Management Practises across Firms and Countries

8/13/2019 Management Practises across Firms and Countries

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H Y U D L J N \

Khahfnknat Wrhltdlns Hlrbss @drks hae Lbuatrdnsiy Adlcbjhs Ijbbk, Lcrdstbs Fnahmbs, Yh``hnjjh \heua, hae Obca Pha Ynnana

Nxnlutdvn Bvnrvdnw@br tcn phst enlhen wn chvn inna usdaf ebuijn-ijdae survny tnlcadquns hae rhaebkdzne shkpjdaf tb lbastrultkhahfnknat ehth ba kbrn tcha 87,777 brfhadzhtdbas hlrbss 97 lbuatrdns. Ba hvnrhfn, wn `dae tcht dakhau hlturdaf Hknrdlha, Ohphansn, hae Fnrkha `drks hrn tcn inst khahfne. @drks da envnjbpdaf lbuatrdns, sulchs Irhzdj, Lcdah, hae Daedh, tnae tb in pbbrjy khahfne. Hknrdlha rnthdj `drks hae cbspdthjs hrn hjsb wnjj khahfneiy datnrahtdbahj sthaehres, hjtcbufc Hknrdlha slcbbjs hrn wbrsn khahfne tcha tcbsn da snvnrhj btcnr envnjbpne

lbuatrdns. Vn hjsb `dae suisthatdhj vhrdhtdba da khahfnknat prhltdlns hlrbss brfhadzhtdbas da nvnry lbuatry haenvnry snltbr, kdrrbrdaf tcn wden sprnhe b` prbeultdvdty hae prb`dthidjdty wdtcda daeustrdns. Ban `hltbr jdamne tbtcds vhrdhtdba ds bwanrscdp. Fbvnraknat hae `buaenr-bwane `drks hrn usuhjjy pbbrjy khahfne, wcdjn kujtdah-tdbahj, edspnrsne schrncbjenr, hae prdvhtn-nqudty-bwane `drks hrn typdlhjjy wnjj khahfne. @hkdjy-bwane `drks hrnihejy khahfne d` rua iy `hkdjy knkinrs lbkphrne wdtc sdkdjhr `hkdjy-bwane `drks rua iy nxtnrahj LNBs.\trbafnr prbeult khrmnt lbkpntdtdba hae cdfcnr wbrmnr smdjjs hrn hssbldhtne wdtc inttnr khahfnknat prhltdlns.Jnss rnfujhtne jhibr khrmnts hrn hssbldhtne wdtc dkprbvnknats da dalnatdvn khahfnknat prhltdlns sulc hspnr`brkhaln-ihsne prbkbtdba.

Hs `bur Nurbpnhas, wn hrn usne tb cnhrdaf tchtHknrdlha `drks hrn tcn wbrjes inst khahfne.

Hknrdlha lbkphadns sulc hs FN, Hppjn,DIK, KlEbahjes, hae Vhjkhrt hrn dlbas b` iusd-

anss. Hae ^.\. iusdanss slcbbjs, wcdlc trhda tbp-jnvnj khahfnrs b` tcnsn `drks, ebkdahtn fjbihj

rhamdafs. Ucds whs abt hjwhys tcn lhsn, cbwnvnr.Da tcn 8437s, `br nxhkpjn, Ohphansn `drks wnrnrnfhrene iy khay hs tcn inst khahfne da tcnwbrje, pbwnrne iy Ubybth-daspdrne jnha khau`hl-turdaf prdaldpjns.8

Ucn lcdn` purpbsn b` bur bafbdaf rnsnhrlc prb-frhk ds tb uaenrsthae cbw hae wcy khahfnknat

@dahaldhj suppbrt whs prbvdene iy tcn Hj`rne W. \jbha @buaehtdba, tcnHafjb-Fnrkha @buaehtdba, tcn Nlbabkdl hae \bldhj Ynsnhrlc Lbualdj,hae tcn Ahtdbahj \ldnaln @buaehtdba. Vn what tb tcham Eba \dnfnj haeha habaykbus rnvdnwnr `br nxtrnknjy cnjpùj lbkknats. Vn hrn daenitnetb Yninllh Cbkmns, Ynahth Jnkbs, Kdkd Xd, hae Ehadnjh \lur `br tcndrcnjp da tcds rnsnhrlc prbonlt. Bur phrtanrscdp wdtc KlMdasny & Lbkphay(`rbk wcdlc wn rnlndvne ab ùaedaf) chs inna nssnatdhj `br tcn envnjbp-knat b` tcn prbonlt, da phrtdlujhr Wnerb Lhstrb, \tnpcna Ebrfha, ObcaEbwey, hae Enaads Jhytba. Vn chvn hjsb rnlnatjy inan`dtne trnknaebusjy`rbk wbrmdaf ljbsnjy wdtc Hllnaturn (`rbk wcdlc wn hjsb rnlndvne ab

ùaedaf), da phrtdlujhr Hscutbsc Uyhfd hae \chjnna Lchveh. Vn tchamOhkns Kdjwhy ht tcn DWL `br tcn rnthdj ehth, Ynau Hfhrwhj hae Yby Frnnaht Û\ `br lbjjnltdaf tcn Hustrhjdha hae Anw _nhjhae ehth, hae HaernhUbmkha ht tcn DWW `br tcn Lcdjnha ehth.

8 \nn, `br nxhkpjn, Hppnjihuk hae Ihtt (8445) `br h cdstbrdlhj rnvdnwb` tcn lrbss-lbuatry nvbjutdba b` sbkn b` tcn khahfnrdhj lbalnpts tcht hrn

daljuene da bur survny. Hae abtn tcht wcdjn âdtne \thtns khau`hlturdaf`drks hrn struffjdaf ebknstdlhjjy eun tb cdfc nkpjbyknat lbsts, âdtne\thtns kujtdahtdbahjs chvn inna vnry sullnssùj hirbhe bvnr tcn phst lbupjnb` enlhens (snn Ijbbk, \heua, & Pha Ynnana, 9789).

* Adlcbjhs Ijbbk(aijbbkGstha`bre.neu) ds Hssbldhtn Wrb`nssbr b` Nlbabkdls ht \tha`bre âdvnrsdty hae Lb-Edrnltbr b` tcn WrbeultdvdtyWrbfrhk ht tcn Ahtdbahj Iurnhu b` Nlbabkdl Ynsnhrlc.

Lcrdstbs Fnahmbs (lfnahmbsGhuni.fr) ds Hssdsthat Wrb`nssbr b` Nlbabkdls ht Htcnas âdvnrsdty b` Nlbabkdls hae Iusdanss hae \nadbr

Ynsnhrlc B`lnr da tcn Lnatrn `br Nlbabkdl Wnr`brkhaln ht tcn Jbaeba \lcbbj b` Nlbabkdls.

Yh``hnjjh \heua(rsheuaGcis.neu) ds Hssdsthat Wrb`nssbr b` Iusdanss Hekdadstrhtdba ht Chrvhre Iusdanss \lcbbj, h @hlujty Ynsnhrlc @njjbw

ht tcn Ahtdbahj Iurnhu b` Nlbabkdl Ynsnhrlc, hae @hlujty Hssbldhtn ht tcn Lnatrn `br Nlbabkdl Wnr`brkhaln ht tcn Jbaeba \lcbbj b`

Nlbabkdls.

Obca Pha Ynnana (o.vharnnanaGjsn.hl.um) ds Wrb`nssbr b` Nlbabkdls hae Edrnltbr b` tcn Lnatrn `br Nlbabkdl Wnr`brkhaln, ibtc ht tcn

Jbaeba \lcbbj b` Nlbabkdls.

89 @niruhryHlhenky b` KhahfnknatWnrspnltdvns

Lbpyrdfct b` tcn Hlhenky b` Khahfnknat, hjj rdfcts rnsnrvne. Lbatnats khy abt in lbpdne, nkhdjne, pbstne tb h jdstsnrv, br btcnrwdsn trhaskdttne wdtcbut tcn lbpyrdfct cbjenrs nxprnss wrdttna pnrkdssdba.^snrs khy prdat, ebwajbhe, br nkhdj hrtdljns `br daedvdeuhj usn bajy. cttp?//ex.ebd.brf/87.>50>/hkp.9788.7766


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prhltdlns vhry hlrbss lbuatrdns hs wnjj hs hlrbss `drkshae daeustrdns. Ub heernss tcds wn kust `drst thlmjn hsnrdbus lchjjnafn? cbw tb knhsurn hae en`dan kha-hfnknat prhltdlns2 Vn injdnvn tcht khahfnknatprhltdlns lha in systnkhtdlhjjy knhsurne, wcdlctcna hjjbws us tb davnstdfhtn tcndr rbjn da nxpjhdadaf

tcn hstbuaedaf ed` nrnalns da pnr brkhaln hlrbss`drks hae lbuatrdns.Ub knhsurn khahfnknat prhltdlns, wn usn h

anw ebuijn-ijdae survny tbbj. Ucds survny ds ruaba rhaebkjy erhwa shkpjns b` brfhadzhtdbashlrbss h rhafn b` ed``nrnat daeustrdns hae lbuatrdnshae usns bpna qunstdbas tb bithda hllurhtn rn-spbasns rnfhredaf tcn quhjdty b` khahfnrdhj prhl-tdlns dasden nhlc `drk. Iy systnkhtdlhjjy nxnlutdaftcds hpprbhlc ba kbrn tcha 87,777 brfhadzhtdbasbvnr tcn phst enlhen, wn chvn hssnkijne ban b`

tcn `drst jhrfn datnrahtdbahjjy lbkphrhijn khahfn-knat ehthsnts.9 Da tcds phpnr wn wdjj ibtc enslrdintcds ehthsnt hae prnsnat sbkn prnjdkdahry rnsujts. hae 0).0. Hkbaf prdvhtn-snltbr `drks, tcbsn bwane hae

rua iy tcn `buaenrs br tcndr enslnaehats, nspn-ldhjjy `drstibra sbas, tnae tb in ihejy khahfne.@drks wdtc prb`nssdbahj (nxtnrahj, aba`hkdjy)LNBs tnae tb in wnjj khahfne (@dfurn 6).6. Kujtdahtdbahjs hppnhr hijn tb hebpt fbbe kha-hfnknat prhltdlns da hjkbst nvnry lbuatry dawcdlc tcny bpnrhtn (@dfurn 3).3. Ucnrn ds strbaf nvdenaln tcht tbufc prbeultkhrmnt lbkpntdtdba ds hssbldhtne wdtc inttnr kha-hfnknat prhltdlns, wdtcda ibtc tcn prdvhtn haepuijdl snltbrs (@dfurn 4).

4. Jdfct jhibr khrmnt rnfujhtdba ds lbrrnjhtne wdtctcn systnkhtdl usn b` kbanthry hae abakbanthrydalnatdvns (rnjhtne tb cdrdaf, `drdaf, phy, hae prb-kbtdbas), iut abt kbadtbrdaf br thrfnt khahfn-knat (@dfurn 87).87. Ucn jnvnj b` neulhtdba b` ibtc khahfnrs haeabakhahfnrs ds strbafjy jdamne tb inttnr khahfn-knat prhltdlns (@dfurn 88).

Hs knatdbane hibvn, ban dkknedhtn lbalnrawdtc bur wbrm ds tcht knhsurdaf khahfnknat ds

dkpbssdijn inlhusn dt ds ualjnhr wcdlc khahfn-knat prhltdlns hrn fbbe br ihe. Khyin hjjkhahfnknat prhltdlns hrn lbatdafnat ba tcn iusd-anss sdtuhtdba. @br nxhkpjn, `drks da Daedh khy abthebpt pnr`brkhaln knhsurnknat inlhusn whfnshrn sb jbw tcht knhsurdaf wbrmnrs butput ds ua-anlnsshry. Vn `dae tcht `br ht jnhst bur lbrn snt b`khahfnknat prhltdlns hrbuae kbadtbrdaf, thrfnts,hae dalnatdvns, tcnrn ebns hppnhr tb in h lbalnptb` inst prhltdlns. @drks hebptdaf tcnsn prhltdlnshrn kbrn prb`dthijn hae kbrn prbeultdvn, frbw`hstnr, hae survdvn jbafnr, abt oust da tcn Hafjb-\hxba ahtdbas iut da nvnry rnfdba wn jbbmne ht.Kbrnbvnr, da rnlnat nxpnrdknathj stuedns rha-ebkjy lcbsna trnhtknat `drks tcht wnrn cnjpne tbhebpt tcnsn prhltdlns enkbastrhtne jhrfn lhushjdkprbvnknats da prb`dthidjdty lbkphrne tb tcnlbatrbj `drks.>

Ucnrn hrn snvnrhj lhvnhts tb tcds. @drst, tcnrn hrnkhay khahfnknat prhltdlns tcht hrn lbatdafnatba tcn `drks iusdanss navdrbaknat hae prbeult,sulc hs strhtnfy, `dahaln, K&H, hae khrmntdaf.Vn enjdinrhtnjy `blus ba h ahrrbw suisnt b` ihsdlkhahfnknat prhltdlns `br wcdlc inst prhltdlns

kbst jdmnjy nxdst? tcbsn prhltdlns tcht snnk jdmnjytb rhdsn tcn n``dldnaly b` `drks prbeultdba b` fbbeshae snrvdlns.0 \nlbae, tcnrn hrn btcnr typns b`khahfnknat, sulc hs jnhenrscdp, tcht hrn ua-ebuitnejy dkpbrthat tb iusdanss sullnss iut hrnkulc chrenr tb quhatd`y (Cbusn, Chafns, Ohvdeha,Ebr`kha, & Fupth, 9775, ds tcn kbst hkidtdbushttnkpt). @dahjjy, nvna tcds lbrn snt b` inst prhl-tdlns hjkbst surnjy lchafns bvnr tdkn. @br nxhk-pjn, tcn hevnat b` lcnhp lbkputnrs abw khmns dtrnjhtdvnjy kbrn httrhltdvn tb uaenrthmn lbatdaubus

pnr`brkhaln knhsurnknat hae rnjhtne hahjysds.

