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Transcript of Mallorca Dissertation Final version
When Mallorca started to be spelt with a ‘J’: what type of impact does mass tourism have on Mallorca?
Cristian Bailon Gutierrez
Supervisor: Dr. Simon Ireland
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Salford for the degree of
Bachelor of Arts with honours in Tourism Management
Salford Business School July 2012
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Declaration I declare that all of this work is my own, unless specifically acknowledged in the
text. No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in
support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other
University or other institute of learning.
Signed:
Name of Student: Cristian Bailon Gutierrez
Word Count: 9,967
ii
Abstract Tourism is an essential part of the Mallorcan economy; however if the industry is disorganised and suffers from a lack of planning, it can have significant negative impact, both environmentally and socio-culturally. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of the development of mass tourism on the island. It will analyse how Mallorca is economically dependent on the tourism sector, and how tourism is causing environmental damage because the improvement needed to the infrastructure transforms the physical environment, damaging the natural beauty that the island possessed before the boom in tourism. Another objective of the research is to analyse the social changes caused by the large increase in population due to immigration from other parts of Spain or abroad, which erodes the values and traditions of the Mallorcan culture. The methods used to obtain the objectives collect secondary data using theories about the effects that mass tourism is causing, in this particular case on Mallorca. The most important point of the study is to analyse the socio-cultural impact on the host community: so to obtain the relevant information, questionnaires were distributed in the most popular tourist areas of the island to gauge the perception of residents about the impact of mass tourism on the island, as residents are always the most affected by social change. The results show that the island enjoys some of the best quality of lifestyle today in Spain because of tourism development; however in recent years poor management has had a variety of negative impacts on the community. The excessive control that foreign tour operators exert has seen a deterioration in the quality of tourists - part of the blame for this lies with the rise of the all-inclusive vacation package, which hurts small local businesses, and reduces the overall tourism sector revenue on the island. The authorities should have a strategic plan to minimize the negative effects generated by the large number of international tourists Mallorca has received in recent years. The island suffers from an imbalance of demand and supply due to the excessive construction of hotels in the last 20 years; hoteliers have had to cut prices to fill their hotels attracting tourists with less spending power and less of an interest in the Mallorcan culture: i.e. a reduction in the ‘quality tourist’ over the last few years.
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Acknowledgements This dissertation is an effort which directly or indirectly involved a number of
people reviewing, editing, reading and giving encouragement; accompanying
me in times of crisis and sharing my happier moments.
Firstly I would to thank my supervisor, Dr Simon Ireland, for the advice and
encouragement given to me and the facts which enabled me to complete this
project, as well as his direction and assistance throughout its completion.
Thanks go to all those who agreed to fill out the questionnaires for the study.
Many thanks also to all the community of the island of Mallorca.
Thanks to my dear colleagues who supported me and allowed me into their
lives over the past three years, sharing great moments both inside and
outside the classroom: Maria, Kat and Andrea - thanks.
Furthermore, I would like to thank my English teacher Andy Porter, for the
great support he gave me in helping me with my grammar.
Finally, I would like to thank Dionne Yates, who has accompanied me
unconditionally, understanding my absences and my bad times; sorry for the
time stolen. I promise to recover it.
Thanks to my family - despite the distance, they were always giving me
encouragement from the first to the last moments of this project. Thanks for the
support in all the personal projects I do; all I am is thanks to all of you.
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Content Page Declaration……………………………………………………….……….i Abstract…………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgments……………………………………………………...iii List of Tables and Figures…………………………………………….vi Chapter I Introduction………………………………………………….1 1.1. Background of the topic……………………………………………………….2 2.1. Aim and Objective………………………………………………………………3 1.3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………..4 1.4. Structure of the dissertation…...……………………………………………..4
Chapter II Literature review.............................................................6 2.1. Introduction………….………...…………......................................................7 2.2. Mallorca, an island in the Mediterranean..................................................7 2.2.1. When Mallorca started to be spelt with a ‘J’……....................................8
2.3. The economic impact of mass tourism……………..………...…...…..…..10 2.3.1. Inflation rate has increased due to tourism…….…………....................11
2.3.2. The economic impact of the new “All-inclusive” phenomenon...…..…12
2.4. How the host community has been affected by mass tourism…..…....13 2.4.1. Cultural changes in Calviá………………………………….…………......14
2.4.2. Thieving ‘Ladies of the Night’ in Calviá……………………..………....…15
2.5.Environmental impact of the phenomenon of mass tourism…………...16 2.5.1. Lack of water supply in Mallorca……………………………..…….……..17
2.5.2. Sustainability of tourism in Mallorca……………………………..…........18
2.6. Conclusion……..…………………………………………………...…………..19
Chapter III Methodology................................................................20 3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….21 3.2. Secondary Data………………………………………………………………..21 3.3. Primary Data……………………………………………………………………21 3.4. Validity and Reliability…………………………………………………..…...22
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3.5. Questionnaire survey………………………………………………………….22 3.5.1. Administration of the questionnaire……………………………………....23
3.5.2. Questionnaire design………………………………………………………23
3.6. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………24
Chapter IV Results and Discussion………………………………...25 4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..26 4.2. Residents’ profile…………………...…………………………………...…….26 4.3. Economic impacts……………………………………………………………..27 4.3.1. Who benefits the most from mass tourism………………………………27
4.4. Quality of tourists on the island…………………………………...………..28 4.4.1. Who should adapt to whom……………………………………………….29
4.5. Socio-cultural impacts………………………………………………………..29 4.6. Impacts of the ‘all-inclusive’ holiday…………………………………....…30 4.7. Environment impacts………………………………………………………….31 4.8. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………32
Chapter V Conclusions and Recommendations..………………..33 5.1. Introduction…………………………..…………………………………………34 5.2. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………34 5.2.1. Economic…………………………………………..………………………..34
5.2.2. Socio-cultural…………………………………………………………….….35
5.2.3. Environment…………………………………………………………………35
5.3. Recommendations……………………………………………………………..36 5.4. Evaluation of study…………………………………………………………….37 5.5. Scope for further research……………………………………………………38
Bibliography…………………………………………………………….39 Appendices……………………………………………………………..43 Appendix A: List of the four types of questions used by the research...…44 Appendix B: Questionnaire: English version…………..………………………45 Appendix C: Questionnaire: Spanish version……......………………………..49
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List of Tables and Figures Figure 2.1 Visitors, 1964-2010
Table 2.1 Population increase in Calviá
Table 2.2 Balearic Islands land use changes from 1950s to 2000
Table 4.1 Benefited from mass tourism
Table 4.2 Environment impacts
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Chapter I Introduction
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1.1. Background of the topic To understand the importance of the phenomenon of mass tourism it should be
pointed out that in 2002 there were 702.6 million international arrivals worldwide,
producing revenue of $474 million. According to predictions, this figure is expected
to exceed 1,560 million (international arrivals) globally in the year 2020 (Munera,
2008). Tourism is a major source of income in Spain, particularly in the Balearic
Islands. In 2010 Spain received tourism revenue of 48.929 million Euros, making it
one of the biggest tourist sectors in the world due to the 52.7 million international
arrivals that year. The Balearics contributed 17.4% of the total arrivals that Spain
received in that year (Instituto de Estudios Turísticos, 2010).
Mallorca's history begins in 7000BC, when the first people arrived on the ‘Island of
calm’, as Mallorca is known by the Spanish. From then Mallorca had different eras:
Talayotic, Roman and Muslim cultures all had their time. However a major
historical event occurred in 1229: on this year the island was conquered by
Catalonia, under the rule of James I (known as the Conqueror) who introduced the
Catalan language and the Christian religion; but it was not until the reign of
Fernando II, in 1492, that the island became part of Spain (Historia Mallorca,
2011).
Before tourists were the explorers, who began arriving in the late 19th century.
Their presence was more remarkable in the 20th century: with the peak in travel
magazines that promoted the island as an exotic paradise, Mallorca became a
popular destination. Thomas Cook advertised the island for the first time in the
winter of 1903; the tour operator promoted it as a winter paradise before then
promoting it as a developed package holiday. This year also saw the opening of
the first luxury hotel - the 'Grand Hotel' (Tisdall, 1996).
