□We had been conquered by other power for more than 400 years.“Thanks to British who had finally give us our independence”.Support your argument of historical view on governments in Malay Archipelago.

Colonialism

□ Is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition

and expansion of colonies in one territory by

people from another territory.

□ A process whereby sovereignty over the colony is

claimed by the metropole and the social

structure.

□ Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships.

□ Marked its inauguration in 1400 A.D. by European

countries.

Imperialism

□ The creation & maintenance of an unequal

economic, cultural and territorial relationship,

usually between states and often in the form of

an empire, based on domination and

subordination.

□ “Imperialism” is derived from the Latin verb

imperare (to command).

Differences

□ Imperialism is concept, colonialism is practice.

□ Colonialism is based on an imperial outlook.

□ Colonialism refers to the implanting of

settlements on a distant territory.

What is colonization?

□ Colonization derives from the Latin colere, "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect," originally related to humans.

□ It is normally equated to colonialism nowadays, which means establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory, a.k.a the colonizers.

The Colonization of Different Part in Malay Archipelago

□Colonization of Malacca□Colonization of Penang and Kedah□Colonization of Johor and Singapore□Colonization of Northern States (Kedah,

Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu)□Colonization of Perak□Colonization of Selangor□Colonization of Sungai Ujong in Negeri

Sembilan □Colonization of Pahang

Malacca

□The Portuguese, who arrived in 1509, were at first welcomed as trading partners, but then expelled when their desire on the country became apparent.

□The Portuguese returned two years later, seized the city, and then attempted to turn it into an impregnable fortress.

□Malacca was later taken over by the Dutch, who starved the city into submission in 1641 after a six month siege.

□When Holland was overrun by the French in the Napoleonic wars, the Dutch Prince of Orange ordered all his overseas possessions to surrender to the British.

□After the wars ended the British handed Melaka back to the Dutch, then shortly afterwards managed to regain the city by swapping one of their Sumatran colonies for it.

□Apart from a brief tenure by the Japanese during WW2, the city stayed in British hands until Malaysia declared independence, here in Melaka, in 1957.

Penang and Kedah

□In April 1771, Jourdain, Sulivan and de Souza, a British firm based in Madras, India sent Francis Light to meet the Sultan of Kedah, Muhammad Jiwa Shah, to open up the state's market for trading.

□The Sultan faced multiple external threats during this period, including the clout of Siam (Thailand) over the state.

□Sultan agreed to allow the firm to build a trading post and operate in Kedah, if the British agreed to protect Kedah from external pressure.

□The Company, however, ordered Light to take over Penang, and gave him no guarantee of the military aid that the Sultan had asked earlier

□Soon the Company made up its mind and told Light that they would not give any military aid to Kedah. Feeling cheated, the Sultan ordered Light to leave Penang, but Light refused.

□Light's refusal caused Sultan to strengthen Kedah's military and fortify Prai, in response to that, the British razed the fort in Prai and thereby forced the Sultan to sign an agreement that legally allowed the British to occupy Penang.

□In 1800, Kedah ceded Prai to the British and the Sultan received a further 4,000 pesos to his annual rent. Penang was later named Prince of Wales Island while Perai was renamed Province Wellesley.

□ In 1821, Siam invaded Kedah, sacked the capital of Alor Star, and occupied the state until 1842.

Colonization of Johor and Singapore□Singapore was at first under the control of

Tengku Abdul Rahman, the Sultan of the Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate.

□However, Tengku Abdul Rahman had become a sultan only because his older brother, Tengku Hussein, had been away getting married in Penang when their father, died in 1812.

□In 1819, Raffles made a deal with Tengku Hussein. The agreement stated that the British would acknowledge Tengku Hussein as the legitimate ruler of Singapore if he allowed them to establish a trading post there. The treaty was later ratified on 6 February 1819.

□The Dutch were extremely displeased with Raffles' action. However, with the signing of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, Dutch opposition to the British presence in Singapore receded.

□ The treaty also divided the Sultanate of Johor into modern Johor and the new Sultanate of Riau.

Northern States (Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu)

□The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 or the Bangkok Treaty of 1909 was signed between British and Siam.

□In the new agreement, Siam agreed to give up its claim over Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu and Kelantan, while Pattani remained as Siamese territory.

□Malay rulers did not acknowledge the treaty, but were too weak to resist British influence. In the end, they had no choice but to succumb to British and were forced to accept a British Advisor as their political consultant. Examples of advisor are George Maxwell in Kedah and Meadows Frost in Perlis.

Perak□ As Perak to increase its mining operations,

it suffered a shortage of labour.□ Malay administrator Long Jaafar invited the

Chinese in Penang to work in Perak, particularly at Larut.

