Management of thrombophilia
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Transcript of Management of thrombophilia
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Management of Management of thrombophiliathrombophilia
Management of Management of thrombophiliathrombophilia
Dr Galila Zaher Dr Galila Zaher
MRCPathMRCPath
Consultant Hematologist Consultant Hematologist
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BLOOD CLOTTING Blood clotting interactions
Plasma protein clotting factors
Vascular endotheliumPlatelets
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HemostasisSubendothelial matrixSubendothelial matrix
PlateletsPlatelets
Hemostatic plugHemostatic plug
FibrinFibrin
Endothelial cellEndothelial cell
RBCRBCWBCWBC
WBCWBC
HemostasisSubendothelial matrixSubendothelial matrix
PlateletsPlatelets
Hemostatic plugHemostatic plug
FibrinFibrin
Endothelial cellEndothelial cell
RBCRBCWBCWBC
WBCWBC
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Thrombosis
Reduced Natural anticoagulant Increased Clotting factors High platelets count (ET) Abnormal vascular endothelium Reduced fibrinolysis
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Intrinsic pathway XII ---> XIIa
XI---------XIa
IX --------> IXa + VIII APC PC +PSCa +PL
X----------------------> Xa [Common pathway]
V+Ca+PL
Prothrombin -------------> thrombin AT
vfibrinogen--------------> fibrin
Extrinsic pathwayVII + TF ----->VIIa/TF
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Coagulation CascadeTF VII
IX
XaX
IXa
a
IIVaIIa
VIIIa
FIBRINOGEN
FIBRIN
X
AT
APC
APC
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Activation of fibrinolysis
plasminogenplasminogen
thrombin
plasmin
damaged cellsdamaged cells
t-PAPAI
cross-linked fibrinfibrinogen
FDP(X,Y,D,E)
X-FDP(D-Dimer, cross-linked oligomers, DD/E ...)
antiplasmin
extrinsic pathway extrinsic pathway
inflammation
traumamental/physical stress
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Generation Of Fibrin and D-Dimer
DE
D
E
DDEE
F XIIIa
fibrin
fibrin polymer DDE
DE
D
E
DDE
cross-linkedfibrin (clot)
fibrinogenE
DDE
thrombinFpA, FpB
D-dimer cross-linkage
ED
ED
ED
ED
E
DE
DE
E
DDE
E
D
E
D
E
EDD
E
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Incidence Of Venous Thromboembolism
Annual frequency per 100,000 : Deep vein thrombosis DVT 160 Symptomatic, non-fatal PE 20 Fatal, autopsy-detected PE 50 250,000 hospitalisations annually due to VTED
Int Angiol 1997
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Complications Risk of recurrence Fatal PE Commonest cause of death in
pregnancy Post-phlebitic syndrome
Venous ulcers
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Thrombophilia ‘A disorder of the haemostatic mechanism with a
predisposition towards thrombosis’ Many patients with defects remain asymptomatic >50% patients with TED will have no identifiable
laboratory abnormality Proven thrombophilic defect and a family history of TED Thrombosis is a multi-factorial disease
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Thrombophilia Physiologic cause:
pregnancy Acquired causes:APL Genetic Cause Gene – Gene Gene - Environment
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Physiologic& Acquired Causes
Physiologic States
Pathological Drugs
Newborn Immediate post- thrombotic
Oral anticoagulants
Early childhood Renal disease Oral Contraceptives &HRT
Pregnancy Liver disease
Post-partum Vit. K deficiency
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Acquired Factors
Age 1000X. APS 10X. Surgery, hospitalization . Immobilization, trauma & HF Pregnancy & Puerperium. Malignancies :18%of DVT. Obesity. OCP 4-8x (1ST & 3rd generation) Previous Thrombosis. Diet. Obesity Haemoglobinopathies& MPD
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Inherited Thrombophilia
1965 AT mutation identified [Egeberg et al]
1967 Dysfunctional fibrinogen [Egeberg et al]
1981 Protein C [Griffin et al]
1984 Protein S [Comp et al]]
1993/4 APCR/FV L [Dalhback/Bertina et al]
1996 Prothrombin mutation [Poort et al]
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Group 1 disorders Group 2 Disorders
Deficiencies of Natural anticoagulants
High levels or function of coagulation factors
Incidence Less frequent than group 2 At least 5x > group 1
Thrombosis risk is higher Lower
VTE by age 60 years. Many patients Most individuals no thrombosis
Risk of reccurence Yes No
PC deficiency ,PS deficiency, AT deficiency
APCR ,Prothrombin mutation, hyperhomocysteinemia, dysfibrinogenemia & elevated VIII, IX and XI .
