Mammalogy Lab 10

Artiodactyla, Hyracoidea, Proboscidea, and Sirenia

Terms

• Cannon bone- Bone consisting of fused metacarpals and metatarsals

• True horns- True horns are found in the family Bovidae. True horns are composed of an inner bony core, which is an extension of the frontal and an outer layer of keratinized epidermis. True horns are unbranched, permanent, and never shed. Rings at the base of the sheath can be used in age determination.

Terms• Proghorns- Proghorns are found in the family

Antilocapridae. The proghorn is composed of bony core (part of the frontal bone) and a keratinized sheath. Proghorns differ from true horns in that the sheaths are shed annually and are forked.

• Ossicones- Ossicones are found within the family Giraffidae. These “horns” are formed form distinct bones that fuse to the skull. The bones are then covered with skin and hair. A third bone may be present in the middle of the skull in some populations.

Terms• Rhinoceros horns- These “horns” are not composed of a

bony center and an epidermal sheath but instead are composed of hardened epidermal cells that are formed form a cluster of long dermal papillae. The cells and papillae together resemble thick hair.

• Antlers- Antlers are composed completely of bone and are shed periodically. While growing, the antler is covered in a layer of skin (velvet) containing blood vessels and nerves. The antler forms from an extension of the frontal bone (pedicel). Antlers typically consist of a main stem (beam) with a variable number of branches (tines).

And…

• Kingdom Animalia– Phylum Chordata• Subphylum Vertebrata

– Class Mammalia» Subclass Theria

• Infraclass Eutheria

Order Sirenia

• Family Dugongidae- Dugong and seacow• Family Trichechidae- Manatees– Trichechus manatus- West Indian Manatee

Family Dugongidae

Trichechus manatus

Order Hyracoidea

• Family Procaviidae- hyraxes– Procavia capensis

Family Procaviidae

Order Proboscidea

• Family Elephentidae- Elephants

Family Elephantidae

Order Artiodactyla

• The Order Artiodactyla is divided into 3 different suborders:– Suborder Suiformes– Suborder Tylopoda– Suborder Ruminantia

Suborder Suiformes

• Family Suidae- Hogs and pigs– Sus scrofa- wild boar=domestic pig

• Family Tayassuidae- Peccaries– Pecari tajcu- collared peccary

• Family Hippopotamidae- hippopotamuses

Sus scrofa

Pecari tajacu

Family Hippopotamidae

Suborder Tylopoda

• Family Camelidae- camels, llamas, and relatives– Lama glama- llama

Lama glama

Suborder Ruminantia

• Family Tragulidae- Chevrotains and mouse deer• Family Moschidae- musk deer• Family Cervidae- deer– Axis axis- axis deer– Cervus elaphus- elk– Cervus nippon- sika deer– Dama dama- fallow deer– Odocoileus hemionus- mule deer– Odocoileus virginianus- white-tailed deer

Family Tragulidae

Axis axis

Cervus elaphus

Cervus nippon

Dama dama

Odocoileus hemionus

Odocoileus virginianis

Suborder Ruminantia

• Family Antilocapridae– Antilocapra americana- proghorn

• Family Giraffidae- giraffe and okapis

Antilocapra americana

Family Giraffidae

Suborder Ruminantia

• Family Bovidae- antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives.– Ammotragus lervia- Barbary sheep– Antilope cervicapra- Blackbuck– Bison bison- American bison– Bos taurus- aurochs– Boselaptus tragocamelus- nilgai– Capra hircus- domestic goat– Ovis aries- mouflon– Ovis canadensis- bighorn sheep

Ammotragus lervia

Antilope cervicapra

Bison bison

Bos taurus

Boselapus tragocamelus

Capra hircus

Ovis aries

Ovis canadensis