It was not until the early 1950s, when tourists from northern Europe began to come
to Mallorca (which had just emerged from its post-war lull) that things started to
change, with tourists fleeing the grey, rainy skies of northern Europe for the sun,
sea and low cost of life on the island. The beaches began to fill with people
attracted by the climate and warmth of the Mediterranean island. The landscape
and tranquillity motivated many foreign artists to settle there: celebrities such as
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Robert Graves, Errol Flynn, Charlie Chaplin, Rita Hayworth and Gary Cooper
sought anonymity on the island to escape from the pressures of fame. However
the island was to gradually lose this peace and become better adapted to the pace
that marked the ‘boom’ in tourism: in this decade the residents of the island
referred to the tourism sector as ‘the industry of foreigners' (rtve, 2005).
The 1960s were the starting point for the development of mass tourism; the great
growth in the number of tourists, making the tourism sector the main source of
income, in turn saw a large number of immigrant workers arrive from other parts of
Spain. During the boom approximately 30,000 people found work in Mallorca in the
tourism industry, causing economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts on
the natives of the island that would prove to be both positive and negative
(Brunold, 2007).
1.2. Aim and Objectives
Mallorca was one of the first mass tourism destinations where millions of tourists
would come every year to enjoy their holidays. The aim of this research is to
increase understanding of the impact that mass tourism has on the island. So the
question is: what impact does mass tourism have on Mallorca?
The author's main motivation for this research is personal experience: being raised
in Mallorca; having experienced the impacts directly; seeing Mallorca´s quality of
tourism gradually deteriorate; and losing its traditional values in some areas where
the residents were affected first. For this reason it is important to reflect on how
tourism can affect the host community if the authorities do not have successful
tourism sustainability planning.
The specific objectives pursued by the researcher are:
§ To evaluate tourism development in Mallorca from the first international
arrivals to the present.
§ To evaluate the importance of the tourism industry for the economy of the
island.
§ To analyse the damage that tourism is having on the environment of the
island.
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§ To analyse the social changes there have been on the island and for the
residents.
§ To analyse the perception of residents about the impacts of mass tourism
on Mallorca.
§ To suggest recommendations that might minimize some of the negative
impacts.
1.3. Methodology To meet the objectives outlined above, this study includes qualitative and
quantitative methods. The research is divided into three parts: the first is based on
analytical theory and its main purpose is to describe and discuss the impacts that
mass tourism has on Mallorca. This method has the benefit of covering all possible
knowledge on the topic (Descartes, 2009).
The second phase is intended to investigate the ‘positivistic paradigm’
interpretation of the concept: according to Jennings (2001, p 35), "As a paradigm,
positivism embraces a view of the world as being guided by scientific rules that
explain the behaviour of phenomena through causal relationships. This world view
can be further explained by examining positivism´s ontological, epistemological
and methodological bases." Data would be gathered using questionnaires to
collect the information on a database.
The third part (the ‘interpretive’ model) has as its main objective the discussion of
empirical results, i.e. the perception of residents of the island; it also makes
proposals for better management of sustainable tourism.
1.4. Structure of the dissertation Chapter I Introduction This chapter focuses on giving the reader a complete overview of the topic. It
includes general background on the topic to understand how Mallorca became a
mass tourism destination; it additionally attempts to present the aim and objectives
of this study. Finally, the chapter explains the proposed methodology chosen to
carry out this research.
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Chapter II Literature Review This chapter presents a brief history of mass tourism on Mallorca. Furthermore, it
evaluates which kind of impacts mass tourism has on the island, in relation to
economic, environmental and socio-cultural factors. It also analyses the effects
that the development of mass tourism has on the island.
Chapter III Methodology This chapter is based on the methods chosen by the author to collect the
appropriate data for this research.
Chapter IV Results and Discussion This chapter presents the results found by the researcher as well as discussion
and interpretation of the results identified in the questionnaire data.
Chapter V Conclusions and Recommendations The last chapter presents the main conclusions of the investigation; furthermore it
provides personal recommendations for the short, medium and long-term.
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Chapter II Literature Review
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2.1. Introduction
The aim of this literature review is to present a brief history of mass tourism on
Mallorca. Additionally, it will focus on the kind of impact(s) mass tourism has on the
island in relation to the three main factors that sustain tourism – factors that are
social, economic and environmental. The main purpose of the review is to analyse
the effects that the development of mass tourism has on the island, taking into
consideration how tourist activities can be damaging from the perspective of local
residents, who have witnessed deterioration in their traditions and cultural values.
Mass tourism brings the island economic benefits and job opportunities, but may
have negative impacts too.
2.2. Mallorca, an island in the Mediterranean
Mallorca is situated in eastern Spain, in the Mediterranean Sea; it is part of the
Balearic Islands, which are made up of four islands: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and
Formentera. Mallorca is not only the largest of the Balearic Islands but also the
most diverse and spectacular of the four islands. It has a coastline of some 555
km, including 36 small islets and two sizeable islands: Dragonera and Cabrera.
It’s without doubt that the major attractions for tourists are elements such as the
beaches and the warm weather that the island enjoys almost all year-round
(Buswell, 2011).
However Mallorca not only offers the typical sun, sand and sea package holidays -
the island has other resources. The main one could be the physical challenge that
is the mountain known as Serra Tramuntana, which boasts several peaks above
1000 metres; the highest peak is concentrated in the central mountain range (the
highest being Puig Major, at 1445 metres of altitude). The Serra Tramuntana has
fortunately been kept away from the clutches of excessive construction in recent
years that may have resulted from mass tourism. The physical attractiveness of
the Tramuntana has gained popularity in recent years due to new so-called 'trend'
holidays, which include cycling tourism, eco-tourism and hiking holidays, principally
in the off-peak season (Simonis and Andrews, 2008).
8
All the Balearic Islands have two official languages: Catalan and Spanish. Catalan
was declared the official language in the Spanish Legislation of 1978. In addition to
these two languages, many local people speak other languages due to the large
influx of tourists to the island (Consell de Mallorca, 2011).
According to Instituto Nacional de Estadistica (INE, 2010), Mallorca has 869,067
people on the island, with almost half of the total population living in the capital
Palma de Mallorca. It is a modern city with a very strong personality, which prides
itself on maintaining its great cultural heritage and historical tradition. The island is
divided into 53 municipalities apart from the capital: the two most important are
Calviá and Manacor. Currently the municipality of Calviá is well-known as the most
popular destination on the island. Each year around 1.6 million travellers go to
enjoy its beaches and sunshine, especially people from countries such as the
United Kingdom and Germany. Manacor is situated to the east of the island; it has
about 40,000 inhabitants and is the third-largest municipality in Mallorca. Like
almost all the municipalities of the island, the main income comes from the tourism
sector. Manacor has without doubt one of the best tourist attractions, The Caves of
Drach, which are noted for their unique beauty (Visit Mallorca, 2011).
Most of the high-rise accommodation is situated in the south-western coastal strip
extending from Paguera to Arenal, within easy reach of Mallorca airport, which is
one of Europe's busiest airports – according to Aeropuertos Españoles y
Navegacion Aérea (Aena) it has around 22.7 million arrivals each year. Even here,
the extremes of the five `Ss´ - Sun, Sea, Sand, Sangria and Sex - are confined to
the municipality of Calvia, which includes the resorts of Palma Nova and Magalluf
(nicknamed ‘Shagalluf’) as well-known party destinations for the young English
market. These resorts site around 500 pubs, fast-food restaurants, nightclubs and
souvenir shops, which have a strong English vibe (Boniface and Cooper, 2005).
2.2.1. When Mallorca started to be spelt with a ‘J’ The development of the tourism industry in Mallorca - despite having earlier
historical origins - can be dated to the early '60s, around the time that the new
airport was opened in Son Sant Joan. The tourist boom began as Europe rose up
after all the consequences of World War Two, alongside the development of the
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package holiday in the early '60s. Mallorca was the first to benefit from the influx of
mass tourism from Germany, France, England and the Scandinavian countries. It
is important to take into account that at that time Spain lived under the regime of
Franco; Mallorca was perceived to be more tolerant than the rest of Spain. Since
the '60s Mallorca has seen a rapid rise in tourist numbers: Figure 2.1 shows the
increase in visitors’ arrivals from 1964 till 2010 (Vinuesa, Marchante and
Hernández, 2006).
After Franco´s death, on 20th November 1975, the island swiftly began to claim its
tourism crown. In the 1980s Mallorca saw another expansion with the constant
growth in tourist arrivals, which produced a second tourism boom in Mallorca.