CbwLhaKhahfnknatWrhltdlnsInKnhsurne2

Ub knhsurn khahfnknat prhltdlns, wn envnj-bpne h anw survny kntcbebjbfy enslrdine daenthdj da Ijbbk hae Pha Ynnana (9776). Da

sukkhry, wn usn ha datnrvdnw-ihsne nvhjuhtdbatbbj tcht en`dans hae slbrns `rbk 8 (wbrst prhl-tdln) tb > (inst prhltdln) 83 mny khahfnknat

prhltdlns. Uhijn 8 jdsts tcn khahfnknat qunstdbas`br khau`hlturdaf, hae dt hjsb fdvns sbkn snasn b`cbw nhlc ds khppne batb tcn slbrdaf frde. Vntcna hvnrhfn tcn daedvdeuhj qunstdba slbrns `brnhlc `drk datb h sdafjn daedlhtbr tcht ds knhat tbrn`jnlt fbbe khahfnknat, hs lbkkbajy uaenr-stbbe. @br rnthdj, slcbbjs, hae cbspdthjs wn usn hvnry sdkdjhr kntcbebjbfy.6

Hs knatdbane, tcds nvhjuhtdba tbbj httnkpts tbknhsurn khahfnknat prhltdlns da tcrnn mny hrnhs.

> \nn, `br nxhkpjn, Ijbbk hae lbjjnhfuns (9788).

0 Da bur vdnw dt ds ha bpna qunstdba wcntcnr cdfc slbrns ba burkhahfnknat prhltdlns frde hrn inan`dldhj, anutrhj, br entrdknathj tb daab-vhtdba (tcn fnanrhtdba b` anw fbbes hae snrvdlns). Ba ban chae, burkhahfnknat prhltdlns khy in lbkpjnknats tb daabvhtdba, hs n``dldnatjybrfhadzdaf h rnsnhrlc tnhk ds jdmnjy tb fnt kbrn ihaf `br nvnry Y&Eiulm spnat. Iy lbatrhst, tcn mdae b` lhrn`uj kbadtbrdaf hae khahfnrdhjbvnrsdfct wn nkpchsdzn lbuje pbtnatdhjjy `rustrhtn h kbrn `rnnwcnnjdafdaabvhtdvn lujturn. ^jtdkhtnjy, tcds ds ha nkpdrdlhj dssun.

6 @br tcn `ujj survny frdes `br nhlc daeustry snn www.wbrjekhahfnknatsurvny.brf. Ucn ed``nrnalns hlrbss daeustrdns prdkhrdjyrn`jnlt ed``nrnat brfhadzhtdbahj strulturns br nxhkpjn, usdaf tcn wbresaursn khahfnr hae uadt da cbspdthjs hs lbkphrne tb pjhat khahfnrhae `hltbry da khau`hlturdaf `drks.



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@drst,kbadtbrdaf? Cbw wnjj eb brfhadzhtdbas kba-dtbr wcht fbns ba dasden tcn `drk, hae usn tcdsda`brkhtdba `br lbatdaubus dkprbvnknat2 \nl-

bae,thrfnts? Eb brfhadzhtdbas snt tcn rdfct thrfnts,trhlm tcn rdfct butlbkns, hae thmn hpprbprdhtnhltdba d` tcn twb hrn dalbasdstnat2 Ucdre, dalna-

Uhijn8KhahfnknatWrhltdlnEdknasdbas

Lhtnfbrdns \lbrn rbk 8 tb > ihsne ba?

(8) Datrbeultdba b` kbenra khau`hlturdaftnlcadquns

Vcht hspnlts b` khau`hlturdaf chvn inna `brkhjjy datrbeulne, daljuedaf oust-da-tdkn enjdvnry rbk suppjdnrs, hutbkhtdba, nxdijn khapbwnr, suppbrtsystnks, httdtuens, hae inchvdbr2

(9) Yhtdbahjn br datrbeultdba b` kbenrakhau`hlturdaf tnlcadquns

Vnrn kbenra khau`hlturdaf tnlcadquns hebptne oust inlhusn btcnrs wnrn usdaftcnk, br hrn tcny jdamne tb knntdaf iusdanss bionltdvns jdmn rneuldaf lbstshae dkprbvdaf quhjdty2

() Wn r brkhaln rnvdnw Ds pnr`brkhaln rnvdnwne da rnqunatjy hae bajy ba h sullnss/`hdjurn slhjn, br dspnr`brkhaln rnvdnwne lbatdauhjjy wdtc ha nxpnlthtdba b` lbatdaubusdkprbvnknat2

(0) Wn r brkhaln edhjbfun Da rnvdnw/pnr brkhaln lbavnrshtdbas, tb wcht nxtnat hrn tcn purpbsn, ehth,

hfnaeh, hae bjjbw-up stnps (jdmn lbhlcdaf) ljnhr tb hjj phrtdns2(6) Lbasnqunaln khahfnknat Ub wcht nxtnat ebns hd jurn tb hlcdnvn hfrnne bionltdvns lhrry lbasnqunalns,wcdlc lha daljuen rntrhdadaf br rnhssdfaknat tb btcnr obis2

(3) Uhrfnt ihjhaln Hrn tcn fbhjs nxljusdvnjy ahaldhj, br ds tcnrn h ihjhaln b` ahaldhj haeabaahaldhj thrfnts2

(4) Uhrfnt datnrlbaanlt dba Hrn fbhjs ihsne ba hllbuatdaf vhjun, br hrn tcny ihsne ba schrncbjenr vhjun dah why tcht wbrms tcrbufc iusdanss uadts hae ujtdkhtnjy ds lbaanltne tbdaedvdeuhj pnr`brkhaln nxpnlthtdbas2

(87) Uhrfnt tdkn cbrdzba Ebns tbp khahfnknat blus khdajy ba tcn scbrt tnrk, br ebns dt v dsuhjdzn scbrt-tnrk thrfnts hs h sthdrlhsn tbwhre tcn khda blus ba jbaf-tnrk fbhjs2

(88) Uhrfnt strntlcdaf Hrn fbhjs tbb nhsy tb hlcdnvn, nspnldhjjy br sbkn shlrne lbw hrnhs b` tcnrk, br hrn fbhjs enkhaedaf iut htthdahijn br hjj phrts b` tcn rk2

(89) Wnr`brkhaln l jhrdty Hrn pnr brkhaln knhsurns djj-enane, pbbrjy uaenrstbbe, hae pr dvhtn, br hrntcny wnjj-enane, ljnhrjy lbkkuadlhtne, hae khen puijdl2

(8) Ynkbvdaf pbbr pnr`brknrs Hrn pbbr pnr`brknrs rhrnjy rnkbvne, br hrn tcny rntrhdane hae/br kbvne datbed``nrnat rbjns br but b` tcn lbkphay hs sbba hs tcn wnhmanss ds denatdne2

(80) Wrbkbtdaf cdfc pnr brknrs Hrn pnbpjn prbkbtne khdajy ba tcn ihsds b` tnaurn, br ebns tcn rk hlt dvnjydenatd`y, envnjbp, hae prbkbtn dts tbp pnr`brknrs2

(86) Httrhlt daf cukha lhpdthj Eb lbkpntd tbrs b` nr strbafnr rnhsbas br thjnatne pnbpjn tb obda tcndrlbkphadns, br ebns h rk prbvden h wden rhafn b` rnhsbas tb nalburhfnthjnatne pnbpjn tb obda2

(83) Ynthdadaf cukha lhpdthj Ebns tcn rk eb rnjht dvnjy j dt tjn tb rnthda tbp thjnat, br ebns dt eb wchtnvnr dtthmns tb rnthda tbp thjnat wcna tcny jbbm jdmnjy tb jnhvn2

Abtn? @ujj snt b` qunstdbas tcht hrn hsmne tb slbrn nhlc edknasdba hrn daljuene da Ijbbk hae Pha Ynnana (9776) hae hjsb htwww.wbrjekhahfnknatsurvny.lbk.

9789 8>Ijbbk, Fnahmbs, \heua, hae Pha Ynnana


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tdvns? Hrn brfhadzhtdbas prbkbtdaf hae rnwhredafnkpjbynns ihsne ba pnr`brkhaln, prdbrdtdzdaf cdr-daf, hae trydaf tb mnnp tcndr inst nkpjbynns23

Bur kntcbebjbfy en`dans h ihejy khahfne br-fhadzhtdba hs ban tcht `hdjs tb trhlm pnr`brkhaln,chs ab n``nltdvn thrfnts, hae ihsns prbkbtdbas ba

tnaurn wdtc ab systnk tb heernss pnrsdstnat nk-pjbynn uaenrpnr`brkhaln. Da lbatrhst, h wnjj-khahfne brfhadzhtdba ds en`dane hs ban tcht lba-tdaubusjy kbadtbrs hae trdns tb dkprbvn dtsprblnssns, snts lbkprncnasdvn hae strntlcdaf thr-fnts, hae prbkbtns cdfc-pnr`brkdaf nkpjbynnshae `dxns (iy trhdadaf br nxdt) uaenrpnr`brkdafnkpjbynns.

Ub lbjjnlt tcn ehth, wn cdrne tnhks b` KIH-typn stuenats tb lbaeult tcn tnjnpcban datnr-vdnws, hs tcny che sbkn iusdanss nxpnrdnaln hae

trhdadaf. Ucnsn stuenats wnrn hjj `rbk tcn lbua-trdns wn survnyne (hae sb lbuje datnrvdnw khahf-nrs da tcndr ahtdvn jhafuhfns) iut wnrn stueydaf httbp ^.\. br Nurbpnha uadvnrsdtdns. Ucn survny whslbkpjntne iy pjhat khahfnrs da khau`hlturdaf,rnthdj stbrn khahfnrs, ljdadlhj snrvdln jnhes da cbs-pdthjs, hae slcbbj prdaldphjs br cnhekhstnrs. Ucdsjnvnj b` kdeejn khahfnrs whs purpbsnjy snjnltne,hs tcny wnrn snadbr nabufc tb chvn ha bvnrvdnw b`khahfnknat prhltdlns iut abt sb snadbr hs tb in

enthlcne `rbk ehy-tb-ehy bpnrhtdbas.Vn datnrvdnwne tcnsn khahfnrs usdaf h ebuijn-ijdae survny tnlcadqun. Ucn `drst phrt b` tcds ebu-ijn-ijdae tnlcadqun whs tcht khahfnrs wnrn abttbje tcny wnrn indaf slbrne br scbwa tcn slbrdaffrde. Ucny wnrn tbje bajy tcht tcny wnrn indafdatnrvdnwne hibut khahfnknat prhltdlns. Ub ebtcds, wn hsmne bpna qunstdbas da tcn survny. @brnxhkpjn, ba tcn `drst kbadtbrdaf edknasdba dakhau`hlturdaf, wn sthrtne iy khmdaf tcn bpnasthtnknat Unjj kn cbw ybu kbadtbr ybur prbeul-

tdba prblnss rhtcnr tcha ljbsne qunstdbas sulc hsEb ybu kbadtbr ybur prbeultdba ehdjy ]yns/ab[2

Vn lbatdaune wdtc bpna qunstdbas `blusdaf bahltuhj prhltdlns hae nxhkpjns uatdj tcn datnr-vdnwnr lbuje khmn ha hllurhtn hssnssknat b` tcn`drks prhltdlns. @br nxhkpjn, tcn snlbae qunstdba

ba tcht pnr`brkhaln trhlmdaf edknasdba whsVcht mdaes b` knhsurns wbuje ybu usn tb trhlmpnr`brkhaln2 hae tcn tcdre whs D` D whjmnehrbuae ybur `hltbry wcht lbuje D tnjj hibut cbwnhlc pnrsba whs pnr`brkdaf2 Ucn lbkidane rn-spbasns tb tcds edknasdba hrn slbrne hfhdast h frde

tcht fbns `rbk 8, wcdlc ds en`dane hs Knhsurnstrhlmne eb abt daedlhtn edrnltjy d` bvnrhjj iusdanssbionltdvns hrn indaf knt. Urhlmdaf ds ha he cblprblnss (lnrthda prblnssns hrnat trhlmne ht hjj),tb >, wcdlc ds en`dane hs Wnr`brkhaln ds lbatda-ubusjy trhlmne hae lbkkuadlhtne, ibtc `brkhjjyhae da`brkhjjy, tb hjj sth`` usdaf h rhafn b` vdsuhjkhahfnknat tbbjs.

