Management Process Model

PlanningManager Communications Organizing Coordination Goals

Decision Making Leading AdaptationControlling

linking management desiredprocesses functions conditions

Extra-Organizational

Inter-Organizational

Intra-Organizational

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Types of Communication

Nature of Communications

FormalInformal

Communication Directions

DownwardUpwardHorizontalDiagonal

Communication Patterns

Chain Wheel Circle Star (All channel)

Media Richness

Low High

Formal Letters Tele- Video- Face toReports Memos E-mail phone Conf. Face

Media: Written

Oral

Nonverbal

Media Used

Channel Richness

Low High

Adv.

Disadv.

Permanent record PersonalPremeditated Two-wayEasily disseminated Fast feedback

Impersonal No recordOne-way SpontaneousSlow feedback Dissemination Diff.

Channel Advantages & Disadvantages

MessageMeaning

= fVerbal vocal nonverbalcontent cues communication+ +( )

Paralanguage

KinesicsProxemicsObject Language

Nonverbal Communication

1. Can serve to repeat a message2. Can complement a verbal message3. Can accent a verbal message4. Can substitute for verbal cues5. Can regulate verbal communication6. Can contradict verbal messages

Functions of Nonverbal Communication

Ideation Encoding Transmission Receiving Decoding Action

Feedback

The Communication Process

StageAffectedA. Interpersonal Barriers

Poor listening ReceivingSemantics Encoding &

decodingInterpersonal Relations Encoding &

decodingInconsistent cues DecodingInappropriate media Receiving &

decoding

Barriers to Communication

B. Organizational Barriers

Status/Power Differences Encoding & decoding

Communication Flow Network Breakdown Transmission

& receiving Information Overload Any stageTime Pressures Any stageNoise Any stage

StageAffected

StageAffectedC. Cultural Barriers

Language Encoding & decoding

Customs

Meaning of Time Decoding Meaning of Space Decoding

Types of Theoretical PerspectivesCommunication Traditional Behavioral Modern

Levels of Analysis•Extraorganizational X•Interorganizational X•Intraorganizational X X X•Interpersonal X X•Intrapersonal X XNature of Communications•Formal X X•Informal X XDirection of Communications•Downward X X X•Upward X X•Lateral X X•Diagonal XMedia Used•Written X X X•Oral X X•Nonverbal X X•Electronic X