Figure 2.1 ‘Visitors, 1964-2010’ Source: Buswell, 2011, p, 59 Tourism in Mallorca has suffered a drastic change - nowadays, the majority of
arrivals on the island come via tour operators; they are largely responsible for the
market, and have created a dependence by the island on tour operator firms,
especially the British and German ones (Juan and Cunill, 2003).
10
2.3. The economic impact of mass tourism
According to Holloway (2006), the tourism sector is probably one of the most
important industries in the world. It generally performs a more important function in
a country's GDP, and the statistics show that it currently accounts for at least 6 per
cent of the world´s Gross Domestic Product, employing around 127 million people
worldwide.
Mallorca was much poorer economically in the '50s compared with other parts of
Spain; the main source of income on the island was from the agricultural sector.
However the rapid increase in international arrivals in the last 50 years created the
boom of mass tourism, which has provided a significant growth in Mallorca´s
economy. Both the island's government and residents have tried to benefit from
the tourism industry since tourism began to grow in the 1950s, which has
generated a significant number of jobs on the island (Buswell, 2011).
The Govern de les Illes Balears (2011) states that overall revenue from the tourism
industry between June-December 2010 amounted to a figure of 4.998 million
euros, of which 2,010 million were from the German market (who remain the
biggest-spending tourists on the island, spending almost double the amount
compared with the UK market, which spent 1,230 million during the same period in
2010). Research by Simonis and Andrews (2008, p.35) states that “these days
Mallorca, like the rest of the Balearic Islands, depends on tourism for its livelihood.
The figures are eloquent: some 72% of the islands´ GDP comes from services and
another 10% from construction”. This means Mallorca is over-dependent on
tourism; however the Mallorquin government sees this as the best method of
development.
According to Lis (2009), half of Mallorca´s population (pop. 869,076, 2010) is
working in the tourism sector. Recent research from the Chamber of Commerce
(2010) shows that the GDP of the Balearic Islands was 24,510 euros per capita in
2009 compared with Spain, which was 22,886 euros in the same period. This
shows that the economy without doubt enjoys the most positive impact from
tourism, which creates wealth for the local community on the island. In the high
season it is easy to find employment: according to Chiqui (2011), in the third
trimester of 2009 the unemployment rate in Mallorca dropped to 14.82 per cent -
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quite high compared with the same period in 2006, when it was 4.76 per cent, but
still impressive considering that Spain currently faces one of the most critical
economic situations in its history. In the third trimester of 2009, unemployment in
the rest of Spain stayed at 17.79 per cent, a bit higher compared with Mallorca.
On the other hand, from the economic point of view of the citizens of Mallorca,
tourism has a dark side; it could be that job opportunities are evident in the peak-
season, but when the tourists have left the unemployment rate increases - almost
all tourist businesses close during the months of November - March. Even so,
thanks to the tourism industry Mallorca has become one of Spain´s wealthiest
regions, giving the community a higher standard of life which puts it just behind
Madrid, Catalonia, Navarra and the Basque Country (Simonis and Andrews, 2008).
2.3.1. Inflation rate has increased due to tourism
It is important to recognise that mass tourism is the main generator of income in
Mallorca, providing high wage levels for local people and ensuring relatively little
unemployment on the island compared with other parts of Spain. However, one
negative consequence of mass tourism is the increased inflation rate. Mason
(2008, p. 46) states that “inflation relates to the increases in prices of land, houses
and food that can occur as a result of tourism. Prices for these commodities can
increase when tourists place extra demands in local services at a tourism
destination. The term 'opportunity costs' refers to the cost of engaging in tourism
rather than another form of economic activity”.
Research in 2008 by El mundo shows that in the Balearic Islands' region housing
prices grew by 270.2 per cent between 1997 and 2007. More recently, however, El
mundo (2011) states that since the global economic crisis began in 2007 the price
of houses has dropped by 20 per cent on the Balearic Islands. The president of
Colegio de Agentes de la Propiedad Inmobiliaria (API) in the Balearic Islands, Jose
Maria Mir (cited in El mundo 2011), says that in 2007 the housing market was
overvalued in the islands by 30 per cent, so the current downturn may increase
until it reaches real house prices.
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In 2009 the average price of housing per square metre in Majorca was 2192.4
Euros, which means that a house of 80 square meters would be priced at around
175,392 Euros. Housing prices are more expensive when compared with the
average in Spain, where in the same period the housing price per square metre
was 1918.5 Euros, which means that a house of 80 square meters would cost
153,480 Euros. This would be 21,912 Euros more expensive in Mallorca for the
same type of house, compared with the rest of Spain (Chamber de Commerce,
2010).
These high prices are due to the great demand for homes on the island, especially
by the German and British market, where they have Mallorca in mind as a second
home. According to Nolte (cited in The Impact of Tourism III, 2000), young people
from Mallorca complain about not being able to get married because, for locals,
getting married also means buying a house. The high prices for the houses are
only available to rich tourists, who can afford to buy a house in Mallorca.
2.3.2. The economic impact of the new ‘All-inclusive’ phenomenon
One of the most important economic issues on the island in recent years could be
the large increase in the number of hotels which offer the new trend of ‘All-
inclusive’ holidays. This type of package holiday includes everything such as food,
alcoholic drinks and some types of entertainment or activities at the resorts, such
as water sports, tennis and football. The main advantage is the opportunity for
tourists to know what their budget will be in advance. Holloway (2006, p, 60-61)
writes that "this type of tourism originated in the Caribbean, and up-market tour
operators such as Sandals have promoted these programmes very successfully to
the US and European markets. However, the concept later moved down-market
and became popular in the more traditional European resorts such as those of the
Balearic Islands".
Many tourism-business owners in Mallorca have shown their annoyance with these
kinds of holidays, saying that the recent increase in ‘all-inclusive’ packages on the
island is damaging many tourism firms.
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Francisco Baeza Saez (cited in Datar, 2011), owner of a restaurant in one of the
well-known tourist destinations on the island, Alcudia, states that "I'm not the only
one. In Majorca there are lots of restaurants, which take up the entire street. It
used to be called the street of the dollar - it is now called the street of the penny.
And it is because of the ‘all-inclusive’ packages". Baeza Saez continues: "The
hotel is keeping people inside and they don't go out. Every single business on this
street is really down. And we're going to have to close one after the other."
First Choice recently announced that next year it would increase ‘all-inclusive’
holidays in Mallorca due to high demand. First Choice says that the main reason
tourists prefer such packages is the economic situation - of wanting the guarantee
of knowing how much they will spend before they leave.
La Federacion Hotelera de Mallorca (FEHM) recently sent a clear message to
Mallorca´s government, warning them about the progressive deterioration of
tourism on the island. Quality tourism has dropped dramatically in Mallorca since
2000, when the income from tourist expenditure was 8.8 million euros; in 2008, the
tourist expenditure was 9 million euros - almost the same amount of money, but to
make this amount Mallorca has had to increase the number of tourists by 21.6 per
cent. The current type of tourist that comes to Mallorca spends less money on the
island - this is due to the 'all-inclusive'.
Although this type of package holiday motivates customers to buy the product, it
has a negative impact for local business. Mallorca´s government should take more
control over the situation, putting the right regulations in place as suggested by
Francisco Baeza Saez (cited in Datar, 2011): “The solution for me is that they have
to regulate the ‘all-inclusive’. Because it's not only the business of one tour
operator or one hotel, it's the business of a whole area. If ‘all-inclusives’ were
limited to 40% of tourists, we could all live well."
2.4. How the host community has been affected by mass tourism Briguglio (1996, p.110) states "tourism, especially international tourism, always
provokes social and cultural repercussions in host countries. These impacts of
tourism are the effects on the people of host communities caused by their direct
and indirect association with tourists." Tourism involves travel to other places, and
14
this implies that tourists have different types of impact on the societies where they
travel, producing socio-cultural changes in the destination. Mallorca has an
economic dependency on the tourism industry: for this reason, the impacts are
even more intense (Fernández, 2009).
Mallorca has undergone major cultural changes in recent years; many of these
changes are associated with the development of mass tourism, and have the
largest consequences for the inhabitants of the island, especially those living in the
tourist areas of Mallorca. Holloway (2006, p. 123) writes that "the mass tourist is
less likely to adapt to the local cultures, and will seek amenities and standards
found in the home country, while the independent traveller or backpackers will
adapt more readily to an alien environment".
2.4.1 Cultural changes in Calvià
Calvià is undoubtedly the most popular destination on the island. The municipality
has seen a significant increase in inhabitants in recent years owing to the large
flow of immigration, which comes both from foreign countries and other regions of
Spain.