Ucn btcnr sden b` bur ebuijn-ijdae hpprbhlcwhs tcht bur datnrvdnwnrs wnrn abt tbje da hevhalnhaytcdaf hibut tcn brfhadzhtdbas pnr`brkhaln=tcny wnrn prbvdene bajy wdtc tcn brfhadzhtdbasahkn, tnjnpcban aukinr, hae daeustry. Vn rha-ebkjy shkpjne kneduk-sdzne `drks (nkpjbydafintwnna 877 hae >,777 wbrmnrs) da khau`hlturdafhae rnthdj, hlutn lhrn cbspdthjs, hae slcbbjs tchtb``nrne fnanrhj neulhtdba tb 8>-ynhr-bjes (wcdlclbrrnspbaes tb cdfc slcbbjs da kbst b` tcn lbua-trdns wn survnyne). Ucnsn brfhadzhtdbas hrn jhrfnnabufc tcht tcn typn b` systnkhtdl khahfnknatprhltdlns lcbsna ds jdmnjy tb khttnr, iut skhjj

nabufc tcht tcny hrn abt usuhjjy lbvnrne da tcniusdanss prnss. Ucus, tcn datnrvdnwnrs fnanrhjjyche abt cnhre b` tcnk in`brn, sb tcny scbuje chvnche ab prnlbalnptdbas.

Vn usne h vhrdnty b` prblneurns tb bithda hcdfc sullnss rhtn hae tb rnkbvn pbtnatdhj sburlnsb` idhs `rbk bur nstdkhtns. @drst, wn bithdane fbv-nraknat naebrsnknats `br tcn survnys da kbstlbuatrdns hae daeustrdns. \nlbae, wn pbsdtdbanetcn survnys hs ha datnrvdnw ba khahfnknat,

anvnr usdaf tcn wbre survny br rnsnhrlc, hstnjnpcban bpnrhtbrs usuhjjy ijblm survnys haekhrmnt rnsnhrlc. Ucdre, wn anvnr hsmne datnrvdnw-nns `br pnr`brkhaln br `dahaldhj ehth= dastnhe, wnbithdane sulc ehth `rbk daenpnaenat sburlns sulchs lbkphay hllbuats br cbspdthj hae slcbbj jnhfunthijns. @burtc, tcn datnrvdnwnrs wnrn nalburhfnetb in pnrsdstnat= tcny rha hibut twb datnrvdnws,jhstdaf 5> kdautns nhlc ba hvnrhfn, pnr ehy, wdtctcn rnst b` tcn tdkn spnat lbathltdaf khahfnrs tb

3 Ucnsn prhltdlns hrn sdkdjhr tb tcbsn nkpchsdzne da nhrjdnr wbrm bakhahfnknat prhltdlns, iy, `br nxhkpjn, Bstnrkha (8445), Khleu``dn(844>), Enjnry hae Ebty (8440), hae Dlcadbwsmd, \chw, hae Wrnaauscd(8446).



6/22

slcneujn datnrvdnws.4 Vn hjsb rha datnrvdnws datcn khahfnrs ahtdvn jhafuhfns tb khmn tcn prb-lnss hs lbk`brthijn hs pbssdijn. Ucnsn stnps cnjpneydnje h rnspbasn rhtn b` hibut >7% hlrbss daeus-trdns, wcdlc whs ualbrrnjhtne wdtc tcn (daenpna-enatjy lbjjnltne) pnr`brkhaln knhsurns `br tcn

`drktcus, wn wnrn abt edsprbpbrtdbahtnjy datnr-vdnwdaf sullnssùj br `hdjdaf brfhadzhtdbas.Vn hjsb lbjjnltne h snrdns b` abdsn lbatrbjs ba

tcn datnrvdnw prblnss dtsnj` (sulc hs tcn tdkn bèhy hae tcn ehy b` tcn wnnm), lchrhltnrdstdls b`tcn datnrvdnwnn (sulc hs tnaurn da `drk), hae tcndenatdty b` tcn datnrvdnwnr (sb wn lbuje daljuen hùjj snt b` eukky vhrdhijns `br tcn datnrvdnwnr tbenhj wdtc datnrvdnwnr idhs). Daljuedaf tcnsn da burrnfrnssdba hahjysds typdlhjjy cnjps tb dkprbvn tcnprnldsdba b` bur nstdkhtns iy strdppdaf but sbkn b`

tcn knhsurnknat nrrbr.

Phjdehtdaf tcnKhahfnknatEhth

In`brn scbwdaf tcn khahfnknat ehth, dt ds dk-pbrthat tb hsm wcntcnr bur survny prblneurnhppnhrs tb in knhsurdaf lbasdstnat ed``nrnalns

da khahfnknat hlrbss `drks. Ub eb tcds wn lhrrdnebut twb survny nxnrldsns tb hssnss tb wcht nxtnatbur khahfnknat ehth hppnhrs datnrahjjy lbasds-tnat hlrbss qunstdbas hae datnrvdnws.

@drst, `br hjkbst tcrnn quhrtnrs b` hjj datnrvdnwswn che h snlbae pnrsba jdstnadaf da ba h pcbannxtnasdba hs h sdjnat kbadtbr tb daenpnaenatjyslbrn tcn datnrvdnw. @br tcnsn ebuijn-slbrne datnr-vdnws wn `buae tcn lbrrnjhtdba hlrbss slbrns whs7.336, wcdlc scbws tcht twb datnrvdnwnrs typd-lhjjy fhvn tcn shkn slbrn tb tcn shkn datnrvdnw.

\nlbae, wn hjsb rha rnpnht datnrvdnws ba 999`drks `rbk bur khau`hlturdaf shkpjn, usdaf h snl-bae KIH stuenat tb datnrvdnw h snlbae pjhatkhahfnr da tcn shkn `drk. Ucds cnjpne tb nvhjuhtncbw lbasdstnatjy wn wnrn knhsurdaf khahfnknatprhltdlns wdtcda `drks iy datnrvdnwdaf ban kha-hfnr. Vn `buae tcht tcn lbrrnjhtdba intwnna burdaenpnaenatjy rua `drst hae snlbae datnrvdnw

slbrns whs 7.>8. Whrt b` tcds ed``nrnaln hlrbsspjhats wdtcda tcn shkn `drks ds jdmnjy tb in rnhjdatnrahj vhrdhtdbas da khahfnknat prhltdlns= abtwb pjhats wdtcda tcn shkn `drk wdjj chvn denatd-lhj khahfnknat prhltdlns. Ucn rnst b` tcds ed``nr-naln hlrbss pjhats wdtcda `drks rn`jnlts knhsurn-

knat nrrbr da tcn survny prblnss. Anvnrtcnjnss,tcds 7.>8 lbrrnjhtdba hlrbss ed``nrnat pjhats wdtcdatcn shkn `drk, wcdlc ds cdfcjy sdfad`dlhat (p-vhjun 7.778), suffnsts tcht wcdjn bur khahfnknatslbrn ds ljnhrjy abdsy, dt pdlms up sdfad`dlhat kha-hfnknat ed``nrnalns hlrbss `drks. \dkdjhr cdfc lbr-rnjhtdbas hrn `buae da tcn cbspdthj survnys (snnIjbbk, Wrbppnr, \ndjnr, & Pha Ynnana, 9787).87

DatnrahtdbahjWhttnrasb`Khahfnknat

Injbw wn sukkhrdzn sbkn b` tcn khda `daedafs`rbk tcn khahfnknat ehth.88

Khau`hlturdaf

@dfurn 8 prnsnats tcn hvnrhfn khahfnknat prhl-tdln slbrn hlrbss lbuatrdns (enthdjs da HppnaedxH). Ucnsn `drks wnrn rhaebkjy shkpjne `rbk tcnpbpujhtdba b` hjj khau`hlturdaf `drks wdtc 877 tb>,777 nkpjbynns. Ucn knedha `drk ds prdvhtnjy

bwane, nkpjbys hrbuae 7 wbrmnrs, hae bpnrhtnstwb prbeultdba pjhats.

Ucn âdtne \thtns chs tcn cdfcnst khahfn-knat prhltdln slbrns, ba hvnrhfn, `bjjbwne iy Fnr-khay hae Ohpha. Ht tcn ibttbk b` tcn rhamdafshrn lbuatrdns da \butcnra Nurbpn (Frnnln haeWbrtufhj) hae envnjbpdaf lbuatrdns, sulc hs Irhzdj,Lcdah, hae Daedh.

Hs edslussne hibvn, wn lha snphrhtn tcnsn bvnr-hjj khahfnknat slbrns datb tcrnn irbhe lhtnfbrdns?

kbadtbrdaf, thrfnts, hae dalnatdvns= tcn lbuatry-

4 Hs h rnsujt, tcnsn khahfnknat survnys wnrn nxpnasdvn tb rua. Burdatnrvdnws lbst hibut $8>7 nhlc (daljuedaf hjj bvnrcnhes) hlrbss hjj tcnsurvny whvns. Ub cnjp en`rhy lbsts wn hltdvnjy lbjjhibrhtne wdtc snvnrhjed``nrnat rnsnhrlc tnhks hae fbvnraknats, hae wnjlbkn hay datnrnst daùturn lbjjhibrhtdba.

87 @urtcnr nvdenaln b` tcn lbasdstnaly b` tcn khahfnknat slbrns ds daFrbus (9788). Cn lbaeultne nxtnasdvn `hltbry vdsdts b` 9< Irdtdsc hnrbsphln`drks, hekdadstnrdaf ibtc tcn Ijbbk hae Pha Ynnana (9776) tnjnpcbansurvny ba tcn pjhat khahfnr hae `hln-tb-`hln datnrvdnws wdtc up tb tcrnnbtcnr nkpjbynns (tcn LNB/khahfdaf edrnltbr, h khahfnr, hae h scbp `jbbrwbrmnr). Ucn khahfnknat slbrns `rbk cds sdtn vdsdts wnrn cdfcjy hssbldhtnewdtc tcn slbrns `rbk tcn tnjnpcban datnrvdnws (tcn lbrrnjhtdba lbn``dldnatwhs 7.34 hae whs sdfad`dlhat ht tcn 8% jnvnj).

88 Ucn habaykdzne ehth hae \thth `djns tb rnpjdlhtn tcn rnsujts hrnhvhdjhijn ht www.wbrjekhahfnknatsurvny.brf.

9789 86Ijbbk, Fnahmbs, \heua, hae Pha Ynnana


7/22

jnvnj slbrns hrn scbwa da Uhijn 989 `br nhsn b`lbkphrdsba, hvnrhfn slbrns hrn fdvna da tcn ibt-tbk rbw b` tcn thijn. ^.\. khahfnknat chs iy `hrtcn jhrfnst hevhathfn da dalnatdvns (wdtc Lhahehhae Fnrkhay `bjjbwdaf) hae tcn snlbae-jhrfnsthevhathfn da kbadtbrdaf hae thrfnt-snttdaf (in-cdae \wnena hae Ohpha, rnspnltdvnjy). Cbwnvnr,tcnsn ehth hjsb enslrdin cbw khahfnknat styjnsed``nr hlrbss lbuatrdns. Da tcn âdtne \thtns, Daedh,

hae Lcdah, khahfnrdhj usn b` dalnatdvns (rnjhtdvntb tcn hvnrhfn lbuatry) ds suisthatdhjjy frnhtnrtcha usn b` kbadtbrdaf hae thrfnt snttdaf, wcdjn daOhpha, \wnena, hae Fnrkhay, khahfnrdhj usn b`kbadtbrdaf hae thrfnt snttdaf (rnjhtdvn tb tcn hv-nrhfn) `hr nxlnnes tcn usn b` dalnatdvns (rnjhtdvn tbtcn hvnrhfn). Ucnrn lbuje in khay rnhsbas `br tcdsphttnra b` spnldhjdzhtdba hlrbss lbuatrdns. Ban `hl-tbr wn nxhkdan injbw ds tcht tcn jdfctnr jhibrkhrmnt rnfujhtdbas da tcn âdtne \thtns khmn dtnhsdnr tb rnkbvn pbbr pnr`brknrs hae tb rnwhrecdfc pnr`brknrs.

