Mammalogy: Introduction to Mammals. General ~ 5000 species in ~26 orders >500 new species since...
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Transcript of Mammalogy: Introduction to Mammals. General ~ 5000 species in ~26 orders >500 new species since...
Mammalogy:Introduction to Mammals
General
• ~ 5000 species in ~26 orders
• >500 new species since 1982; ~ 10 /year
• monophyletic group• derived from therapsids,
the mammal-like reptiles about 200 mya
The olinguito, a species of raccoon-like carnivore discovered in the Andes in 2014.
Laotian giant flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus laoensis
Discovered in 2012 in a bush meat market in Laos
Unique Characteristics
• 3 ossicles
• hair
• mammae
Other Characters of Mammals:
• highly differentiated teeth; no more than two sets
• lower jaw of single bone
• four-chambered heart• anucleate mature red
blood cells• secondary palate
• well developed brain• endothermic• homeothermic• separate sexes, XX
and XY• internal fertilization• diaphragm• pulmonary artery w/3
semilunar valves
Even More….
• folded cerebellum• nerve filaments w/3
polypeptides• divided optic lobes• expanded and
differentiated facial musculature
• complex lung structure• epiglottis• single aortic trunk• 3 meninges in CNS
• erector pili muscles• sebaceous glands• sweat glands• loop of Henle in kidney• heart w/pacemaker and
Purkinje fibers• epiphyses in longbones
and girdles• Relatively very small
stapes
General
• Smallest: bumblebee bat or Savi's pygmy shrew; ~ 3 g.
• Largest: blue whale; to 160,000 kg
• Found on all continents
http://www.livescience.com/33049-smallest-mammals.html
Classification of Recent mammals
• Class Mammalia–Subclass Prototheria (early beasts)–Subclass Theria
• Infraclass Metatheria (changed beasts)-short gestation, highly altricial young
• Infraclass Eutheria (true beasts)-placental mammals
Classification of Recent Mammals
Subclass PrototheriaOrder Monotremata; 3 species
Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria (Marsupalia)
7 orders; 273 species; Includes:Order Didelphimorphia (opossums); 63 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia)18 orders; 4370 species: Includes:Order Xenartha (sloths, armadillos, anteaters); 29 speciesOrder Insectivora (moles and shrews); 429 speciesOrder Scandentia (tree shrews); 19 speciesOrder Dermoptera (tree shrews); 2 speciesOrder Chiroptera (bats); 928 speciesOrder Primates; 236 speciesOrder Carnivora; 271 speciesOrder Cetacea (whales); 78 speciesOrder Sirenia (manatees); 5 speciesOrder Proboscidea (elephants); 2 speciesOrder Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates); 18 speciesOrder Hyracoidea (hyraxes) 6 speciesOrder Tubulidentata (aardvark) 1 speciesOrder Arteriodactyla (even-toed ungulates); 220 speciesOrder Pholidota (pangolins); 7 speciesOrder Rodentia (rodents); 2024 speciesOrder Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas); 80 speciesOrder Macroscelidea (elephant shrews); 15 species
And now it’s YOUR turn!
• Order Monotremata and Order Didelphimorphia• Order Insectivora• Order Chiroptera• Order Primata• Order Carnivora• Order Cetacea• Order Perissodactyla• Order Arteriodactyla• Order Rodentia• Order Lagomorpha
The Pennsylvania Story
• 71 native species– 7 orders and 16 families
• 11 species extirpated– 3 of these reintroduced
• 4 species/subspecies are endangered in PA; 3 threatened– 2 of these are also listed federally
• 7+ are at risk or status undetermined• 4 exotics species; 2 other previous exotics
are now extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated
Extirpated-Reintroduced
Extirpated-Reintroduced
Extirpated-Reintroduced
Extirpated-Reintroduced
PA EndangeredNorthern Flying Squirrel, Glaucomys sabrinus
PA/US EndangeredIndiana Bat, Myotis sodalis
PA/US EndangeredDelmarva Fox Squirrel, Sciurus niger cinereus
PA EndangeredLeast Shrew, Cryptotis parva
PA ThreatenedEastern Small-footed Bat, Myotis leibii
PA ThreatenedWest Virginia Water Shrew, Sorex palustris punctulatus
Allegheny WoodratNeotoma magister
ExoticNorway Rat, Rattus norvegicus
ExoticHouse Mouse, Mus musculus
ExoticHouse Mouse, Mus musculus
Exotic but Extirpated
European HareLepus europeaus
Black Rat, Rattus rattus
Nutria, Myocaster coypus
Feral Hog, Sus scrofia