The changes in population can be seen in Table 2.1 below:
Year
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Population
37,545 39,610 41,794 43,690 45,070 46,504
Table 2.1 “Population increase in Calvià” Source: Adapted from: Calvià + 10 The population of Calvià, as shown on table 2.1, has increased each year, having
in 2005 a population of 46,504 inhabitants, which has meant a growth in population
of 23.84 per cent since 2000. Only 35 per cent of Calvià´s residents were born in
Mallorca; 32 per cent are immigrants from foreign countries who have decided to
move to the island and 33 per cent came from other Spanish cities, motivated by
the great job opportunities in the tourism sector (Calvià +10, 2011).
Today, the population continues to increase in Calvià by around 2.5 per cent each
year - nearly double the Spanish average increase of 1.5 per cent (INE, 2009).
15
Buswell (2011) states that this has affected the culture of the host community in
the region; it is important to mention that both the Catalan and Spanish languages
have deteriorated due to the host community´s language in the region being
English. Foreign owners run practically all the businesses in the town, and all the
products that they sell are focused on the British market, such as fish and chips, or
Sunday roasts. There are a small number of tourists who visit Calvià who are
interested by the traditions and values of Mallorca´s culture.
Research in 2003 undertaken by Hosteltur shows that, although tourism may have
a large negative impact, a survey made of the residents of Mallorca reveals that 70
per cent of them consider tourism essential for the island's economy. Moreover,
they think that the positive impact of tourism outweighs the negative. Recent
research by Carbonell (2003) shows that Mallorca´s residents do not consider
themselves to be acting like slaves for the tourists; however, according to
statistics, tourism sector employees in Mallorca work 1643 hours per year - the
highest average in the country, compared with 1564 hours per year on average in
Spain. The data is quite disturbing when taking into consideration the fact that
tourism sector employees only work during the season. This means they work 6 or
7 days a week and 10 or 12 hours a day in the six-month season.
2.4.2. Thieving ‘Ladies of the Night’ in Calvià
Mathieson and Wall (1982, p.149) write that “prostitution, which has been called
the `oldest profession´, was as much, if no more, a part of ancient society as
travel. It certainly existed prior to the growth of mass tourism”.
Some of the negative social impact generated by tourism is prostitution; in recent
years Magalluf (Calvià) has seen a significant increase in the number of women
willing to sell their bodies on the street. The women target very drunk people who
find themselves alone after a drunken night out. Many tourists have been robbed
while having sex on the street. Prostitutes have even attacked some tourists and
residents.
16
The local people of Magalluf have protested against prostitution in the area,
believing that the authorities should take more control over the situation by putting
the proper rules in place: if they don't, prostitution could damage local businesses
and harm the lives of both the residents and holidaymakers (Acotur, 2011).
2.5. Environmental impact of the phenomenon of mass tourism
The large numbers of tourist arrivals in Mallorca is without doubt the most negative
environmental impact, causing discord between the host community and the
government. The relationship between tourism and the environment is quite
complex - each is dependent on the other. William (1998 cited in Mason 2008,
p.70) states that it “explains this relationship as one in which tourism benefits from
being in a good quality environment and this same environment should benefit
from measures aimed at protecting and maintaining its value as a tourist resource”.
The natural resources have been affected by mass tourism on the island; the
public and private sectors rely on the attractive landscape as an important asset.
Mass tourism causes many changes to the island´s environment; almost all these
changes are negative for the host community. For many, a major issue in Mallorca
has been the increasing proportion of land classified as urban. Table 2.2 shows
the scale of change.
Table 2.2 Balearic Islands land use changes from 1950s to 2000
Urban land use (%)
Agricultural land use (%)
Natural environment (%)
Total
1956 1.18 61.3 37.52 99.8
1973 2.54 60.2 37.98 100.72
1993 5.15 58.07 37.50 100.72
2000 5.44 57.86 37.41 100.51
Source: adapted from Buswell, 2011, p, 106
17
2.5.1. Lack of water supply in Mallorca The most critical environmental problem in Mallorca is the shortage of water; the
island has an inadequate water supply, both in quantity and quality. In recent years
matters grew so severe that water had to be shipped in from the mainland. This is
due to the amount of tourists Mallorca has; there should, of course, be a limited
amount of water available. If the Mallorquin government ignores this it will continue
to be one of Mallorca’s biggest problems (The Impact of Tourism III, 2000).
The issues arose because water is crucial for tourist amenities such as golf
courses, swimming pools and landscaped gardens, as well as being a basic need
for the hotel sector. In addition, tourists also need water for sanitation and drinking.
It is common for travellers to use around four times as much water per day on
holiday than local residents on the island, due to the fact that when people go
away they tend to use a lot more water than they would usually use at home - on
vacation, the use of water is of no concern. When taking this into account it is the
tourism sector that is mainly responsible for the lack of water in Mallorca, due to
the tourists' high levels of consumption (Goodwin, 2007).
As the authors Essex, Kent and Newnhan (2004) note, Mallorca, due to its
geographical location (with its warm weather and low rainfall) has witnessed huge
water issues for the host communities - especially during the high season, with the
high number of arrivals. In the last twenty years the high growth of tourist arrivals
in Mallorca has increased by almost 50 per cent. It is important to remember that
when demand for water is highest, during the peak-season, rainfall is at its lowest.
Moreover, Williams (2009) states that the problems with the water supply are due
to the new trends in tourism development on Mallorca; especially due to a
conscious effort by the Mallorquin government to enhance the image of the island.
Its image is now designed to attract tourists with a high disposable income; the
government recently granted the okay for the expansion in the number of golf
courses, with green open spaces and gardens. In 1986, Mallorca was estimated to
have only four golf courses. In 2000, Mallorca had exactly thirteen courses, which
had been developed around the island - some of them even in rural areas. All
these golf courses have needed large amounts of water daily to maintain the
18
quality of the landscaped gardens. Mallorca´s main environmental group, Grup
Balear d Ornitologia I Defensa de la Naturalesa (GOB) cited in Essex, Kent and
Newnhan (2004, p.12), “estimated that about 15,000 m3 of water per day was
being used for golf course irrigation from wells, which would be enough to supply
the populations of Calvià and Palma with drinking water”. This could apply to
Calvià, where the water consumed by each resident/tourist is an estimated 270
litres per day: a much higher consumption compared with the 80 litres per day
recommended by the United Nations. The high consumption is due to a high
number of tourists visiting Calviá all year round (Conoce Calvià disfruta Calvià,
2006).
2.5.2. Sustainability of tourism in Mallorca Tourism is responsible for the major environmental issues in Mallorca. Firstly,
years ago Mallorca’s authorities could never have imagined the number of tourist
arrivals they would be playing host to today, and how the environment has been
changed by the presence of these tourists. The planning of tourism on the island
should have preserved a balance between local residents and tourists. The large
number of tourists that invades the island each year has created tension between
residents and visitors (The Impact of Tourism III, 2000).
One of Mallorca's main problems is the shortage of land. The phenomenon of
mass tourism has caused the natural resources to be used to build hotels, golf
courses and other tourism projects (Luzon and Cardim, 2009).
The construction ‘boom’ in recent years is based on the first and second lines near
to the beach. It has been made possible for tourism businesses to build on
kilometres and kilometres of coastline. For this reason, too many beaches have
been transformed into urban areas. Mallorca´s government needs to be aware that
this cannot continue at the present rate: the developers need to try to respect
certain limits. To sum up, the government of Mallorca has been too focused on
improving the infrastructure for tourists' activities; the lack of sustainable tourism
has been generating conflict between the locals and the government (Valls, 2004).
19
Calvià is the only municipality that has implemented sustainable tourism on the
island. In 1995, the municipality decided to establish a long-term tourism plan,
initiating Local Agenda 21 – an internationally specified action plan for the future,
which includes:
• The de-classification of 1700 hectares of land previously allocated for urban
development
• Removal of unsustainable resort buildings
• Regeneration of beaches
• Rational management of water
• Implementation of recycling and urban waste reduction plans
• Proper management of solid waste
• Creation of a marine park and protected terrestrial areas
• Noise control
• Rehabilitation of historic buildings
The main objective of Local Agenda 21 is to maintain and improve the demand for
tourism based on environmental values; to maintain Mallorca's attractiveness as a
destination, based on the enjoyment of nature in a suitable environment.