Vcht ebns tcn edstrdiutdba b` khahfnknatprhltdlns jbbm jdmnwdtcdalbuatrdns2 Vn lha pjbt h`drk-jnvnj cdstbfrhk b` khahfnknat prhltdlns, hs

scbwa da @dfurn 9. Ucn `drst cdstbfrhk scbws tcnsnehth `br tcn âdtne \thtns, wcnrn tcn ihrs scbwtcn hltuhj ehth hae tcn ehrm jdan ds h skbbtcne(mnranj) `dt b` tcn ehth. Btcnr hevhalne nlbab-kdns da Vnstnra Nurbpn, sulc hs tcn âdtne Mdaf-ebk, chvn sbkn rnsnkijhaln tb tcn ^.\. edstrd-

iutdba, nxlnpt tcny chvn h sbknwcht tcdlmnr jn`tthdj b` ihejy khahfne `drks. Da lbkphrdsba,`drks da envnjbpdaf lbuatrdns sulc hs Irhzdj haeDaedh chvn h kulc tcdlmnr jn`t thdj b` ihejy kha-hfne `drks. Ucnsn edhfrhks hjsb scbw tcnskbbtcne vhjun `br tcn ^.\. nlbabky, sb tchtkhahfnknat da tcnsn lbuatrdns lha in rnhedjylbkphrne tb tcn âdtne \thtns. Habtcnr mny `dae-daf ds tcht Lcdah chs h kbrn lbkprnssne edstrdiu-tdba, wcdlc lbuje in inlhusn Lcdansn `drks hrnrnjhtdvnjy ybuaf, sb tcnrn ds jnss vhrdhtdba da kha-

hfnrdhj vdathfns.8 enk-bastrhtns tcht puijdljy bwane brfhadzhtdbas chvnlbasdstnatjy jbwnr khahfnknat slbrns da nhlcsnltbr, nvna h`tnr lbatrbjjdaf `br lbuatry hae sdzn.

@dfurn9Ucn^.\.Chs@nwIhejyKhahfneKhau`hlturdaf@drks,VcdjnIrhzdj,Lcdah,haeDaedhChvnhUhdjbÌhejyKhahfne@drks

Abtn? 5,4


10/22

Ucds fhp ds quhatdthtdvnjy jhrfn? Ucn hvnrhfn fhp

da khahfnknat slbrns intwnna puijdl hae prdvhtnbwanrscdp ds 7.85sdkdjhr, `br nxhkpjn, tb tcnbvnrhjj khahfnknat fhp intwnna tcn ^adtne\thtns hae \wnena.

Hs scbwa da @dfurn 0, tcn bvnrrdedaf rnhsbapuijdljy bwane dastdtutdbas slbrn suisthatdhjjyjbwnr ds tcht tcny chvn wnhmnr dalnatdvn khahfn-knat prhltdlns. Da phrtdlujhr, da khay puijdl-snl-tbr hfnaldns prbkbtdba ds ihsne ba tdkn snrvne,hae pnrsdstnat uaenrpnr`brknrs hrn abt rntrhdane

br kbvne tb ed``nrnat pbsdtdbas. Ban nxpjhahtdba`br tcds ds tcn strnaftc b` uadbas, wcdlc pjhln hfrnht nkpchsds ba nqudty, `hdranss, hae pbjdtdlhjlrdtnrdh.

@hkdjyhae@buaenrBwanrscdphaeKhahfnknat

Ucn prdvhtnjy bwane `drks da bur khau`hlturdafhae rnthdj shkpjn lha in edvdene iy ujtdkhtn bwa-nrscdp? edspnrsne schrncbjenrs, `hkdjy bwanrscdpwdtc ha nxtnrahj lcdn` nxnlutdvn b``dlnr, `hkdjy

bwanrscdp wdtc h `hkdjy lcdn` nxnlutdvn b``dlnr,bwane iy tcn `buaenr br tcn khahfnrs b` tcn `drk,hae bwane iy prdvhtn nqudty br prdvhtn daedvdeu-

@dfurn5Cbspdthjs,\lcbbjs,haeYnthdjKhahfnknatWrhltdlnsHjsb\cbwJhrfn\prnhesHlrbssBrfhadzhtdbasVdtcdaNhlcLbuatry

Abtn? Ihrs hrn tcn cdstbfrhk b` tcn hltuhj enasdty. Ucn jdan ds tcn skbbtcne (mnranj) b` tcn ^.\. enasdty `br lbkphrdsba.

@dfurn>

Wuijdl(Fbvnraknat)BwanrscdpDsHssbldhtneVdtcVbrsnKhahfnknatWrhltdlnsHlrbss NvnryDaeustryVn\tuedne

Khahfnknat slbrns h`tnr lbatrbjjdaf `br sdzn (aukinr b` nkpjbynns,ines, br stuenats) hae lbuatry. Ehth `rbk 4,764 khau`hlturdaf `drks, 8,83=Jdlctnainrf & \dnfnj, 8447= \dnfnj & \dkbas,

9787). Ucus, tcn phttnra da rnlnat ynhrs b` prdvhtnnqudty `drks purlchsdaf `drks da Nurbpn hae Hsdhtcht wnrn prnvdbusjy uaenr `hkdjy br fbvnraknatkhahfnknat khy khmn sbkn nlbabkdl snasn.

H pnrchps surprdsdaf rnsujt ds tcht `buaenr-bwane, `buaenr-LNB `drkswcnrn tcn lurrnatlcdn` nxnlutdvn b``dlnr `buaene tcn `drkhrn tcnwbrst khahfne ba hvnrhfn. Vn hrn stdjj trydaf tbuaenrsthae tcds pcnabknaba, iut ban pbtnatdhjnxpjhahtdba ds tcht tcn natrnprnanurdhj smdjjs rn-

@dfurn0UcnHvnrhfnFhpdaKhahfnknat\lbrnsIntwnnaWuijdlhaeWrdvhtnBwanrscdp

Khahfnknat slbrns h`tnr lbatrbjjdaf `br sdzn (aukinr b` nkpjbynns,ines, br stuenats) hae lbuatry. Kbadtbrdaf ds lbjjnltdaf hae usdaf ehth,thrfnts hrn tcn snttdaf hae n` nltdvnanss b` thrfnts, hae dalnatdvns hrnpnr`brkhaln-rnjhtne cdrdaf, prbkbtdbas, ibaus, hae nxdt. Ehth `rbk 4,764khau`hlturnrs, 8,83< cbspdthjs, hae 664 slcbbjs.

@dfurn6@hkdjy-hae@buaenr-Bwanehae-Khahfne@drks(daKhau`hlturdafhaeYnthdj)UypdlhjjyChvn tcnVbrstKhahfnknat

Khahfnknat slbrns h`tnr lbatrbjjdaf `br lbuatry, daeustry, hae aukinrb` nkpjbynns. Ehth `rbk 4,73> khau`hlturnrs hae 0>3 rnthdjnrs. @buaenr

bwane, `buaenr LNB `drks hrn tcbsn stdjj bwane hae khahfne iy tcndr`buaenrs. @hkdjy `drks hrn tcbsn bwane iy enslnaenats b` tcn `buaenr.Edspnrsne schrncbjenr `drks hrn tcbsn wdtc ab schrncbjenr wdtc kbrn tcha9>% b` nqudty, sulc hs wdenjy cnje puijdl `drks.



12/22

qudrne b` h sthrt-up (n.f., lrnhtdvdty hae rdsm thm-daf) hrn abt tcn shkn smdjjs rnqudrne wcna h `drkfrbws jhrfn nabufc tb natnr bur shkpjn (ht jnhst877 nkpjbynns). H khturn `drk annes tb kbvninybae da`brkhj rujns, hae tcnsn khy in dkpjn-knatne kbrn n``nltdvnjy iy h prb`nssdbahj khahfnr

(snn, `br nxhkpjn, Ibnmnr & Mhrdlchjdj, 9779= Eh-vdjh, @bstnr, & Odh, 9787= hae Vhsciura, Vhje-kha, & \ujjy en Juqun, 9774).

Kujtdahtdbahj@drks

@dfurn 3 pjbts khahfnknat slbrns iy lbuatry `brebknstdl `drks (tcbsn wdtc ab prbeultdba `hldjdtdnshirbhe) hae `brndfa kujtdahtdbahjs. Uwb rnsujtssthae but. @drst, `brndfa kujtdahtdbahjs hrn inttnrkhahfne tcha ebknstdl `drks. \nlbae, `brndfakujtdahtdbahjs snnk hijn tb phrtdhjjy trhaspbrttcndr inttnr prhltdlns hirbhe enspdtn b`tna-ed``dlujtjblhj ldrluksthalns. Vn hjsb `buae tcht kujtdah-tdbahjs trhaspjhat btcnr `nhturns b` tcndr brfhadzh-tdbahj `brk bvnrsnhs, sulc hs tcn hvnrhfn enfrnn b`enlnatrhjdzhtdba (Ijbbk nt hj., 9774i). Vn hjsbedstdafudscne iy nxpbrt sthtus, rnvnhjdaf h ljnhrpnlmdaf brenr? Hvnrhfn khahfnknat slbrns wnrnjbwnst `br aba-nxpbrtnrs (9.09), anxt jbwnst `braba-kujtdahtdbahj nxpbrtnrs (9.34), hae cdfcnst`br kujtdahtdbahjs ().

WrbeultKhrmntLbkpntdtdba

Da bur datnrvdnws, wn hsmne tcn khau`hlturdaf haernthdj khahfnrs tb denatd`y tcn aukinr b` lbkpnt-dtbrs tcny `hlne da tcn khrmntpjhln. Vn `buae tchttcn hvnrhfn khahfnknat slbrn whs sdfad`dlhatjycdfcnr wcna `drks rnpbrtne `hldaf kbrn lbkpntd-tbrs (snn @dfurn 4). ^sdaf btcnr knhsurns b` lbk-pntdtdba `br khau`hlturdaf `drks abt rnpbrtne iykhahfnrs, sulc hs tcn dkpbrt pnantrhtdba rhtns

(knhsurne iy dkpbrts hs h schrn b` ebknstdl prb-eultdba) br Jnranr daedlns b` lbkpntdtdba, ydnjes hsdkdjhr fnanrhj rnsujt tcht khahfnknat quhjdtytnaes tb dalrnhsn wdtc lbkpntdtdvn datnasdty.8>

Vn hjsb lbjjnltne lbkpntdtdba ehth `br cbspdthjs

hae slcbbjs hae `buae h sdkdjhr lbrrnjhtdba= tchtds, brfhadzhtdbas rnpbrtdaf tcht tcny `hlne kbrnlbkpntdtbrs hppnhr tb hebpt inttnr khahfnknatprhltdlns.

H lbalnra wdtc hjj tcn hssbldhtdbas b` khahfn-knat wdtc erdvdaf `hltbrs sulc hs lbkpntdtdba dstcht tcn lbrrnjhtdba ds spurdbus hae abt lhushj. Datcn lhsn b` lbkpntdtdba, tcds khy lhusn ha uaenr-nstdkhtn b` tcn pbsdtdvn n``nlt b` lbkpntdtdba, hs h

8> Vn en`dane tcn Jnranr daenx hs 8 kdaus tcn hvnrhfn prb`dts/shjnsrhtdb b` hjj btcnr `drks da tcn lbuatry daeustry lnjj bvnr tcn phst `dvn ynhrs.Cdfc vhjuns suffnst jbw jbaf-rua prb`dts, suffnstdvn b` tbufc lbkpntdtdba.Vcna wn usne tcds hae tcn dkpbrt knhsurn ehth wn heene lbuatry haedaeustry eukkdns tb lbatrbj `br `hltbrs jdmn lbuatry sdzn hae ed``nrnatrnpbrtdaf rnqudrnknats= snn Ijbbk hae Pha Ynnana (9776) `br enthdjs.

@dfurn3Kujtdahtdbahjs(daKhau`hlturdafhaeYnthdj)HppnhrtbHlcdnvnFbbeKhahfnknatWrhltdlnsVcnrnvnrUcnyJblhtn

\hkpjn b` 6,909 khau`hlturdaf hae 008 rnthdj `drks, b` wcdlc >,558 hrnpurnjy ebknstdl hae 9,539 hrn `brndfa kujtdahtdbahjs. Ebknstdl kujtdah-tdbahjs hrn nxljuenetcht ds, tcn ebknstdl suisdedhrdns b` kujtdahtdbahj`drks (jdmn h Ubybth suisdedhry da Ohpha).

@dfurn4LbkpntdtdbaHppnhrsJdamnetbInttnrKhahfnknat

\hkpjn b` 4,504 khau`hlturdaf hae 008 rnthdj `drks (prdvhtn-snltbrphanj) hae 8,83< cbspdthjs hae 637 slcbbjs (puijdl-snltbr phanj). Ynpbrtnelbkpntdtbrs en`dane `rbk tcn rnspbasn tb tcn qunstdba Cbw khay lbk-pntdtbrs ebns ybur ]brfhadzhtdba[ `hln2

9789 9


13/22

phrtdlujhrjy wnjj-khahfne brfhadzhtdba wbuje injdmnjy tb erdvn ihejy khahfne rdvhjs but b` iusdansshae sb rneuln tcn aukinr b` rdvhjs, jbwnrdaf knh-surne lbkpntdtdba.