Ann Intern Med 2003 Jan 21;138(2):128-34
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Antithrombin Deficiency AT first described in 1939 :AD The prevalence 1/2000 -1/5000. Patients with 1ST VTE : 1% Recurrent VTE 0.5-7% Carries a 5 X increased risk for VTE Age 60 Y >70% VTE Homozygous is not compatible
with life
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AT Assays Screening method :Functional assays
level <50%. Repeat testing . Congenital Acquired Best done at least 5d after DC Heparin It is preferable to avoid acute event .
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Acquired AT Infants have 50% of normal adult
levels Extensive DVT ,diffuse arterial
thrombosis & PE Chronic liver disease& acute hepatitis Oral contraceptives & HRT. Proteinuria Heparin therapy DIC
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Protein C Deficiency Reported in 1981 AD The prevalence 0.2 %. Patients with 1st VTE 3% Recurrent VTE 1.9% Warfarin induced skin necrosis Homozygous neonatal purpura
fulminans
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Acquired Protein C Defects Disseminated acute thromboembolic Severe liver disease. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Thrombotic thrombocytopenia
purpura. OAC warfarin . Disseminated acute thromboembolic Extensive DVT ,diffuse arterial
thrombosis & PE
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Diagnosis Of PC Deficiency Functional (Amidolytic or Clottable) Heterozygous: Levels < reference range Homozygous: extremely low levels. Acquired causes should be excluded Testing is best done 30 d off warfarin It is preferable to avoid acute event Repeat testing Family studies +/- to establish a
diagnosis
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Protein S First described in 1984 AD. The prevalence is unknown 0.2-0.5% Patients with 1ST VTE : 1-3% Age 60 Y 30 % VTE. Homozygous neonatal purpura
fulminans Warfarin induced skin necrosis No defined association with arterial
disease.
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Protein S PS assays present a diagnostic
challenge Functional Acquired causes should be excluded Testing is best done 30 d off warfarin It is preferable to avoid acute event Repeat testing Family studies +/- to establish a
diagnosis
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FVL Mutation Reported in 1993. Dr Jikel & Mrs Hyde. The prevalence 5% of Caucasians. Patients with 1st VTE 20% Recurrent VTE 30-50% Carries a 5x ,OCP & FVL 150 X Homozygous : no fulminant thrombotic disorder. APCR : 90% FVL. No prolongation APTT on adding APC to plasma. DNA : heterozygotes from homozygotes.
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Prothrombin G20210A mutation
First described 1996 AD The prevalence 3% Patients with 1st VTE 18-25% Three-fold increased risk of
thrombosis Prothrombin levels >115% of normal No satisfactory screening test DNA : all are robust and reliable
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Inherited Thrombophilia
Risk factor Year described
Prevalence in the general population (%)
Prevalence of first VTE&
Prevalence of recurrent VTE
Relative risk for VTE*
AT deficiency
1965 0.18 1 0.5-7 5.0
Protein C 1981 0.2 3 1-9 6.5
PS (free) 1984 1.3 2 1-13 2.4
APC resistance
1993 <15 20 50 6.6
Hyperhomocysteinaemia
1994 5 - 2.5
F VIII levels > 150 IU/dl
1995 11 - 4.8
Prothrombin gene G20210A variant
1996 2.3 18 - 1-2.8
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Anti-phospholipid antibodies
Risk factor Subjects with VTE (%)
General population (%)
RR of Thrombosis
Lupus anticoagulant
3-10 4 11
Anti-cardiolipin antibodies
3-10 4 3.2
OCP 21 6 4.2
Pregnancy
6.2 2.3 2.8
Previous VTED 14 2 8
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Thrombophilia Whom to test?