Calvià has won numerous awards for its impressive scheme of sustainable tourism
in recent years. The municipality ought to act as an example for Mallorca´s other
municipalities, which should multiply sustainable tourism on the island; maintaining
a good balance between the three main factors of sustainability - social, economic
and environmental (Bercial, 2002).
2.6. Conclusion This chapter has detected that mass tourism is essential for Mallorca´s economy;
the island has been transformed into one of Spain’s wealthiest regions, providing
local people with a high standard of life. This said, tourism also has a dark side -
the consequences of large numbers of tourist arrivals are without doubt
responsible for major negative impacts, both socio-culturally and environmentally.
In summary, many green areas have been transformed into urban areas; natural
resources have been used to build hotels and golf courses. However it is the cost
that residents have to pay, for the lack of sustainable tourism, which has in recent
years generated conflict amongst local residents and the authorities.
20
Chapter III Methodology
21
3.1. Introduction This chapter presents the methods chosen by the author to collect the data. It
provides emphasis regarding primary and secondary research methods; it also
explains the type of primary data used in this project. Finally, the chapter
discusses the reliability and validity checks conducted to ensure that the findings
are trustworthy.
3.2. Secondary Data Finn, Elliott-White and Walton (2000, p, 41) state that “secondary data collection
(is) to discover what work has already been carried out on a particular subject.
This is a necessary first step in any research design, and forms an important part
of the literature review stage”. The principal advantage of secondary data is the
low costs involved when compared with primary data; it is also collected much
more rapidly (Goeldner and Ritchie, 2009). The literature review has been
prepared by using a variety of sources such as books, journals, the Internet,
newspapers, tourism organisation websites, reports and government websites, in
order to find the information necessary for this study. Four books were purchased
online from La Casa del Libro.
The Internet was the main source for the findings as it was accessible for gathering
the statistics on tourism in Mallorca. The language used for the secondary data
was English, due to the fact that the dissertation is in English; however some of the
literature was in Spanish, which aided the reading for the author.
The secondary data was conducted between the months of December 2011 and
January 2012, and took approximately six weeks to complete.
3.3. Primary Data Jennings (2001, p. 63) states that “Primary data collection is the term used to
describe any data that are collected by a researcher directly from subjects or study
units associated with the tourism phenomenon being researched”. The two basic
types of primary research are qualitative and quantitative. Primary research is
collected through methods of research such as interviews, questionnaires, tests or
experiments. The principal advantage of primary research is that the data has
22
been collected directly by the author. The primary data method used in this
research project was a questionnaire, discovering the opinions of the natives of
Mallorca in order to collect different viewpoints regarding the impact of mass
tourism in Mallorca. Data for the questionnaires has been recorded, interpreted
and analysed.
3.4. Validity and Reliability Research by Torres (2006) states that, validity indicates the degree to which
research findings correspond with reality. In the qualitative research of this study,
the expertise and reputation of the academic journals and textbooks proved to be
useful, precise and truthful. The principle of validity is to develop transferable
criteria, as the results found in this study are contextualized with the impact on the
island of Mallorca at present.
The quantitative method of this research is based on a questionnaire given to local
people in Mallorca. The concept of reliability is too complex to confirm because of
the constant changes in culture and society; it would be difficult to obtain the same
results using the same questionnaire, but the results would be quite similar
(Torres, 2006).
3.5. Questionnaire survey The questionnaire contains fifteen questions about the impact of mass tourism on
Mallorca. It was developed with the main purpose of obtaining the information
necessary to carry out this study.
According to Perez et al. (2001), there are five significant elements to take into
consideration to attain good results with a questionnaire, such as:
• Objectivity: the interviewer should not in any way influence the opinion of
the respondents.
• Clarity: it is essential to use simple and clear language to avoid delays,
mistakes and any doubt in the responses.
• Precision: it is necessary to define the issues well and avoid ambiguity to
only retrieve the information that the researcher seeks.
23
• Politeness: it is important to avoid questions where the language or
contents could offend the person questioned.
• Time limited: where possible, try to reduce the size of the questionnaire,
avoiding excessively long questions and repetition to prevent fatigue and
monotony in the answers of those questioned.
3.5.1. Administration of the questionnaire Throughout the last week of January 2012, the questionnaires were issued in
Mallorca. The survey was constructed with the purpose of finding out the
perceptions and opinions of local people who are affected, either positively or
negatively, by tourism, in order to collect different viewpoints about the impact of
mass tourism on the island. The surveys were distributed face-to-face to local
people in well-known tourist destinations such as Cales de Mallorca, Magaluf,
Palmanova and Santa Ponça. These areas are ideal places to collect appropriate
data to analyse factors – they provide the information needed to complete this
piece of work, due to the over-dependency on tourism in these areas.
One hundred and ten people have filled out the questionnaires; this large amount
has provided a sufficient quantity of responses for analysis. The questionnaire was
analysed at the University of Salford using the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS) – this is the industry-standard software bundle for analysing
quantitative data (Jennings, 2001).
3.5.2. Questionnaire design Once the preliminary reading has been done, it is essential to go back to the main
objectives to ensure good questionnaire design. It has to be decided which type of
questions will be needed to achieve the objective.
In addition, the author used a pilot questionnaire involving volunteers, with the
main purpose of checking how long the questionnaire took to complete, and to
make sure that all questions and instructions were clear. The volunteers were
generally satisfied with the survey; an insignificant issue was however identified
with the layout of the questionnaire (it was not clear enough for them). Their
feedback facilitated the review of the survey and made it ready for the main
distribution (Bell, 2005).
24
The questionnaires have fifteen questions: twelve were based on closed questions
and three were based on open questions. According to Bell (2005), there are
different structures of questions; depending on the structure chosen, it may be
easier for the author in the analysis stage. The list of the four types of questions
used by the researcher is illustrated in Appendix A.
The survey was conducted in Mallorca; for this reason, the questionnaire has been
translated into two languages. Firstly in Spanish, so there are no limitations due to
the language, and to make it easier for the Spaniards to fill out the questionnaire;
and secondly an English version, taking into account the large number of British
people that live on the island who are currently considered to be local people - it is
also important to have their point of view.
The author introduced himself to the local people and explained the purpose of the
survey before handing the questionnaires out. Some of the participants took an
interest in certain parts of the survey and provided extra information about the
topic of Mallorca, which was useful for the study (Bell, 2005).
3.6. Conclusion This chapter has explained the different methodological approaches used in the
research to collect the data for this study. This has been achieved by generating a
primary data collection, which was gathered in Mallorca in order to have a better
understanding of the views of the host community on the impact of mass tourism.
Additionally, the research methodology included reasoned arguments about
methods chosen such as sampling strategies, questionnaire design and secondary
data collection for this project. Finally, this chapter focused on presenting the
reliability and validity issues of the findings.
25
Chapter IV Results and Discussion
26
4.1. Introduction This chapter presents the results found in the questionnaire data; interpretation is
carried out in a logical manner, using tables as well as discussing the meaning of
the results identified. It continues with explanation and analysis of the perceptions
of local residents of Mallorca regarding the impact of mass tourism on the island.
One hundred and ten people participated in this survey.
4.2. Residents’ profile
On the island of Mallorca, local residents have been questioned between the 23rd
and 29th of January 2012. The profile of those questioned shows that 8.2% (n=9)
are aged 18-25 years old; 37% (n=41) are categorised in the group between 26-35
years old; 20.9% (n=23) are aged 36-45 years old, and 33.6% (n=37) are over 45
years old. The two age groups that feature most prominently are 18-25 year-olds,
and those respondents over 45 years old – the latter group have reached a mature
age, and thus accrued enough knowledge to provide assurance that their answers
are reliable.
Among the respondents, 51.8% (n=57) are male, while 48.2% (n=53) are female:
the results illustrate that there is little difference in number between the genders.
A significant fact is that the majority of those questioned, 95% (n=105), are
currently working in the tourism sector directly or indirectly, which indicates that
they have adequate knowledge about the industry. This is very useful for this study
and additionally demonstrates the over-dependence by the economy of the island
on tourism. Meanwhile 4.5% (n=5) are working in another sector or are retired.
Finally, with regards to birthplace, 25.5% (n=28) were born in Mallorca and 75.5%
(n=82) were not born on the island: they came from other parts of Spain or even
foreign countries. The majority agree that their principal motivation to come to
Mallorca to live was the job opportunities available - many people came to work on
the island one summer for the experience and, liking the high standard of life that
the island offers, decided to establish their life on the island.