Ucds denh lha sbkntdkns in edrnltjy tnstne= `brnxhkpjn, Ijbbk, Wrbppnr, \ndjnr, hae Pha Ynnana

(9787) ede sb ihsne ba h ahturhj nxpnrdknatdavbjvdaf tcn ljbsdaf b` cbspdthjs da tcn ^adtneMdafebk. Wbjdtdldhas lbatrbj nxdt hae natry haetnae tb mnnp cbspdthjs bpna da pbjdtdlhjjy khrfdahjedstrdlts, hae tcds lrnhtns sbkn rhaebk vhrdhtdbada tcn aukinr b` cbspdthjs hlrbss ed``nrnat hrnhs.^sdaf tcds vhrdhtdba wn `dae tcht tcn pbsdtdvnlhushj n``nlt b` lbkpntdtdba ba khahfnknat (haeljdadlhj butlbkns sulc hs survdvhj rhtns) ds daennestrbafnrtcha tcn sdkpjn lbrrnjhtdba wbuje suffnst.

Da fnanrhj, wn datnrprnt tcds `daedaf hs scbwdaf

tcht kbrn lbkpntdtdvn khrmnts hrn hssbldhtne wdtcinttnr khahfnknat prhltdlns. Ucds rnsujt lbujehrdsn tcrbufc h vhrdnty b` lchaanjs. @br nxhkpjn,ban rbutn `br lbkpntdtdba tb dkprbvn khahfn-knat prhltdlns khy in tcrbufc snjnltdba, wdtcihejy rua `drks, cbspdthjs, br slcbbjs nxdtdaf kbrnspnnedjy da lbkpntdtdvn khrmnts. H snlbae rbutnkhy in tcrbufc dalnatdvns tb dkprbvn prhltdlns,wcdlc lbuje in schrpnr wcna lbkpntdtdba rhdsnstcn sthmns ndtcnr inlhusn n` dldnaly dkprbvn-

knats chvn h jhrfnr dkphlt ba scd`tdaf khrmntschrn br inlhusn khahfnrs hrn kbrn `nhr`uj b`jbsdaf tcndr obis.80

JhibrKhrmntYnfujhtdba

Jhibr khrmnt rnfujhtdba lha lbastrhda tcn hidjdtyb` khahfnrs tb cdrn, `drn, phy, hae prbkbtn nk-pjbynns. @dfurn 87 pjbts nhlc lbuatrys hvnrhfnkhau`hlturdaf khahfnknat slbrns ba dalnatdvnskhahfnknat (survny qunstdbas 8


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prbeultdvdty, prb`dthidjdty, frbwtc rhtns, nxdt rhtns,

hae khrmnt vhjun= `br cbspdthjs tcds ds da tnrks b`phtdnat butlbkns sulc hs cnhrt htthlm survdvhjrhtns= hae `br slcbbjs dt ds da tnrks b` pupdj but-lbkns sulc hs sthaehredzne tnst slbrns.

@br tcn khau`hlturdaf `drks wn bithdane tcnsnehth `rbk lbkphay hllbuats, wcdlc wnrn hvhdj-hijn `br 9,496 b` tcn `drks.86 Vn che pnr`brkhaln

ehth `br 9>8 cbspdthjs da tcn âdtne \thtns haeâdtne Mdafebk hae `br 5 slcbbjs da tcnâdtne \thtns, âdtne Mdafebk, Lhaheh, hae\wnena. Vn `buae tcht cdfcnr khahfnknatslbrns hrn rbiustjy hssbldhtne wdtc inttnrpnr`brkhaln.

Uhijn < rnpbrts tcn rnsujts b` tcn bredahry jnhstsquhrns (BJ\) rnfrnssdbas. Bur enpnaenat vhrd-hijns hrn ed``nrnat knhsurns b` `drk pnr`brkhaln,daljuedaf shjns pnr nkpjbynn, prb`dthidjdty, tcnfrbwtc b` shjns, hae survdvhj. Bur mny nxpjhahtbryvhrdhijn ds tcn knhsurn b` tcn lbkphays khahfn-knat quhjdty. Da sbkn b` tcn rnfrnssdbas, wn lba-trbj `br lhpdthj pnr nkpjbynn hae tcn schrn b` tcnwbrm`brln wdtc h lbjjnfn enfrnn. Vn hjsb daljuenlbatrbj vhrdhijns `br lbuatry hae daeustry (h ùjjsnt b` eukky vhrdhijns),83 `drk-jnvnj lbatrbjs `br

cburs wbrmne hae `drk hfn, hae h snt b` abdsnlbatrbjs tcht (hs edslussne nhrjdnr) daljuen heukky vhrdhijn `br bur datnrvdnwnrs hs wnjj hs `brtcn obi tnaurn b` tcn khahfnr, tcn ehy b` tcn wnnmtcn datnrvdnw whs lbaeultne, tcn tdkn b` ehy tcndatnrvdnw whs lbaeultne, tcn jnaftc b` tcn datnr-vdnw, hae h ouefknat `rbk tcn datnrvdnwnr ba tcnrnjdhidjdty b` tcn da`brkhtdba lbjjnltne.

Da lbjuka 8 b` Uhijn 9jbf pbdats (hibut 04%) cdfcnr jhibr prbeultdvdty,sb h ban-sthaehre-envdhtdba lchafn da khahfn-knat (b` 7.005) ds hssbldhtne wdtc hibut h 5>%dalrnhsn da jhibr prbeultdvdty (n.f., h 5>% dalrnhsnda shjns, cbjedaf nkpjbyknat lbasthat). Lbjuka9 lbatrbjs `br h ùjj snt b` lbuatry hae tcrnn-edfdt

86 Vn che shjns hae nkpjbyknat hllbuatdaf ehth `br


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daeustry eukkdns tb rn`jnlt tcn cufn aukinr b`uaknhsurne ed` nrnalns da dastdtutdbas, rnfujh-tdbas, prdlns, hllbuatdaf ed` nrnalns, hae jnfhjstrulturns. Vn hjsb daljuen lbatrbjs `br lhpdthj pnrnkpjbynn, tcn pnrlnathfn b` tcn wbrm`brln wdtc hlbjjnfn enfrnn, hae bur lbatrbjs `br survny abdsn(sulc hs datnrvdnwnr eukkdns). Ucnsn lbvhrdhtnssbknwcht rneuln tcn lbn``dldnat ba tcn khahfn-

knat vhrdhijn tb hrbuae 7.99,>08 6,745 6,745 9,496 9>8 5

Abtn? Hjj lbjukas nstdkhtne iy bredahry jnhst squhrns (BJ\) wdtc sthaehre nrrbrs hrn da phrnatcnsns uaenr lbn`ldnat nstdkhtnsljustnrne iy brfhadzhtdba (rk, slcbbj, br cbspdthj). *** enabtns 8% sdfadlhaln, ** enabtns >% sdfadlhaln, hae * enabtns 87%sdfadlhaln. \hkpjn `br lbjukas 80 ds hjj rk-ynhrs wdtc shjns, nkpjbyknat, lhpdthj, YBLN, hae >-ynhr shjns frbwtc ehth, nxlnpt lbjuka-Tnhr\hjns Frbwtcds tcn >-ynhr frbwtc b` shjns.Nxdtknhas tcn rk whs jdqudehtne br wnat ihamrupt. HKD Kbrthjdty Yhtnds tcn rdsm-heoustnekbrthjdty rhtn `rbk hlutn kyblhredhj da`hrltdba (z-slbrnetb thmn datb hllbuat ed` nrnalns da tcn why tcn daenx ds nxprnssne da tcn ^.\. haetcn ^.M.). Ucn slcbbj-jnvnj knhsurnUnst \lbrnsvhrdns hlrbss lbuatrdns (tcn vhrdhijn ds z-slbrne tb thmn datb hllbuat tcnsn ed``nrnalns). Datcn ^.\. wn usn tcn khtc nxhk phss rhtn `rbk cdfc slcbbj nxdt nxhks (C\NNs). Da tcn ^.M. wn nkpjby tcn prbpbrtdba b` stuenats hlcdnvdafvn FL\Ns (jnvnj 9), daljuedaf Nafjdsc hae khtc. Da Lhaheh wn nkpjby tcn slcbbj-jnvnj rhtdaf prbeulne iy tcn @rhsnr Dastdtutn, wcdlc dsihsne ba snvnrhj knhsurns b` stuenat hlcdnvnknat, daljuedafhvnrhfn prbvdaln nxhk khrm, pnrlnathfn b` nxhks `hdjne, lbursns thmna pnrstuenat, edpjbkh lbkpjntdba rhtn, hae enjhyne hevhalnknat rhtn. Da \wnena wn usn tcn 4tc-frhen frhen pbdat hvnrhfn (FWH).Lbuatrylbatrbjs hrn h `ujjsnt b`lbuatryeukkdns (86 `br lbjukas 8>, 9 `br lbjuka0, hae 5 `br lbjuka6). Daeustry lbatrbjs hrn809 \DLtcrnn-edfdteukkdns. Lbjukas 80? Fnanrhj lbatrbjslbkprdsn rk-jnvnj lbatrbjs `br hvnrhfn cburs wbrmne hae tcn prbpbrtdba b` nkpjbynns wdtclbjjnfn enfrnns (`rbk tcn survny), pjus h snt b` survny abdsn lbatrbjs tcht hrn datnrvdnwnr eukkdns, tcn snadbrdty hae tnaurn b` tcnkhahfnr wcb rnspbaene, tcn ehy b` tcn wnnm tcn datnrvdnw whs lbaeultne, tcn tdkn b` ehy tcn datnrvdnw whs lbaeultne, tcn eurhtdbab` tcn datnrvdnw, hae ha daedlhtbr b` tcn rnjdhidjdty b` tcn da`brkhtdba hs lbene iy tcn datnrvdnwnr. Lbjuka 6? Fnanrhj lbatrbjslbkprdsncbspdthj-jnvnj lbatrbjs `brja(hvnrhfn cburs wbrmne) haeja(cbspdthj hfn), h eukky d` datnrvdnwnn ds h aursn, tcn aukinr b` sdtns da tcncbspdthj antwbrm, hae pnrlnathfn b` khahfnrs wdtc h ljdadlhj enfrnn, pjus h snt b` survny abdsn lbatrbjs tcht hrn 87 datnrvdnwnr eukkdns,tcn snadbrdty haetnaurn b` tcn khahfnr wcb rnspbaene, tcn ehy b` tcn wnnm tcn datnrvdnw whs lbaeultne, tcn tdkn b` ehy tcn datnrvdnwwhs lbaeultne, tcn eurhtdba b` tcn datnrvdnw, hae ha daedlhtbr b` tcn rnjdhidjdty b` tcn da`brkhtdba hs lbene iy tcn datnrvdnwnr. Lbjuka3? Fnanrhj lbatrbjslbkprdsn rnfdbahj eukkdns hae slcbbj-jnvnj lbatrbjs `br tcn pupdj/tnhlcnr rhtdb hae tcn ed``nrnat typns b` slcbbjsdaljuene da tcn shkpjn (puijdl, khfant, hae lchrtnr da tcn ^.\.= puijdl, vbjuathry hdene, `buaehtdbas, haedaenpnaenat da tcn ^.M.= puijdl,snphrhtn,hae daenpnaenatda Lhaheh), pjus h sntb` survny abdsnlbatrbjstcht hrn84 datnrvdnwnr eukkdns, tcntnaurn b` tcnkhahfnrwcbrnspbaene, tcnehy b` tcnwnnm tcndatnrvdnw whs lbaeultne, tcntdkn b` ehy tcn datnrvdnw whslbaeultne, tcneurhtdbab` tcndatnrvdnw,hae ha daedlhtbr b` tcn rnjdhidjdty b` tcn da`brkhtdba hs lbene iy tcn datnrvdnwnr. \burln? Ijbbk, \heua, hae Pha Ynnana (9789).



