Management Decisions to Improve Profitiabilty of Cow Herd
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Low Input Methods to Improve Returns
Keith MartinWildcat DistrictLivestock Agent
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Current Situation• Different Environment than past
– Higher Calf prices– Higher feed prices– Higher input costs
• Fuel• Equipment• Fertilizer• Land
– Different Value/gain– Higher risk– More reward
• What does this mean?Returns (+ or -) to management are greater
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First questions to answer:What are your personal & financial goals?
What available resources do you have to help you meet these goals?
Are you making the best uses of these resources to meet those goals?
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Where are resources best spent?
• Increasing Production?• Reducing Costs?
• Focus on Cost of production– Per pound of weaned calf– Per pound of gain
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Rethink your Management DecisionsQuestion everything
• Cost/benefit– Does spending more return more?– Does spending less return less?
• What is the effect on production?– Weaning Weights– Calving pct
• What is the effect on costs?– Feed– Fixed Costs
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Duh DecisionsJust do it
– Castration– Dehorning– Implanting (natural market?)– Worming– Using Ionophores– Vaccination– Feeding 3x per week– Feeding in evening– Culling Decisions– Breeding soundness exams on bulls
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Culling
Easy Decisions• Open• Ornery• Old• Odd ball
Decision which needs more information• Cull below average producers
– Weights– Records– Gives most return
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Do bigger cows wean Do bigger cows wean heavier calves?heavier calves?
Cow-1098, Calf-325Cow-1098, Calf-325
Cow-1080, Calf-Cow-1080, Calf-601601
275
Cow-1344, Calf-Cow-1344, Calf-623623
Cow-1350, Calf-344Cow-1350, Calf-344
279
KSU-ARCH dataKSU-ARCH dataJ.R. JaegerJ.R. Jaeger
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Bilogical Efficiency
300
400
500
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700
800
900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600 1,700
Cow Wght
Ca
lf W
gh
t
Maintenance Requirements are based on surface area of animal not body weight.NEm = 0.007 X BW0.75
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Process Calves at 2 – 4 months
• Castration• Dehorning• Implant• Worm Calves• Vaccinate
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Source: Kirkpatrick, et al. 2008. JAVMA Vol. 233, No. 1, Pages 136-142.
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Reproduction & Genetics
• Reproduction most important measure• Utilize Heterosis
– Crossbred cow more fertile– Longevity
• Apply selection pressure on cowherd• Select heifers for fertility• Select bulls with end in mind• Buy vs raise replacements
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Feed & Forage Costs
• Highest cost in beef production
• Spend dollars to gain most benefit
• Reduce costs with least reduction in production
• Cow is 4 – legged forage harvester• Cow is 4 – legged fertilizer cart
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Forage• Manage grazing or shut and open gates
• Weed & Brush control– Weeds are a symptom of a management issue– Some weeds are more problematic than others– Most economical to spray weeds when small– Spray weeds or fertilize
• Fertilization– When is forage short?– What forage is most beneficial?– Which forage responds best to fertilizer?– Legumes vs grasses– Cost of alternatives
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Haying• Costs
– Baling costs– Storage costs– Feeding costs
• Value gained– Harvest protein vs grazed protein– Timely harvest – Can hay replace purchased supplements
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Native Grass
• Hay– Consistent– 6% Crude Protein– Palatable
– Baling– Hauling– Storage– Feeding– Supplement with protein
• Graze Dormant– Increase root reserves– Nutrient recycling
– 4 – 5% Crude Protein– Fencing– Water
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Feed
• Supplement vs substitute• Protein is usually first limiting nutrient
– Price per unit of protein
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80
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0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Supplement DMI (% BW)
Dig
esti
ble
DM
I (%
of Contr
ol) RDP
FiberStarch
• Associative effects occur when a mixture of feeds in the diet results in a production response that deviates from linearity. Associative effects can be negative or positive.
Schmidt et al. (2006)
Predictability of Ruminal Response to Supplementation of Low-Quality Forages
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Effect of Supplement Protein Content on Low-Quality Forage Intake
40.0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
65.0
70.0
75.0
80.0
None <15% 15.1 to 20% 20.1 to 30% >30%
Fora
ge O
MI (
g/kg
BW
0.75
)
Heldt (1998)
% CP in Supplement
141 treatment averages from 31
experiments
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• Situation: Forage quality is poor (CP < 7%)
• Forage intake is 1.0 to 1.5% of cow BW
• Diet digestibility is 35 to 45%
• Cow loses 1 BCS / month
• Solution: Add about 1.0 lbs / d of supplemental RDP
• Forage intake improves to 2.2 to 2.8% of cow BW
• Diet digestibility improves to 55 to 65%
• Cow gains 0.25 to 0.5 BCS / month
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Influence of Corn on Forage Intake
Chase and Hibberd (1987)
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Influence of Grain Supplementation on Total Energy Intake
Chase and Hibberd (1987)
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Feed to BCS 5 or 6 at calving
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BCS vs Birth Weight
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Fescue Endophyte
• Improves grass persistence• Reduces blood flow to extremities
– Increases core temperature– Fescue Foot– Lost switches
• Reduces viability of sperm• Increase early embryonic loss
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Calf Performance 2 yr avg.
fall spring• Pasture 100 E+ 25 NE+ 100 NE+ 100 E+ NE+• WW Actual 530 547 582 492 502• WW Adj 478 491 527 453 462
• Calving Pct94% 97% 87% 42% 80%
• Lbs/Cow Exp 498 532 506 206 401
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Summary
Season of calving season had an impact on:• calf weaning weight (42 lb)• calf price ($ 6.31/cwt.)• calf value ($ 80/hd)• pregnancy rates (33%)• calf value/cow exposed ($241)
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Adding 25% NE
Spring Calving Cows
• Increased pregnancy rates 34% from spring-calving cows
• Increased calf value/cow exposed ($101)
• Improved weaning weight (23 lb)
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Conclusions
Producers with E+ • Should consider fall calving.• If you choose spring calving
– Avoid high temperatures during breeding season
– Establish non-endophyte Kentucky 31
– Other warm season forages• Bermudagrass• Summer annuals
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Novel Endophyte
• NE+ is a viable option – Forage intake will increase– Will take time and expense to establish– New NE+ varieties are available
• Texoma, MaxQII, from Pennington Seed • Estancia, Mountain View Seed• Duramax Armor, DLF International Seeds• BarOptima Plus E34, Barenbrug USA
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Summary
• Make decisions based on how they both production and costs– Cost per pound of weaned calf– Cost per pound of gain
• Each operation’s goals and resources are different
• K – State Research & Extension, provides research based information to aid you in reaching your goals