VTE below 35-40 Y Unprovoked VTE VTE at unusual sites Life threatening VTE Recurrent fetal lose syndrome Recurrent first trimester abortions Investigating SLE patients Recurrent thromboses Family history of thrombosis
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Timing Of Testing
Avoid acute presentation consumption of the natural
anticoagulant Heparin & warfarin interfere with
assay Best time after D/C of warfarin by 2-4
W Any abnormal results should be
repeated 4-6W apart before labeling
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Genetic Testing Reliable and reasonably robust APCr low: Factor V Leiden mutation
confirms APCr normal: No further testing Prothrombin Gene Mutation MTHFR :hyper-homocystinemia
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Interpretation
Life threatening episode 40-50% of patients with VTE have
normal results APS & AT are highly thrombogenic
& high recurrence rate. Double heterozygosity :high
incidence of VTE
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Prothrombotic Abnormality & OCP
‘Economy Class syndrome’ 90% have >2 risk factors for thrombosis
Factor V Leiden + OCP RR VTED 35/50-fold increase
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Summary Increasing enthusiasm for thrombophilia
testing Concerns about accuracy and interpretation Lack of evidence-based data to aid
management Are we providing patients and clinicians with
inaccurate information that leads to false reassurance or alternatively creates panic and results in inappropriate treatment?
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4. Fibrin threads (scanning electron micrograph)Fibrin forms rapidly in stagnant blood. Thrombin plays a pivotal role in the polymerisation of the fibrin strands. Red blood cells become trapped in the fibrin network as the thrombus grows.
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4. Venogram showing deep vein thrombosisSome risk factors for venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism may readily be prevented. A classic example of this is the use of anticoagulant therapy after orthopaedic surgery.
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15. Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (venogram)Episodes of deep vein thrombosis are often silent and clinical diagnosis is unreliable, therefore a high level of suspicion is necessary. Venography is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosis. However, investigation using a non-invasive ultrasound technique is often regarded as sufficient.
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3. Thrombus formation in the left auricle (computer graphics superimposed on in-body photograph) The irregular beating of the heart in atrial fibrillation creates ideal conditions for thrombus formation in the left auricle, especially in patients with mitral valve insufficiency.
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5. Fragmentation of the thrombus (computer graphics superimposed on in-body photograph) As the size of the thrombotic mass increases, it becomes more of a threat. Especially if the heart rate is normalised, fragments of the thrombus may break away to be swept into the circulation.
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6. Thrombotic material in the aortic arch (computer graphics superimposed on in-body photograph) Once fragments of the thrombus are in the blood stream they may be carried to any part of the body. Small fragments may result in a transient cerebral ischaemic attack. Larger pieces may have more devastating consequences.
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7. Cerebral thromboembolism (computer graphics superimposed on in-body photograph) 25 percent of the blood flow from the heart is pumped to the brain. Cerebral thromboemboli most frequently affect the middle cerebral artery.
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9. Pulmonary embolus (in-body photograph)When the fragment reaches the lungs, the consequences can be devastating. Here, a thrombotic mass can be seen lodged in a pulmonary vessel. In many cases the underlying deep vein thrombosis is undiagnosed, and may thus strike without any warning.
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11. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (perfusion and ventilation scans)In another patient with pulmonary embolism, a perfusion scan shows that an embolus has stopped the blood flow to part of one lung. The ventilation scan shows that this area is ventilated normally.
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• Surgery and trauma are responsible for what percent of all TED resulting from hypercoagulable state and immobility?A. 10%B. 40%C. 90%D. 75%E. 80%
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• Increased estrogen occurs in a patient: A. during all stages of pregnancy.B. after elective abortion.C. during treatment with oral contraceptive pills.D. during the first three months post-partum.E. all of the above.
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• Clinical examination alone is able to confirm what percent of DVT cases?A. 20-30%B. 50%C. 5%D. 60-70%
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• Radiologists disagree on the interpretation of what percent of venography cases?A. 50%B. Less than 5%C. At least 10%D. 75%
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• A sonographer can distinguish a fresh clot from an old clot based on:A. collateral flow.B. echogenicity.C. homogeneity.D. all of the above.
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• Duplex scanning:A. is most sensitive for clots below the knee.B. is less sensitive for clots below the knee.C. detects 30% of distal thrombi.D. is more likely to detect non-occluding thrombi.
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• What percent of patients with suspected thrombosis and a negative ultrasound later prove to have proximal DVT?A. 10%B. 25%C. 2-5%D. 40-45%
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• Bilateral leg swelling can be caused by:A. liver disease.B. nephrotic syndrome.C. capillary leak syndrome.D. pregnancy.E. all of the above
•