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lchafn kulc bvnr tdkn (sulc hs tnlcabjbfy haelujturn). Ucus, wn hrn lbkphrdaf `drk-jnvnjlchafns da prbeultdvdty wdtc tcn `drks lchafns dakhahfnknat prhltdlns. Da tcds enkhaedaf spnld`d-lhtdba tcn lbn``dldnat ba khahfnknat erbps tb7.756 iut rnkhdas sthtdstdlhjjy sdfad`dlhat.84 Ucnsn

lbrrnjhtdbas hrn abt sdkpjy erdvna iy tcn Hafjb-\hxba lbuatrdns, hs ban kdfct suspnlt d` tcn knh-surns wnrn lujturhjjy idhsne. Ucn rnjhtdbascdp in-twnna prbeultdvdty hae khahfnknat ds strbafhlrbss hjj rnfdbas da tcn ehth. Ucn sdfad`dlhaln dshjsb rbiust tb ed``nrnat whys b` lbkidadaf tcn 83khahfnknat prhltdlns`br nxhkpjn, usdaf tcnprdaldphj `hltbr b` tcn qunstdbas dastnhe b` tcnhvnrhfn da lbjuka 8 b` Uhijn < ydnjes h pbdatnstdkhtn (sthaehre nrrbr) b` 7. wn usn tcn `dvn-ynhrshjns frbwtc rhtn hs tcn butlbkn. Cnrn, h uadtdkprbvnknat da tcn khahfnknat prhltdln slbrn dshssbldhtne wdtc 0.6% cdfcnr haauhj shjns frbwtc.Da lbjuka 0 wn nxhkdan nxdt, en`dane hs iham-ruptly br jdqudehtdba iy tcn jhst ynhr b` bur hl-

lbuats ehth (typdlhjjy 9787). Vn `dae tcht h ban-pbdat dalrnhsn da khahfnknat prhltdlns dshssbldhtne wdtc h 8.8% rneultdba da nxdt, h sui-sthatdhj ed``nrnaln fdvna tcht tcn hvnrhfn nxdt rhtnwhs 9.5% `br tcds shkpjn.

Habtcnr mny knhsurn b` pnr`brkhaln ds `drksdzn. Inttnr khahfne `drks scbuje in jhrfnr, haetcds ds phrtjy inlhusn tcn khrmnt wdjj hjjblhtn tcnsn`drks h frnhtnr schrn b` shjns hae hjsb inlhusnjhrfnr `drks chvn tcn rnsburlns hae dalnatdvns tbnkpjby inttnr khahfnknat (n.f., d` tcnrn hrn `dxne

lbsts b` tcn typns b` khahfnknat prhltdlns wnlbasdenr). Vcna wn pjbttne hvnrhfn khahfnknatslbrn hfhdast tcn aukinr b` nkpjbynns da h `drk

(hs h knhsurn b` `drk sdzn) wn `buae tcht `drks wdtc877 tb 977 nkpjbynns che hvnrhfn khahfnknatslbrns b` hibut 9.6. Ucn khahfnknat slbrn tcnarbsn stnhedjy wdtc `drk sdzn, sb tcht `drks wdtc9,777 tb >,777 nkpjbynnstcn jhrfnst `drks da burshkpjn che hvnrhfn khahfnknat slbrns b`

hibut


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b` khahfnknat prhltdlns. @br nxhkpjn, tcn rn-turas ba chvdaf strbaf thrfnts hrn jdmnjy tb incdfcnr d` ha brfhadzhtdba lha hjsb kbadtbr pnr`br-khaln. Ub davnstdfhtn tcds wn rua h prdaldphjlbkpbanat `hltbr hahjysds ba bur 83 khahfnknatqunstdbas. Vn `dae tcht tcn prdkhry `hltbr nx-

pjhdas 55% b` tcn vhrdhtdba hlrbss `drks hae jbhespbsdtdvnjy ba hjj prhltdlns. Ucds prnsukhijy rn-`jnlts tcht sbkn lbkkba `hltbrsulc hs chvdaf hfbbe LNB br bpnrhtdaf da h lbkpntdtdvn prbeultkhrmntdkprbvns hjj typns b` khahfnknat prhl-tdlns wdtcda h `drk. Ucn snlbae `hltbr nxpjhdasbajy habtcnr 6% b` tcn ehth, iut ebns jbhe pbsd-tdvnjy ba kbadtbrdaf hae thrfnts hae anfhtdvnjyba dalnatdvns. Ucds suffnsts tcht sbkn `drks spn-ldhjdzn kbrn da tcn kbadtbrdaf (b`tna tcbsn `rbkFnrkhay, \wnena, hae Ohpha) hae btcnr `drks

spnldhjdzn kbrn da dalnatdvns (b`tna tcbsn `rbkHafjb-\hxba lbuatrdns). Cnaln, wn `dae sbknnvdenaln `br h kbenrhtn ljustnrdaf b` khahfnknatprhltdlns, hjtcbufc kbst b` tcn vhrdhtdba snnkslbkkba tb hjj prhltdlns wdtcda h `drk.

WbtnatdhjEbwasdensb`KhahfnknatDkprbvnknats`brVbrmnrshaetcnNavdrbaknat

Khay lbkknathtbrs kdfct hfrnn tcht tcn kha-hfnknat prhltdlns wn denatd`y hrn inan`dldhj `brprbeultdvdty iut wbuje rnkhda lbalnrane tchtsulc prhltdlns khy chvn snrdbus ebwasdens dabtcnr edknasdbas. Da phrtdlujhr, lbuje dkprbvdaftcnsn khahfnknat prhltdlns chvn h anfhtdvn n``nltba wbrmnrs jd n ihjhaln hae/br enfrhen tcnnavdrbaknat2

Da tcn `drst khobr survny whvn da 9775, wn hjsblbjjnltne da`brkhtdba ba hspnlts b` wbrm-jd`n ihj-haln sulc hs lcdje-lhrn `hldjdtdns, obi `jnxdidjdty,hae snj`-hssnssne nkpjbynn shtds`hltdba. Vn `buae

tcht wnjj-khahfne `drks hltuhjjy tnaene tb chvninttnr `hldjdtdns hae pbjdldns `br wbrmnrs hjbaftcnsn edknasdbas (Ijbbk, Mrntslcknr, & PhaYnnana, 9788).

Da tnrks b` navdrbaknathj dkphlt, wn `buaetcht nanrfy-n``dldnaly ds strbafjy hssbldhtne wdtcinttnr `drk-jnvnj khahfnknat. Ucds ds jdmnjy tb ininlhusn fbbe khahfnknat prhltdlns (sulc hs jnhakhau`hlturdaf) tnae tb nlbabkdzn ba nanrfy usn(Ijbbk, Fnahmbs, Khrtda, & \heua, 9787).

NxpnrdknathjNvdenalnbaKhahfnknatXuhjdtyhae@drkWnr`brkhaln

Ucn rnsujts scbwa da Uhijn < rnvnhj bajy lbaed-tdbahj lbrrnjhtdbas intwnna khahfnknat haepnr`brkhaln. ^a`brtuahtnjy, dt ds vnry chre tb

edstdafudsc lhusn hae n``nlt `rbk tcnsn rnsujts

hjban. @br nxhkpjn, dt lbuje in tcht inttnr kha-hfnknat prhltdlns dkprbvn `drk pnr`brkhaln, brkhyin wcna `drks hrn pnr`brkdaf wnjj tcny tnaetb kbenradzn tcndr khahfnknat prhltdlns, brkhyin sbkntcdaf njsn (sulc hs cdrdaf neulhtnekhahfnrs) erdvns ibtc inttnr pnr`brkhaln hae dk-prbvne khahfnknat. Ucds dahidjdty tb edstdafudsclhusn `rbk n``nlt da khahfnknat pnr brkhalnhahjysds ds bivdbusjy ha dssun wdtc bur survny nv-denaln, iut hjsb kbrn fnanrhjjy wdtc tcn natdrnsurvny hae lhsn stuey jdtnrhturn. Vdtcbut nvdenaln

ba lhushjdty, dt ds nxtrnknjy chre tb khmn strbafsthtnknats hibut tcn rnjhtdbascdp intwnna kha-hfnknat prhltdlns hae `drk pnr brkhaln. Hs hrnsujt khay rnsnhrlcnrs rnkhda smnptdlhj hibut tcndkpbrthaln b` khahfnknat prhltdlns `br nxpjhda-daf vhrdhtdbas da `drk pnr`brkhaln.99

Ban why tb davnstdfhtn tcn lhushj dkphlt b`vhrdbus khahfnknat prhltdlns ds tb rua h rhaebk-dzne khahfnknat `dnje nxpnrdknat. Ucn denh dssdkdjhr tb tcn why sldnatdsts nvhjuhtn erufsprb-

vdedaf erufs tb h rhaebkjy snjnltne trnhtknatfrbup hae lbkphrdaf tcndr butlbkn tb tcn nx-ljuene lbatrbj frbup.

Ban sulc nxpnrdknat whs rnlnatjy lbaeultneba 93 jhrfn Daedha tnxtdjn `hltbrdns iy h \tha`bre^advnrsdtyVbrje Iham rnsnhrlc tnhk. Ucny prb-vdene `rnn khahfnknat lbasujtdaf tb h snt b`rhaebkjy snjnltne trnhtknat pjhats tb cnjp tcnkhebpt kbenra khahfnknat prhltdlns hae lbk-phrne tcndr pnr`brkhaln tb habtcnr rhaebkjy lcb-sna snt b` lbatrbj pjhats (snn Ijbbk, Nd`nrt, Kh-

choha, KlMnazdn, & Ybinrts, 9788).9< Ucn Daedha

99 \nn, `br nxhkpjn, tcn edslussdba da \tdfjnr (8460) hae \yvnrsba(9788). Ucn hrfuknat hfhdast tcn dkpbrthaln b` khahfnknat ds tcht prb`dtkhxdkdzhtdba wdjj jnhe `drks tb rneuln lbsts. Hs h rnsujt, hay rnsdeuhjvhrdhtdbas da khahfnknat prhltdlns wdjj rn`jnlt `drks bptdkhj rnspbasns tbed``nrdaf khrmnt lbaedtdbas. Cnaln, ed``nrnat khahfnknat prhltdlns hrn abtfbbe br ihe, iut tcn bptdkhj rnspbasn tb ed``nrnat khrmnt ldrluk-sthalns. Ucds vdnw hjsb uaenrjdns tcn lbatdafnaly tcnbry b` Vbbewhre(84>3).

9< Hjtcbufc eruf trdhjs hrn ebuijn ijdae (andtcnr tcn hekdadstnrdafebltbr abr tcn phtdnat mabws wcb ds trnhtknat hae wcb ds lbatrbj), eun tb



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nxpnrdknat rnvnhjne tcht tcn hebptdba b` tcnsnkhahfnknat prhltdlns `br kbadtbrdaf, thrfnts, haedalnatdvns whs cdfcjy prb`dthijn, jnhedaf tb hahvnrhfn dalrnhsn da prbeultdvdty b` 83%. Ucds tbbmsnvnrhj kbatcs tb bllur hs tcn `drks sjbwjy dk-prbvne prbeultdvdty wdtc tcn frheuhj hebptdba b`

tcnsn anw khahfnknat prhltdlns, hs scbwa da@dfurn 89.Datnrnstdafjy, tcn Daedha nxpnrdknat hjsb `buae

tcht tcn hebptdba b` tcnsn typns b` kbenra kha-hfnknat prhltdlns whs kbrn jdmnjy tb bllur wcnaprbeultdba lbaedtdbas wnrn ihe. Vcna `hldaftbufc tdkns, `drks wnrn kbrn jdmnjy tb try tb up-frhen tcndr khahfnknat prhltdlns= da lbatrhst,wcna lbaedtdbas wnrn inttnr, `drks wnrn rnjulthattb lchafn br heoust khahfnknat prhltdlns. D` tcdstypn b` rnvnrsn lhushjdty ds lbkkba, dt wbuje jnhe

survny rnsnhrlc tb uaenrnstdkhtn tcn dkphlt b`khahfnknat ba pnr`brkhaln.

Cnaln, tcds suffnsts tcht khahfnknat prhl-tdlns lha erhkhtdlhjjy dkprbvn `drk pnr`brkhaln,hae tcht tcn lbrrnjhtdba rnsujts da tcn survny jdt-nrhturn khy uaenrnstdkhtn tcds khfadtuen. Ucdscdfcjdfcts tcn anne `br kbrn nxpnrdknathj rn-snhrlc tb denatd`y tcn lhushj dkphlt b` lchafdafkhahfnknat prhltdlns ba `drk pnr`brkhaln.

LbatdafnatKhahfnknat

Ucus `hr, wn chvn hssukne tcht lnrthda khahfn-knat prhltdlns hrn, ba hvnrhfn, prbeultdvdty-nachaldaf. @rbk tcds pnrspnltdvn, khahfn-

knat rnsnkijns h tnlcabjbfy, hae tcnrn lha intnlcadlhj prbfrnss da khahfnknat, oust hs tcnrn ds`br khlcdans. Ha hjtnrahtdvn pnrspnltdvn ds tchthjj khahfnknat prhltdlns hrn lbatdafnat ba tcn`drks navdrbaknat (n.f., Vbbewhre, 84>3)? Nvnrybrfhadzhtdba ds bptdkhjjy hebptdaf dts bwa instprhltdlns fdvna tcn ldrluksthaln dt `daes dtsnj` da.

