7 1 27 4 13 23 30 2 27 141
31 6447 29 2 85 8 4 53 23 2.5 5 212
36 6665 43 43 13 1 1 9 7 117
37 6832 2 60 11 33 20 126
40 6845 1 65 3 24 1 1 95
41 6846 1 1 51 23 1 14 1 3 95
110 6970 5 1 4 49 6 1 2 11 1 80
53 7444 23 35 99 3 5 20 185
61 7486 5 38 74 8 11 18 3 3 160
64 7508 1 6 62 15 9 16 21 25 1 156
65 7510 19 2 25 21 3 3 42 5 3 2 125
975 7523 11 64 5 15 1 96
97 8351 1 1 22 18 28 45 4 119
99 8450 2 15 5 72 17 1 2 4 11 129
107 8714 3 65 64 33 48 11 36 2 3 11 25 301
Total 333 191 85 1148 49 44 260 385 160 0 266 11 0 96 326 9 135 35 88 5 32 3658
Percentage 9.10 5.22 2.32 31.38 1.34 1.20 7.11 10.52 4.37 0.00 7.27 0.30 0.00 2.62 8.91 0.25 3.69 0.96 2.41 0.14 0.87
Keddy (1)% 1.43 0.00 0.00 23.81 0.00 0.95 0.00 3.81 2.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.81 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.71 7.14 27.62 3.33
Kathy Keddy (1) Frequency of tree species on upland sites in the major physiographic types, based on data from surveyors' notebooks. Numbers are per cent of lots on which each species occurred.
20
Appendix 3b Graphical representation of the species recorded in Appendix 3a.
Balsam Fir
Striped Maple
Red Maple
Sug.Maple
AlderYel BirchWh Birch
Beech
Ash
Tamarack
Ironwood
w. Spruce
Red Spruce
w Pine
Poplar
Cherry
Red Oak
Wh Cedar
Basswood
Hemlock Elm
Tree species recorded 2018
21
Appendix 4a Number of each species as recorded in MNR FRI for the polygons containing sampling points in
Appendix 3.
Bal
sam
Fir
Stri
ped
Map
le
Red
Map
le
Sug.
Map
le
Ald
er
Yel B
irch
Wh
Bir
ch
Bee
ch
Ash
Tam
arac
k
Iro
nw
oo
d
w. S
pru
ce
Red
Sp
ruce
w P
ine
Po
pla
r
Ch
erry
Red
Oak
Wh
Ced
ar
Bas
swo
od
Hem
lock
Elm
Plo
t ID
Po
lygo
n ID
AB
IEB
AL
AC
ERP
EN
AC
ERR
UB
AC
ERSA
S
ALN
U-S
P
BET
UA
LL
BET
UP
AP
FAG
UG
RA
FRA
XA
ME
LAR
ILA
R
OST
ERV
IR
PIC
EGLA
PIC
ERU
B
PIN
UST
R
PO
PU
-SP
PR
UN
-SP
QU
ERR
UB
THU
JOC
C
TILI
AM
E
TSU
GC
AN
ULM
U-S
P
2581 88 10 10 10 70 5926 2 10 20 10 20 40 5989 3 10 30 10 10 20 20 6148 15 10 20 20 30 10 10 6189 19 10 30 10 10 20 20 6192 21 10 30 10 10 20 20 6229 27 10 20 10 60 6236 28 10 20 10 60 6417 28 10 20 10 60 10 6447 31 20 20 10 10 10 20 10 6665 36 20 30 10 10 10 20 6832 37 20 30 10 10 10 20 6845 40 20 30 10 10 10 20 6846 41 20 30 10 10 10 20 6970 110 40 20 10 10 20 7444 53 10 10 10 70 7486 61 10 20 60 10 7508 64 10 20 60 10 7510 65 10 20 10 60 10 7523 975 20 10 50 10 8351 97 10 10 10 70 8450 99 30 40 20 10 8714 107 30 10 20 30 10 Total 110 0 310 250 0 0 100 90 40 20 10 50 40 20 720 50 370 110 20 0 0
Percentage 4.8 0.0 13.4 10.8 0.0 0.0 4.3 3.9 1.7 0.9 0.4 2.2 1.7 0.9 31.2 2.2 16.0 4.8 0.9 0.0 0.0
Keddy (1) 3 50 2 8 5 0 0 50 12 15 58 7
Kathy Keddy (1) Frequency of tree species on upland sites in the major physiographic types, based
on data from surveyors' notebooks. Numbers are per cent of lots on which each species occurred.
22
Balsam Fir
Striped Maple
Red Maple
Sug.Maple
Alder
Yel BirchWh Birch
Beech
Ash
Tamarack
Ironwood
w. Spruce
Red Spruce
w Pine
Poplar
Cherry
Red Oak
Wh Cedar
Basswood
Hemlock
Elm
MNR FRI
Appendix 4b Graphical representation of the species recorded in Appendix 4a.