27
4.3. Economic impacts The findings from the survey are fully supported from the source literature used for
the research. Both identify that according to the islanders the most positive impact
of mass tourism is economic. When respondents are asked whether they think
mass tourism has had a positive impact on the economy of Mallorca, 36.4% (n=40)
strongly agree that mass tourism has been very positive for the economy of
Mallorca; 33.6% (n=37) agree; 17.3% (n=19) are undecided about the question;
10.9% (n=12) disagree and only an small number of people, 1.8%, (n=2) think that
tourism does not have a positive economic impact on the island. Mallorcan locals
reveal that despite the effects of the global economic crisis suffered at present in
many countries, tourism gives residents a great source of income, and is good for
Mallorca’s economy too. Moreover, the number of jobs in Mallorca that are linked
to tourism activities remains very high; so tourism is fundamental for maintaining a
good quality of life.
When asked if Mallorca’s economy would not survive without mass tourism, the
results are very similar and less variable than the previous question: 21.8% (n= 24)
strongly agree that the island could survive not having a mass tourism industry;
23.6% (n=26) confirm that they agree with the statement; 16.4% (n=18) are
undecided; 20.9% (n=23) agree that Mallorca´s economy could survive well
without the massive numbers of tourist arrivals that the island has every summer
and finally 17.3% (n=19) strongly agree that mass tourism is not necessary for the
economy. It should be mentioned that the people who believe that Mallorca´s
economy could survive without mass tourism think that sometimes it is not
compulsory to have a large number of visitors; locals believe that a smaller number
of tourist arrivals, of better quality, would ensure that the island would be perfectly
capable of surviving economically.
4.3.1. Who benefits the most from mass tourism The local residents have been asked for their opinions as to who benefits the most
from mass tourism to Mallorca and have been given the opportunity to tick as
many boxes as they choose (as shown in Table 4.1 below). Tour operators are
considered by local residents to benefit the most; a significant fact is that locals
believe that big foreign tour operators such as Thomas Cook and TUI have too
28
much control over the island and receive high income as a result. Second highest
is the private sector, although in this category residents think the big companies,
such as hoteliers, are the ones who benefit the most; medium and small
enterprises do too, but on a lower scale. In third place are local residents, who
benefit from the high demand for job opportunities that tourism brings to Mallorca,
mainly during the high season; the tourism sector also offers higher wages
compared with other sectors, such as farming. Fourth on the list is the government,
because it gains more in corporate tax. Finally, in last place is the environment: the
host community thinks that the environment does not benefit at all from the tourists
– in fact they believe that tourism could be damaging to the environment.
Who benefits the most as a result of mass tourism to Mallorca?
Yes benefit No benefit Mean
Tour Operators 76.4% (n=84) 23.4% (n=26) 1.24
Private sector 72.7% (n=80) 27.3% (n=30) 1.27
Local residents 35.5% (n=39) 64.5% (n=71) 1.65
Government 30% (n=33) 70% (n=77) 1.70
Environment 0% (n=0) 100% (n=110) 2.00
Table 4.1. ‘Benefited from mass tourism’. Source: author´s own 4.4. Quality of tourists on the island According to the primary data, of the 110 residents that have participated in this
study, when asked if the island currently has a poor quality of tourists when
compared with ten years ago, 64.5% (n=71) strongly agree, stating that the quality
of tourists in recent years has deteriorated a lot and remarking that tourists with
high income have stopped visiting Mallorca; 26.4% (n=29) also agree with the
statement; 7.3% (n=8) are undecided; just 0.9% (n=1) disagree, and the same
figure, 0.9% (n=1), strongly disagree.
Using Pearson’s Chi-Square test (value=14.595ª, df=4 p=0.006), it seems that a
strong relationship exists between where a respondent was born and the view they
hold about the quality of tourists over the past ten years. There is a significant
29
difference in viewpoint between those who were born on the island and those who
were not born in Mallorca. By studying the response data there are a variety of
answers given by those not born on the island: the fact that a large percentage of
this group respond as ‘undecided’ to the question has been interpreted as down to
a lack of experience. The fact they were not born in Mallorca – indeed some may
have only been on the island for a short period of time – could explain their
reluctance to answer whether or not the current tourists to the island are poorer,
compared with ten years ago.
The responses to the open question about the behaviour of tourists show that the
majority of respondents believe that tourists behave correctly, although this seems
to depend on the area: for example in Magalluf, almost all the tourists come for a
party holiday, which means drinking too much and possibly vandalising the
destination, thus creating a damaging image for the area. It is also important to
note that locals believe that current tourists come just for the sun and the beaches,
displaying a lack of interest in visiting places of culture and heritage around the
island; the tourists fail to engage with the values and traditions of the island, which
means they gain the wrong impression of Mallorca.
4.4.1. Who should adapt to whom The main purpose of this question is to find out what the host community thinks
about who should adapt - Mallorca to the tourists, or tourists to Mallorca’s culture.
The results reveal that 35.5% (n=39) believe that the tourists should adapt; a small
minority, 10% (n=11), think that Mallorca should adapt to the tourists; and the
highest percentage, 54.5% (n=60), believe that both should be adaptable. This has
been interpreted as showing that the majority think Mallorca should adapt to
tourists, but without sacrificing the cultural values of the island.
4.5. Socio-cultural impacts Tourism can have a socio-cultural impact such as the deterioration of values,
traditions and languages. For this reason the locals were asked a few questions
about socio-cultural impact. Firstly, when asked if the British ‘vibe’ during high
season makes the residents feel like a foreigner in Mallorca, a small amount,
11.8% (n=13), strongly agree that tourists make them feel like a foreigner in their
30
own town; 13.6% (n=15) agree with the statement; 17.3% (n=19) are undecided;
the highest percentage, 44.5% (n=49), disagree - they do not believe that the large
numbers of tourists make them feel like a foreigner; and finally 12.7% (n=14)
strongly disagree, suggesting that they feel comfortable around tourists.
The following question regarding cultural impact was whether locals think mass
tourism brings social change: 30% (n=33) strongly agree, believing that tourism
has a negative socio-cultural impact; 18.2% (n=20) agree; 15.5% (n=17) are
undecided about how to respond; whilst 33.6% (n=37) strongly disagree, arguing
that tourism has no impacted on social values, and that Mallorcan life goes on the
same as it always has.
Using Pearson’s Chi-Square test (value=63.084ª, df=4 p=0.000), there is a
relationship between place of birth and loss of cultural values. By studying the data
of the different responses in detail, it is found that of those not born on the island,
almost a hundred per cent think that mass tourism does not have a social impact in
Mallorca, while those who were born on the island agree that tourism has brought
social changes. The results could be interpreted as highlighting that people who
were born in Mallorca believe that tourism has motivated people from other parts
of Spain to live on the island, yet despite living in Mallorca for years these people
continue to speak Castilian rather than the Catalan language (it is important to
mention that the official main language of Mallorca is Catalan).
4.6. Impacts of the ‘all-inclusive’ holiday This open question asks whether the new phenomenon of the ‘all-inclusive’ holiday
is negative or positive for the island. All those questioned are in complete
agreement that the ‘all-inclusive’ is a negative for Mallorca. This type of holiday
does not generate income for secondary resources such as restaurants,
nightclubs, bars, souvenir shops, etc., as it encourages tourists to stay in the hotel,
making hotels and tour operators the main beneficiaries. Again, this grants
hoteliers and tour operators too much control; the residents believe that the
government should not allow this to happen, as if it is not controlled then medium
and small-sized enterprises will close in the future.
31
Furthermore, the ‘all-inclusive’ brings a poor quality of tourists, who do not have
any interest in exploring the island. Locals think this type of holiday will kill ‘the
goose that lays the golden egg’ - a well-known saying on the island.
4.7. Environment impacts The environment has been damaged by the impact of mass tourism; when
residents are asked to rank in order of importance the negative impacts on the
environment due to tourism - as shown in Table 4.2 below - the mean categorises
'too much construction' at the top of the table, as a result of tourism requiring
improvement in infrastructure such as new/improved roads, restaurants, hotels and
tourists attractions. Locals think that the authorities have no regard for certain
limits – it's currently hard to find an untouched site on the island. In second position
in the ranking, the residents think that Mallorca has a urban waste problem due to
the large number of tourists visiting the island each year. Third in the ranking is the
lack of water supply; locals think that Mallorca spends more on water than
necessary, due to mass tourism. Fourth on the list is the noise pollution generated
by the large number of cars and the overcrowding of people during the high
season, especially in tourism areas. In last position according to the results is air
pollution – again, the consequences of high numbers of aircraft arrivals and car
traffic all year round.