Ucnrn ds lnrthdajy sbkn njnknat b` lbatdafnalyda khahfnknat lcbdlns da ht jnhst tcrnn rnspnlts.@drst, ed``nrnat lbuatrdns spnldhjdzn da ed``nrnat hs-pnlts b` tcn khahfnrdhj prhltdlns. @br nxhkpjn,Ohpha `blusns kbrn ba kbadtbrdaf tcha dalna-

tdvns/pnbpjn khahfnknat. Ucnrn hrn h `nw pbssd-ijn nxpjhahtdbas `br tcds? Dt khy in eun tb lujturhjed` nrnalns hlrbss lbuatrdns (pbssdijy inlhusnHsdha lujturn ds ljhdkne tb in kbrn lbjjnltdvdst)br cdstbrdlhj ed``nrnalns (tcn jhlm b` lhpdthj h`tnrtcn \nlbae Vbrje Vhr ds hrfune tb chvn `brlne

Ohphansn `drks tb envnjbp kbadtbrdaf-`blusne jnhaprbeultdba tnlcadquns). \nlbae, khay hspnlts b`strhtnfdl khahfnknatsulc hs prdldaf br thmn-bvnr enldsdbaswdjj in vnry lbatdafnat ba spn-ld`dl ldrluksthalns tcn brfhadzhtdba `hlns, wdtc abtypdlhj br fnanrhjjy hllnptne fbbe br ihe prhl-tdln. Ucds ds wcy bur survny jbbms ht bajy h suisntb` tcn kbrn prblnss-brdnatne khahfnknat prhl-tdlns wcnrn dt ds kbrn jdmnjy tcht inst prhltdlnsnxdst. Ucdre, tcn khahfnknat prhltdlns wn hssnsschvn abt inna nquhjjy inan`dldhj tcrbufcbut cds-

tbry. @br nxhkpjn, rdfbrbusjy hae systnkhtdlhjjyusdaf ehth tb enhj wdtc dssuns hae khmn enldsdbasds `hldjdthtne iy tcn erhkhtdl erbp da tcn rnhj lbstb` da`brkhtdba tnlcabjbfy.

Nvna wdtc tcnsn njnknats b` lbatdafnaly rnhe-djy hlmabwjnefne, bur wbrm suffnsts tcht tcdsds abt tcn wcbjn stbry. Hs Uhijn < scbws, inttnrkhahfne brfhadzhtdbas wdtcda tcn shkn lbuatryhae daeustry hrn nhradaf kbrn prb`dts, frbwdaf`hstnr, rneuldaf phtdnat kbrthjdty rhtns, hae dk-

jbfdstdlhj lbastrhdats tcds nxpnrdknat whs sdafjn ijdae (bajy tcn `drkswnrn abt da`brkne hibut tcn nxdstnaln b` ed``nrnat trnhtknat hae lbatrbjfrbups). Nvna sb, tcnsn typns b` rhaebkdzne nxpnrdknats hrn ljnhrjy kulckbrn rnjdhijn ht denatd`ydaf tcn lhushj dkphlt b` inttnr khahfnknat ba `drkbutlbkns tcha lbrrnjhtdbas `rbk survnys.

@dfurn89Wrbeultdvdty Dkprbvnknats dahYhaebkdzne@dnjeNxpnrdknatbatcnHebptdbab`KbenraKhahfnknatWrhltdlns

Abtn. Vnnmjy hvnrhfn tbthj `hltbr prbeultdvdty `br tcn 85 trnhtknatpjhats tcht hebptne kbenra khahfnknat prhltdlns `br quhjdty, davna-tbry, hae prbeultdba n``dldnaly hae tcn 0 lbatrbj pjhats. Hjj pjhats khmn

lbttba `hirdl anhr Kukihd, Daedh, wdtc intwnna 877 hae 8,777 nkpjby-nns. Phjuns abrkhjdzne sb ibtc snrdns chvn ha hvnrhfn b` 877 prdbr tb tcnsthrt b` tcn datnrvnatdba. Lba`denaln datnrvhjs wn ibbtstrhppne bvnr`drks. \burln? `dfurn lbpdne `rbk Ijbbk, Nd`nrt, Khchoha, KlMnazdn,hae Ybinrts (9788).

9789 94Ijbbk, Fnahmbs, \heua, hae Pha Ynnana


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prbvdaf stuenat tnst slbrns, hkbaf btcnr pnr`br-khaln knhsurns. Ucds ds chre tb squhrn wdtc tcndenh tcht hjj tcn ed `nrnalns da khahfnknat prhltdlnsrn`jnlt bptdkhj rnspbasns tb ed``nrnat ldrluksthalns.

Dt tcus snnks kulc kbrn jdmnjy tcht khayhspnlts b` khahfnknat styjn hrn abt lbatdafnat.

@br nxhkpjn, ihsdaf prbkbtdba ba anpbtdsk brmnnpdaf wbrmnrs ht tcn shkn obi wdtcbut hay rn-fhre tb tcndr pnr`brkhaln ds uajdmnjy tb in prb-eultdvdty-nachaldaf da hay nlbabky. Kbrnbvnr,da nvnry lbuatry da bur survny, kujtdahtdbahjs ebirdaf h strbafnr khahfnknat hpprbhlc, nvnatcbufc tcn kujtdahtdbahjs anne tb wbrm wdtc kbstb` tcn shkn lbastrhdats tcht ebknstdl `drks `hln.

@uturnYnsnhrlc

Nkpdrdlhj rnsnhrlc ba tcn datnrahtdbahj hspnlts

b` khahfnknat prhltdlns ds sbknwcht nkiry-badl= tcnrn hrn snvnrhj `rudtùj hrnhs `br heed-

tdbahj rnsnhrlc. Ban sulc hrnh ds tcn usn b` `dnjenxpnrdknats. Dt wbuje in cnjpùj tb snn kbrn kha-hfnknat nxpnrdknats da `drks, cbspdthjs, haeslcbbjs tb ljnhrjy denatd`y tcn lhushj dkphlts bìnttnr khahfnknat prhltdlns. Habtcnr hrnh ds jba-fnr rua khahfnknat phanj ehth, wcdlc wdjj cnjptb denatd`y tcn eyahkdls b` khahfnrdhj lchafn haekhmn strbafnr sthtnknats hibut lhusn hae n``nlt.

Ucds jhttnr hpprbhlc ds phrt b` bur bafbdaf rn-snhrlc, hs wn chvn hjrnhey shkpjne h snt b` 9,745`drks da tcrnn pnrdbes (9775, 9770, hae 9774) haehrn cbpdaf tb rua habtcnr jhrfn survny whvn sbbatb lbatdaun tb iudje tcn phanj edknasdba b` tcnehth. Ucds wdjj cnjp us khtlc tcn ehth kbrnljbsnjy tb vhrdbus tcnbrdns b` wcy wn bisnrvn sulcvhst cntnrbfnandty b` khahfnknat prhltdlns.

H tcdre kntcbebjbfdlhj hrnh tb nxpjbrn dswcntcnr wn lha sdkpjd`y bur kntcbes b` quhatd`y-daf khahfnknat datb h snt b` ljbsne qunstdbas

ba h phpnr survny. Vbrmdaf wdtc tcn NurbpnhaIham b` Ynlbastrultdba hae Envnjbpknat, wnpdjbtne tcds ba h shkpjn b` `drks da `brknrjy Lbk-kuadst lbuatrdns, `daedaf rnsujts ba pnr`brkhaln,bwanrscdp, smdjjs, hae lbkpntdtdba lbasdstnat wdtctcbsn edslussne hibvn (snn Ijbbk, \lcwndfnr, &Pha Ynnana, 9788). Vn hrn abw wbrmdaf wdtctcn ^.\. Lnasus Iurnhu tb envnjbp tcds hpprbhlcùrtcnr datb jhrfn-slhjn puijdljy hllnssdijn kha-hfnknat ehthsnts. H khahfnknat survny ba hibut

53,777 pjhats whs lhrrdne but da tcn sprdaf b` 9788hae wdjj in hllnssdijn tb rnsnhrlcnrs iy 9789 vdhtcn Lnasus Ynsnhrlc Ehth Lnatnrs. Vn cbpn tcdswdjj in tcn `drst b` snvnrhj survny whvns, iudjedafjhrfn-slhjn puijdljy hllnssdijn khahfnknat phanjehthsnts.

@burtc, tcds rnsnhrlc chs `blusne khdajy babpnrhtdbahj prhltdlns sulc hs dkprbvne kbadtbr-daf, tbufcnr thrfnts, hae strbafnr dalnatdvns= hfnanrhj lbasnasus tcht tcnsn lha in inan`dldhj `brpnr`brkhaln snnks tb in `brkdaf. Vn wbuje jdmntb wdena bur `blus tb h irbhenr rhafn b` prhltdl-ns`br nxhkpjn, cukha rnsburln prhltdlns bvnr`jnxd-tdkn, `jnxd-pjhln, hae obi schrdaf. Ucnrn dsvnry jdttjn lbasnasus hibut tcn lbsts hae inan`dtsb` tcnsn cukha rnsburln prhltdlns, wdtc `drks haernsnhrlcnrs thmdaf h wden rhafn b` pbsdtdbas (n.f.,

Ijbbk, Mrntslcknr, & Pha Ynnana, 9788), sbnxpnrdknathj nvdenaln ba tcndr dkphlt wbuje inphrtdlujhrjy cnjpùj, sbkntcdaf wn hrn abw wbrm-daf ba (snn Ijbbk, Jdhaf, Ybinrts, & Tdaf, 9789).Kbrn fnanrhjjy, wn cbpn bur wbrm nalburhfnsbtcnr rnsnhrlcnrs tb rdfbrbusjy quhatd y ùrtcnrhspnlts b` khahfnknat prhltdlns.

@dahjjy, wn hrn nxpnrdknatdaf wdtc whys tbirdaf bur rnsnhrlc datb tcn ljhssrbbk hs h pbssdijnlbkpjnknat tb lhsn stuedns. Hs h `drst stnp da tcds

edrnltdba, wn chvn lbaeultne da-enptc datnrvdnwswdtc kujtdpjn khahfnrdhj `dfurns (`rbk LNBs tbaursn khahfnrs) wdtcda h skhjj shkpjn b` ^.\. haeNurbpnha cbspdthjs `br wcdlc h lhsn stuey nxdstne.Vn hrn abw usdaf tcds typn b` khtnrdhj da spnldhj-dzne KIH hae khahfnknat lbursns ht Chrvhrehae \tha`bre Iusdanss \lcbbjs hae J\N, hae wncbpn tb lbatdaun tb envnjbp tcn usn b` quhatdth-tdvn ehth ba khahfnknat hs h suppbrt tbbj `br tcnljhss tnhlcdaf.

Lbaljusdbas

\tueydaf tcn lhusns hae dkpjdlhtdbas b` vhrdh-tdba da prbeultdvdty hlrbss `drks chs inlbkn hadkpbrthat tcnkn da sbldhj sldnaln. Vcdjn snv-

nrhj `dnjes chvn inna stueydaf khahfnknat `brkhay enlhens, nlbabkdsts chvn trhedtdbahjjy df-abrne khahfnknat hs h erdvdaf `hltbr nxpjhdadafed``nrnalns da prbeultdvdty. Vn injdnvn tcn edsld-pjdan wbuje inan`dt `rbk kbrn datnrhltdba wdtctcn khahfnknat `dnje. Vn chvn sthrtne tb irdefn


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tcds fhp iy envnjbpdaf h sdkpjn kntcbebjbfy tbquhatd`y sbkn ihsdl hspnlts b` khahfnknat prhl-tdlns hlrbss snltbrs hae lbuatrdns, hae usdaf nx-pnrdknats tb denatd`y lhushj dkphlt.

Ucn phttnras wn `dae da bur jhrfn shkpjns b`khahfnknat ehth jnhe us tb injdnvn tcht ha dk-

pbrthat nxpjhahtdba `br tcnsn jhrfn ed``nrnalns daprbeultdvdty hkbaf `drks hae lbuatrdns hrn vhrdh-tdbas da khahfnknat prhltdlns. Ucds ds chre, iutabt dkpbssdijn, tb knhsurn, hae wn cbpn tcnkntcbebjbfy wn chvn envnjbpne wdjj in rn`danehae usne iy btcnr rnsnhrlcnrs tb cnjp erhw tcndatnrahtdbahj khp b` khahfnknat da `danr enthdjda heedtdbahj lbuatrdns, daeustrdns, hae prhltdlns.Ub `hldjdthtn tcds, bur kntcbebjbfy hae tcn ehthwn lbjjnltne hae usne da tcds phpnr hrn hjsb `rnnjyhvhdjhijn ba www.wbrjekhahfnknatsurvny.brf.