Impacts on the environment according to the host community Rank Impacts 1 2 3 4 5 Mean
Too much construction 52.7% 16.4% 8.2% 8.2% 14.5% 2.15 Urban waste 18.2% 25.5% 24.5% 14.5% 17.3% 2.87 Lack of water supply 11.8% 26.4% 14.5% 33.6% 13.6% 3.11 Noise pollution 6.4% 17.3% 28.2% 29.1% 19.1% 3.37 Air pollution 10.9% 14.4% 24.5% 24.5% 35.5% 3.49 Table 4.2. ‘Environment impacts’. Source: author´s own
32
Moreover, 90% (n=99) of people questioned think that the government of Mallorca
should think more long-term about having a better plan of sustainable tourism on
the island; 8.2% (n=9) are undecided about the current sustainable tourism, and
only 1.8% (n=2) are satisfied with the present sustainability plan.
4.8. Conclusion This chapter has focused on presenting the results gleaned from the questionnaire
created for the residents of Mallorca. It has also interpreted the viewpoints of the
host community and highlighted the most important impacts of mass tourism. The
following chapter will draw conclusions from these findings and relate them to
current literature and the secondary data.
33
Chapter V Conclusions and
Recommendations
34
5.1. Introduction The last chapter will present the main conclusions of the investigation, which is
based on the question and objectives presented at the beginning of the project.
Furthermore, it will provide some recommendations for the short, medium and
long-term. Finally, it will reflect on and evaluate the study and give some guidance
to follow when conducting future research.
5.2. Conclusion With reference to the question formulated at the beginning of the investigation -
what impact does mass tourism have on Majorca? - the impacts found have been
divided into three parts: economic, environmental and social: the three main
factors that influence sustainable tourism.
5.2.1. Economic: As demonstrated by primary and secondary data, undoubtedly the most positive
impact that tourism has on Mallorca is economic; this has helped residents to
enjoy a good quality of life. No-one believes that the island's economy could
survive without the money generated by tourism. However there are also negative
economic impacts that affect residents, such as the growth in the inflation rate
every year that increases the price of housing, food and land to amongst the most
expensive in Spain.
Another negative impact that tourism has on the island is the new phenomenon of
the ‘all-inclusive’ package holiday. This new phenomenon has arisen because of
the powerful control wielded by the main foreign tour operators – who in recent
years have become one of the main beneficiaries of Mallorcan tourism – and is
causing economic leakage (meaning the money generated by tourism does not
stay in the island's economy). This primarily impacts on small and medium-size
local enterprises who are receiving lower revenues from tourists. With this kind of
package holiday the quality of tourism has dropped dramatically: nowadays,
despite having more tourist arrivals than in yesteryear, Mallorca's economy is only
seeing the same amount of revenue.
35
5.2.2. Socio-cultural: Secondary data shows that tourism causes social changes. This impact is even
more intense in small islands that are economically over-dependent on tourism,
such as Mallorca. It is essential to mention that mass tourism means a decrease in
the likelihood that tourists will familiarise themselves with the native culture.
In recent years Mallorca's population has seen a significant increase because of
the large number of people who have come to the island seeking jobs in the
tourism sector, or as a second home; this has effected social change in the host
community with regards to the deterioration of Catalan as the official first language.
Moreover, the tourist areas on the island are fully attuned to British culture, thus
losing the essence of the indigenous culture.
The result shows that local residents have one of the highest incomes per capita;
however they also have to work the highest average number of hours per year.
According to secondary research tourism employees in the island work 1643 hours
per year.
Further research reveals that certain social issues have worsened, such as
prostitution and robbery - especially in the main tourist destinations, causing
insecurity and unrest among local residents.
5.2.3. Environment: This aspect is perhaps the worst affected and sees the least positive impact from
mass tourism. As primary data shows, residents are concerned about the levels of
construction that Mallorca has undergone, there has been rapid growth in all levels
of infrastructure and the island currently faces serious problems that cause
widespread damage in the local environment, as well as forcing a reduction in the
green areas on the island. Beaches have been transformed into urban areas;
coastlines have disappeared and are now filled with hotels and bars. Some tourist
areas have raised serious issues with urban waste, both in collection and storage.
Furthermore, as secondary data suggests, the excessive consumption of water
due to tourist activities has caused problems with the water supply, in terms of
36
both quality and quantity. Ultimately, the lack of a good sustainable tourism plan
from the Mallorcan authorities means that tourism developments on the island
have produced increased degradation of the environment that exceeds even the
few limits that have been set.
5.3. Recommendations Short term: § The research shows that too much construction is one of the biggest problems
for local residents. All destinations need to have development of infrastructure
to meet demands but the Mallorcan government needs to try and respect
certain limits: authorities should stop issuing new construction permits for the
next few years as more hotel construction will damage the environment even
more, and provide a lack of balance between supply and demand. Currently
Mallorca has more resources than needed as hoteliers are making too many
offers to try to attract demand, and the quality of tourists in Mallorca is quite
poor compared with ten years ago. There could be a tax on construction that is
used to finance local community developments or environmental improvement
programmes.
§ In tourist areas there must be an increase in the number of police on the street
and the authorities should have more control by putting the appropriate rules in
place to reduce theft and prostitution - issues that damage the image of the
destination and inflame the host community.
Medium term: § The growth of 'all-inclusive' holidays is hurting small and medium-size
businesses; it will be necessary to take measures to protect them, e.g. putting a
limitation on 'all-inclusives' in each area. If this is not done in the medium term,
the ‘all-inclusive’ package could potentially create ghost towns and many small
businesses will close their doors.
37
§ A piece of advice for those residents who arrive from other parts of Spain (or
foreign countries) is that they should try to learn the Catalan language. It will
help them to better understand the culture, values and traditions of Mallorca;
the government should provide free classes in the most important towns to
encourage people to study Catalan.
Long-term: § The tourists who visit areas such as Calviá use an average of 270 litres of
water per day - this figure is even higher in luxury hotels. It is important to save
as much water as possible, and for this reason the hotels should use the latest
technologies in efficient taps and toilets; only change towels and sheets when
necessary; and inform tourists in the welcome meeting of the importance of
saving water. Golf courses should purify and re-use wastewater for maintaining
the lawns. The quality of amenities, such as hotel establishments, is essential
in establishing a positive image of the destination. For this reason, Mallorca’s
Department for Environment allocates public funds to implementing
environmental management systems for hoteliers; the government should
encourage more hoteliers and residents to access these funding opportunities.
It could market this support as a guarantee that Mallorca’s environment in
being protected and is pleasant to visit.
§ The public and private sectors have to realize that Mallorca has a wide range of
resources such as mountains, museums, restaurants, beaches, golf courses,
caves and other tourist attractions. Consequently there should be promotional
campaigns to focus on other types of tourists who want to come and explore
the island and its heritage, not a concentration solely on the typical 'sun, sea
and sand' tourist who displays no interest in culture. It is sometimes better to
have a smaller number of tourists of better quality, with more disposable
income, who do not bring as many negative impacts.
5.4. Evaluation of study The case study of this research allows future readers to have a better idea of the
impacts that have been caused by mass tourism in Mallorca due to a lack of
sustainable tourism. The chosen research strategy defines the scope and
38
limitations of the study. Due to the main objective being to study the perception of
the impact of mass tourism among local residents, a larger sample survey would
have allowed a bigger geographical spread on the island. More questionnaires
could have been distributed to obtain improved data; also, towns outside the
coastal areas should have been included in order to find more people who were
born on the island and people who no have contact with the tourism industry to
know their points of view about the impacts of tourism.
In the beginning of the research process, the author emailed different tourism
organisations to try to obtain an interview; only being successful with one, which
was Local Agenda 21 in Calviá, who are responsible for the sustainability of
tourism in the area. Unfortunately at the last minute Local Agenda 21 cancelled the
appointment, so the interview was therefore rejected. It is unfortunate, because
valuable qualitative data could have been obtained from an interview that would
have been hugely beneficial for this research.
5.5 Scope for further research For future research it would be important to create a questionnaire for tourists in
order to discover the motivations they have for travelling to Mallorca and the
viewpoints they have about the impacts of tourism on Mallorca. Other methods of
research could be carried out such as interviews or focus groups with some
hoteliers or other stakeholders responsible for the sustainability of tourism on the
island, to know what plans they have for the short, medium and long-term.