@rbk h pbjdly pnrspnltdvn, snvnrhj `hltbrs snnkdkpbrthat da da junaldaf khahfnknat quhjdty.Wrbeult khrmnt lbkpntdtdba chs h lrdtdlhj da`ju-naln da dalrnhsdaf hffrnfhtn khahfnknat quhjdtyiy tcdaadaf tcn rhams b` tcn ihejy khahfne haedalnatdvdzdaf tcn survdvbrs tb dkprbvn (n.f.,Ijbbk, Erhlh, & Pha Ynnana, 9788). Daenne,kulc b` tcn lrbss-lbuatry vhrdhtdba da khahfn-knat hppnhrs tb in eun tb tcn prnsnaln br hisnalnb` tcds thdj b` ihe pnr`brknrs. Ban rnhsba `br

cdfcnr hvnrhfn khahfnknat slbrns da tcn âdtne\thtns ds tcht inttnr khahfne `drks hppnhr tb inrnwhrene kbrn qudlmjy wdtc frnhtnr khrmnt schrnhae tcn wbrsn khahfne `brlne tb rhpdejy scrdamhae nxdt. Ucds hppnhrs tb chvn jne Hknrdlha `drkstb rhpdejy lbpy khahfnknat inst prhltdlns `rbkhrbuae tcn wbrje, wdtc kbst jhrfn ^.\. khau`hl-turdaf `drks abw rbutdanjy hebptdaf Ohphansn-brdf-dahtne jnha khau`hlturdaf.

Vn chvn hjsb ualbvnrne khay btcnr pbjdly-rnjnvhat n``nlts. @br nxhkpjn, thxns hae btcnr eds-

tbrtdvn pbjdldns tcht `hvbr `hkdjy-rua `drks hppnhrtb cdaenr inttnr khahfnknat, wcdjn fnanrhj neu-lhtdba hae kujtdahtdbahj prnsnaln snnk vhjuhijnda dkprbvdaf khahfnknat prhltdlns.

Ucn phttnras enslrdine cnrn suppbrt khay anwtcnbrdns envnjbpne tb nxpjhda prbeultdvdty edspnr-sdba iut hjsb pbsn khay puzzjns. \b tcn nkpdrdlhjhae tcnbrntdlhj `buaehtdbas b` khahfnknat nlb-abkdls scbuje lbatdaun tb in h `nrtdjn hae nxldt-daf hrnh `br ùturn rnsnhrlc.

Yn`nrnalns

Hppnjihuk, N., & Ihtt, Y. J. (8445). Ucn anw Hknrdlhawbrmpjhln? Urhas`brkdaf wbrm systnks da tcn âdtne \thtns.Dtchlh, AT? DJY Wrnss.

Ihrany, O. I., & Hrdmha, H. K. (9778). Ucn rnsburln-ihsnevdnw brdfdas hae dkpjdlhtdbas. Da K. H. Cdtt, Y. N.@rnnkha, & O. \. Chrrdsba (Nes.), Ucn Ijhlmwnjj chaeibbm

b` strhtnfdl khahfnknat (lchptnr >). Bx`bre, ^M, haeKhjena, KH? Ijhlmwnjj.Ihrany, O. I., & Frd``da, Y. V. (8449). Ucn khahfnknat b`

brfhadzhtdbas? \trhtnfy, strulturn, inchvdbr. Ibstba?Cbufctba Kd``jda.

Inlmnr, I. N., & Cusnjde, K. H. (8443). Cdfc pnr`brkhalnwbrm systnks hae `drk pnr`brkhaln? H syatcnsds b` rn-snhrlc hae khahfnrdhj dkpjdlhtdbas.Ynsnhrlc da Wnrsbaanjhae Cukha Ynsburlns Oburahj, 80(8), >55), >>8>69.

Ijbbk, A., Mrntslcknr, U., & Pha Ynnana, O. (9788).Hrn `hkdjy-`rdnaejy wbrmpjhln prhltdlns h vhjuhijn`drk rnsburln2 \trhtnfdl Khahfnknat Oburahj,


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Ijbbk, A., \heua, Y., & Pha Ynnana, O. (da prnss). Hknr-dlhas eb D.U. inttnr? ^\ kujtdahtdbahjs hae tcn prbeul-tdvdty kdrhljn. Hknrdlha Nlbabkdl Ynvdnw.

Ijbbk, A., \lcwndfnr, C., & Pha Ynnana, O. (9788). Ucn jhaetcht jnha khau`hlturdaf `brfbt2 Khahfnknat prhltdlns da trha-sdtdba lbuatrdns (Vbrmdaf Whpnr \nrdns Ab. 869(5), 383390.

Lukkdaf, E., \dnfnj, E. \., & Vrdfct, K. (9776). Wrdvhtnnqudty, jnvnrhfne iuybuts hae fbvnrahaln. Oburahj b`Lbrpbrhtn @dahaln, 8tc ne.). ^ppnr\heejn Ydvnr, AO? Wrnatdln Chjj.

Frbus, H. (9788). Khahfnknat prhltdlns da tcn ^M hnrbsphlnsnltbr (J\N Kdknb). Jbaeba? Jbaeba \lcbbj b` Nlb-abkdls.

Chrrds, Y., \dnfnj, E. \., & Vrdfct, K. (977>). Hssnssdaf tcndkphlt b` khahfnknat iuybuts ba nlbabkdl n``dldnaly?Wjhat-jnvnj nvdenaln `rbk tcn ^adtne Mdafebk. Ynvdnwb` Nlbabkdls hae \thtdstdls, 36(8), 8538>), 897489


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\dnfnj, E. \., & \dkbas, M. (9787). Hssnssdaf tcn n``nlts b`knrfnrs hae hlqudsdtdbas ba `drk pnr brkhaln, pjhatprbeultdvdty, hae wbrmnrs? Anw nvdenaln `rbk khtlcnenkpjbynr-nkpjbynn ehth. \trhtnfdl Khahfnknat Oburahj,,777 nk-pjbynns hlrbss 97 lbuatrdns. Ucnsn `drks wnrn erhwa `rbkahtdbahj `drk ehthihsns hae lbkphay rnfdstrdns`br nxhk-pjn, Lbkphadns Cbusn da tcn âdtne Mdafebk, Eua haeIrhestrnnt da tcn âdtne \thtns, hae tcn Ynfdstrhr b` Lbk-phadns da Daedh. @rbk lbkphrdsbas wdtc ahtdbahj lnasusehthihsns, tcnsn `drk pbpujhtdbas hppnhr tb prbvden fbbelbvnrhfn (>7% br kbrn) da nvnry lbuatry wn hahjyzn.

\urvny Brfhadzhtdba. Vn rha khahfnknat survnys prdkhrdjy`rbk tcn Jbaeba \lcbbj b` Nlbabkdls eurdaf tcn sukknr,inlhusn wn lbuje bithda sphln `br tcn survny tnhk (ljhss-rbbks hrn nkpty da tcn sukknr) hae cdrn cdfc-quhjdtysurvny tnhk knkinrs (KIH hae Wc.E. stuenats eurdaftcndr sukknr irnhm). Jbaeba ds ha nxlnjjnat survny jblhtdbainlhusn dt jdns kdewhy intwnna tcn âdtne \thtns hae Hsdhatdkn zbans hae ds da tcn Nurbpnha tdkn zban, hae dt ds nhsytb cdrn datnrvdnwnrs wdtc h rhafn b` jhafuhfn smdjjs.

Vn brfhadzne tcn survny tnhk datb frbups, wdtc `burdatnrvdnwnrs da nhlc frbup bvnrsnna iy h frbup khahfnr.Ucn datnrvdnwnrs wnrn phde iy datnrvdnw lbkpjntne= tcnfrbup khahfnr sdjnatjy jdstnane da tb nhlc datnrvdnw tbnasurn datnrvdnw quhjdty. Ucn frbup khahfnrs wnrn pnbpjnwn lbuje trust, sulc hs bursnjvns br Wc.E. stuenats. H`tnrsbkn dadtdhj nxpnrdknathtdba wn `buae tcds lbkidahtdba b`pdnln-rhtn phy `br tcn datnrvdnwnrs wdtc nxtnasdvn kbadtbr-daf tb in phrtdlujhrjy n``nltdvn da ibtc fnanrhtdaf h jhrfnaukinr b` datnrvdnws hae nasurdaf cdfc datnrvdnw quhjdty

(sdaln tcn frbup khahfnrs wbuje prbvden `nneihlm h`tnrnhlc datnrvdnw).

Lrbss-Lbuatry Khahfnknat Lhjdirhtdba. Vn bpnrhtne tcn survny tnhk`rbk ban jblhtdba tb chrkbadzn lrbss-lbuatry ehth lbkphrdsba.Da phrtdlujhr, hjj tnhk knkinrs che tcn shkn dadtdhj trhdadaf,tcny hjj sht da ban jhrfn survny rbbk, hae tcny hjj httnaene

wnnmjy survny lhjdirhtdba knntdafs ht wcdlc wn wbuje lbjjnl-tdvnjy edsluss ban datnrvdnw hae lbkphrn slbrns.

Datnrvdnwnrs wnrn hjsb hjj rnqudrne tb rua 87 datnrvdnwsnhlc da ht jnhst twb ed``nrnat lbuatrdns. Ucds typdlhjjy da-vbjvne ruaadaf 87 br kbrn datnrvdnws da nhlc b` tcn âdtneMdafebk hae âdtne \thtns (sdaln hjj datnrvdnwnrs spbmnNafjdsc) pjus ht jnhst ban btcnr lbuatry (`br nxhkpjn, @rhaln`br tcn @rnalc-spnhmdaf datnrvdnwnrs). Hs h rnsujt, bur kn-edha datnrvdnwnr rha datnrvdnws ba khahfnrs da tcrnn ed``nr-nat lbuatrdns. Cnaln, wcna wn rnpbrt jbw khahfnknatslbrns da Daedha `drks tcds ds ihsne ba tcn survny nvdenaln`rbk datnrvdnwnrs wcb wnrn rnfujhrjy usdaf tcn shkn frde tb

datnrvdnw khahfnrs da Daedh, tcn âdtne Mdafebk, hae tcnâdtne \thtns, sb hrn wnjj pbsdtdbane tb khmn ha hllurhtndatnrahtdbahj hssnssknat.

@dahjjy, 9>.5% b` bur shkpjn hrn h``djdhtns b` `brndfakujtdahtdbahjs`br nxhkpjn, h Ohphansn-bwane `drk bpnr-htdaf da @rhaln. Ucnsn `drks wnrn hjwhys datnrvdnwne da tcnahtdvn jhafuhfn (@rnalc da tcds nxhkpjn), iut wn lha hjsblbkphrn tcndr khahfnknat prhltdlns tb tcbsn b` tcndr phrnatlbuatry (Ohpha da tcds nxhkpjn). Datnrnstdafjy, wn `buaetcht kujtdahtdbahj suisdedhrdns tnae tb hebpt hibut >7% b`tcndr prhltdlns `rbk tcndr lbuatry b` jblhtdba hae hibut >7%`rbk tcndr lbuatry b` brdfda. Ucds suffnsts tcht bur kntc-bebjbfy ds hijn tb pdlm up lrbss-lbuatry ed``nrnalns da kha-

hfnknat prhltdlns enspdtn tcn jhafuhfn b` tcn datnrvdnw, tcnjblhtdba b` tcn `drk, hae tcn ahtdbahjdty b` bur datnrvdnwnr.Da bur nxhkpjn, enspdtn chvdaf h @rnalc KIH stuenatdatnrvdnwdaf h @rnalc khahfnr (da @rnalc) ht h `drk jblhtneda @rhaln, wn wbuje stdjj `dae ba hvnrhfn h sdfad dlhataukinr b` Ohphansn khahfnknat prhltdlns indaf hebptne datcds `drk wcna dt ds bwane iy h Ohphansn phrnat lbkphay.

Phrdhtdba b` Khahfnknat Wrhltdlns iy Lbuatry, Daeustry, hae @drk. Bvnrhjjwn `dae tcht da bur khau`hlturdaf shkpjn hrbuae 88.8% b`bur khahfnknat prhltdlns lha in nxpjhdane iy lbuatry b`jblhtdba hae hibut 88.4% iy daeustry b` bpnrhtdba (usdaf

9>5 \DL, 8436 tcrnn-edfdt daeustry lbens). Cnaln, kbst b`tcn vhrdhtdba da khahfnknat prhltdlns lhaabt in nxpjhdaneiy ndtcnr lbuatry br daeustry. Da phrt tcds prnsukhijy rn`jnltstcn prnsnaln b` suisthatdhj knhsurnknat nrrbr da bur kha-hfnknat slbrns. Iut da phrt dt prbihijy rn`jnlts tcn jhrfnvhrdhtdba da khahfnknat prhltdlns da `drks bpnrhtdaf da tcnshkn lbuatry hae daeustry, lbasdstnat wdtc tcn dalrnedijywden edspnrsdba b` prbeultdvdty b` `drks da tcnsn lbuatry-daeustry lnjjs, rnpbrtne iy @bstnr, Chjtdwhafnr, hae \yvnrsba(9773) hae btcnrs.

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Management Practises across Firms and Countries

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