"Tourism is like fire: you can cook your dinner on it, but if you are not careful it will
burn your house down." (A fairer world, 2011)
39
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Appendices
44
Appendix A Following this, there is a list of the four types of questions used by the
researcher.
• Category: this type of response is one of a given set of categories.
For example: how old are you? The respondent can only answer with one of the
categories.
(1) � 18 – 25 (2) � 26 - 35 (3) � 36 - 45 (4) � 46 +
• Ranking: in this type of question, the respondent is asked to place
something in rank order.
For example: please rank – in order of importance to you - the following negative
impacts on the environment, which result from mass tourism on the island.
(Please rank the choices 1 for most important, to 5 for least important)
RANK (1) Too much construction ……….
(2) Lack of water supply ……….
(3) Air pollution ……….
(4) Noise pollution ……….
(5) Urban waste ……….
• Scale: there are several scaling devices that might be used in
questionnaires; these types of question devices are used to discover
strength of feeling and attitude.
For example: does the British vibe during `high season´ on the island make you
feel like you are the foreigner?
� Strongly agree � Agree � Neither � Disagree � Strongly disagree
• Open questions: the questionnaire has three open questions, in order
to give people the opportunity to elaborate more and for the author to
receive more qualitative analysis.
For example: do you think that the new phenomenon of the “all-inclusive”
holiday is negative or positive for Mallorca? Please explain why.
………………..……………………………………………………………………………
45
Appendix B
Questionnaire: English version
Local residents’ perceptions on the impacts of mass tourism in Mallorca
The entire survey will take approximately five minutes to complete. Thank you for participating in this research project.
1. How old are you? (Please tick your responses)
(1) � 18 – 25 (2) � 26 - 35 (3) � 36 - 45 (4) � 46 +
2. What is your gender? (Please tick your responses)
(1) � Male (2) � Female
3. What is your profession? (Please state)
............................................................................................................................
4. Were you born in Mallorca? (Please tick your responses)
(1) � No (2) � Yes
If not, why do you live on the island? (Please state)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. How strongly do you agree with the following statement? ‘Mass tourism has had a positive impact on the economy of Mallorca.’ (Please tick one only) (1) � Strongly agree
(2) � Agree
(3) � Neither
(4) � Disagree
(5) � Strongly disagree
46
6. How strongly do you agree with the following statement? ‘Mallorca´s economy would not survive without mass tourism.’ (Please tick one only)
(1) � Strongly agree
(2) � Agree
(3) � Neither
(4) � Disagree
(5) � Strongly disagree
7. From the list below: in your opinion, who benefits the most as a result of mass tourism to Mallorca? (Please tick as many as you choose)
Local residents
Government
Private sector such as
hoteliers, restaurants,
etc.….
Tour operators
Environment
8. How strongly do you agree with the following statement?
‘Mallorca currently has a poor quality of tourists when compared with ten years ago.’ (Please tick one only)
(1) � Strongly agree
(2) � Agree
(3) � Neither
(4) � Disagree
(5) � Strongly disagree
47
9. How would you define the behavior of tourists when they visit the island? (Please state)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………… 10. Do you think tourists should adapt to Mallorcan culture? Or
should Mallorca adapt itself to the culture of tourists? (Please tick
one only)
(1) � Tourists to Mallorca (2) � Mallorca to tourists (3) � Both
11. Does the British vibe during ‘high season’ on the island make you feel like you are the foreigner? (Please tick one only)
(1) � Strongly agree
(2) � Agree
(3) � Neither
(4) � Disagree
(5) � Strongly disagree
12. Do you think mass tourism brings social changes, such as the deterioration of traditions and values on the island? (Please tick one
only) (1) � Strongly agree
(2) � Agree
(3) � Neither
(4) � Disagree
(5) � Strongly disagree
48
13. Do you think that a new phenomenon, the ‘all-inclusive’ holiday, is negative or positive for Mallorca? Please explain why. (Please
state)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Please rank – in order of importance to you - the following negative impacts on the environment, which result from mass tourism on the island. (Please rank the choices 1 for most important, to 5 for
least important)
RANK (1) Too much construction ………. (2) Lack of water supply ………. (3) Air pollution ………. (4) Noise pollution ………. (5) Urban waste ……….
15. Do you think that the government of Mallorca should think more long-term about having more easily sustainable tourism on the island? (Please tick one only)
(1) � Strongly agree
(2) � Agree
(3) � Neither
(4) � Disagree
(5) � Strongly disagree
Thank you for your participation J
49
Appendix C Questionnaire: Spanish version
Percepción de los residentes sobre los impactos del turismo de masas en Mallorca
El estudio completo necesitara aproximadamente cinco minutos para ser completado. Gracias por participar en este proyecto de investigación.
4. ¿Cuantos años tiene? (Por favor marque su respuesta)
(1) � 18 – 25 (2) � 26 - 35 (3) � 36 - 45 (4) � 46 +
5. ¿Cual es su sexo? (Por favor marque su respuesta)
(1) � Hombre (2) � Mujer
6. ¿Cual es su profesión? (Por favor especifique)
............................................................................................................................
4. ¿Nació usted en Mallorca? (Por favor marque su respuesta)
(1) � No (2) � Si
Si su respuesta es no, ¿Por que vive usted en la Isla? (Por favor especifique)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. El turismo de masas ha tenido un impacto positivo en la economia de Mallorca. Valore esta afirmación. (Por favor marque solo
una respuesta) (1) � Muy de acuerdo
(2) � De acuerdo
(3) � Indeciso
(4) � En desacuerdo
(5) � Muy en desacuerdo
50
6. La economía Mallorquina podría sobrevivir sin el turismo de masas. Valore esta afirmación. (Por favor marque solo una respuesta)
(1) � Muy de acuerdo
(2) � De acuerdo
(3) � Indeciso
(4) � En desacuerdo
(5) � Muy en desacuerdo
7. De la siguiente lista: en su opinión, ¿Quien cree usted que se beneficia mas como consecuencia del turismo en masa de Mallorca? (Por favor marque tantas como usted desee)
Residentes, locales
Gobierno
Sector privado como
Hoteleros, restaurantes,
etc.….
Tour Operadores
Medio ambiente
8. En la actualidad el tipo de turista que visita Mallorca es peor
comparado al de hace diez años. Valore esta afirmación. (Por favor
marque solo una respuesta)
(1) � Muy de acuerdo
(2) � De acuerdo
(3) � Indeciso
(4) � En desacuerdo
(5) � Muy en desacuerdo
51
9. ¿Como definiría usted el comportamiento de los turistas cuando visitan la Isla? (Por favor especifique )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. ¿Cree usted que los turistas deberían adaptarse a Mallorca y su
cultura? O ¿Debería Mallorca adaptarse a la cultura de los turistas? (Por favor marque solo una respuesta)
(1) � Los turistas a Mallorca (2) � Mallorca a los turistas (3) � Ambos
11. El excesivo ambiente Ingles durante la temporada alta, ¿Le hace sentirse como si usted fuera el extranjero? (Por favor marque solo una
respuesta)
(1) � Muy de acuerdo
(2) � De acuerdo
(3) � Indeciso
(4) � En desacuerdo
(5) � Muy en desacuerdo
12. ¿Cree usted que el turismo de masas provoca cambios sociales,
tales como la perdida de tradiciones o valores Mallorquines? (Por
favor marque solo una respuesta)
(1) � Muy de acuerdo
(2) � De acuerdo
(3) � Indeciso
(4) � En desacuerdo
(5) � Muy en desacuerdo
52
13. ¿Cree usted que el nuevo fenómeno del modelo vacacional “Todo incluido” es negativo o positivo para Mallorca? Por favor explique por que? (Por favor especifique )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Por favor clasifique en orden de importancia los siguientes impactos negativos en el medio ambiente como resultado del turismo de masa en la isla . (Por favor clasifique de 1 al 5 empezando desde
el mas al menos importante)
Clasificación (1) Exceso de construcción ………. (2) Falta de suministro de agua potable ………. (3) Contaminación del aire ………. (4) Contaminación acústica ………. (5) Exceso de residuos urbanos ……….
15. ¿Cree usted que el gobierno mallorquín debe pensar mas a largo plazo e implantar un mejor plan de turismo sostenible en la isla? (Por favor marque una sola respuesta )
(1) � Muy de acuerdo
(2) � De acuerdo
(3) � Indeciso
(4) � En desacuerdo
(5) � Muy en desacuerdo
Gracias por su participación J