□ By the 1840s, Perak's Chinese population exploded.

□ Two largest group were Ghee Hin and Hai San. These two groups regularly tried to increase their influence in Perak and this resulted in frequent skirmishes.

□Meanwhile, there was a power struggle in the Perak royal court. Sultan Ali died in 1871 and the next in line for the throne was the Raja Muda or the crown prince, Raja Abdullah.

□Raja Abdullah was not appointed as the new sultan by the ministers of Perak because he was not present during the burial of the sultan.

□Raja Bendaraha Raja Ismail, became the next sultan of Perak.

□Raja Abdullah was furious and refused to accept the news kindly.

□He then sought and gathered political supports from various channels, including several of Perak's local chiefs and several British personnel.

□Furthermore, he promised to accept a British advisor if the British recognized him as the legitimate ruler of Perak.

□Later, through the signing of the Pangkor Treaty on 20 January 1874, Clarke acknowledged Raja Abdullah as the legitimate sultan of Perak. Immediately, J.W.W. Birch was appointed as a British resident in Perak.

□Raja Ismail while not party to the agreement, was forced to abdicate due to intense external pressure applied by Clarke.

Selangor

□This rapid development of Selangor attracted great interest from the British in the Straits Settlements.

□The economy of Selangor became important enough to the prosperity of the Straits Settlements.

□Therefore, the British felt they needed to have a say in Selangor politics.

□One major disturbance, amounting to a civil war, was the Klang War which began in 1867.

□In November 1873, a ship from Penang was attacked by pirates near Kuala Langat, Selangor.

□The sultan expressed concern and requested assistance from Sir Andrew Clarke. Frank Swettenham was appointed to serve as the sultan's advisor.

□Approximately a year later, a lawyer from Singapore named J.G. Davidson was appointed as British Resident in Selangor.

Sungai Ujong in Negeri Sembilan

□Sungai Ujong, a state was the site of many locally important mines and was ruled by Dato' Kelana Sendeng.

□However, another local chieftain named Dato' Bandar Kulop Tunggal had more influence than Dato' Kelana.

□The strained relationship between Dato' Bandar and Dato' Kelana caused frequent disturbances in Sungai Ujong.

□. In early 1873, Dato' Kelana Sendeng died, Sayid Abdul Rahman took his place, becoming the new Dato' Kelana.

□The death however did not repair the relationship between Dato' Kelana and Dato' Bandar. On the contrary, it deteriorated.

□When the British changed their non-interventionist policy in 1873 by replacing Sir Harry Ord with Sir Andrew Clarke as the new governor of the Straits Settlements, Dato' Kelana immediately realized that the British could strengthen his position in Sungai Ujong.

□Dato' Kelana immediately realized that the British could strengthen his position in Sungai Ujong.

□Dato' Kelana wasted no time in contacting and lobbying the British in Malacca to support him.

□In April 1874, Sir Andrew Clarke seized Dato' Kelana's request and Clarke acknowledged Dato' Kelana as the legitimate chief of Sungai Ujong.

□The British and Dato' Kelana signed a treaty which required Dato' Kelana to rule Sungai Ujong justly, protect traders, and prevent any anti-British action there. Dato' Bandar was not invited to sign the agreement and hence asserted that he was not bound by the agreement.

□Moreover, Dato' Bandar and the locals disapproved of the British presence in Sungai Ujong. This further made Dato' Kelana unpopular there.

□William A. Pickering recognized the predicament Dato' Kelana was in and reported back to the Straits Settlements. This prompted the British to send 160 soldiers to Sungai Ujong to help Pickering defeat Dato' Bandar. At the end of 1874, Dato' Bandar fled to Kepayang.

□As the year progressed, British influence increased to the point that an assistant resident was placed there to advise and assist Dato' Kelana with the governance of Sungai Ujong

Pahang□After the decline of Aceh in the mid-17th

century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, and gradually recovered a great degree of autonomy.

□From 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a civil war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara.

□The war ended when Wan Ahmad was proclaimed the new sultan in 1887, but his role from that point onward was largely ceremonial, as the British forced him to sign a treaty bringing the country under control of a British Resident.

Did our colonisers really conquered Malaysia for 400

years?□Yes□Malacca was taken as a part of Malaysia’s history when it was still independent□1509, the Portuguese came to Malacca but was attacked by Malaccans

□1511, Alfonso de Albuquerque took the city, forcing the sultan to flee to Johor

□In Johor, the sultan reestablished new kingdom

□Therefore Malacca was colonized since 1511

□Malaysia was considered to be held under colonization since 1511 until 1957

□Therefore Malaysia was colonized for 446 years

Did our colonisers really conquered Malaysia for 400

years?□No□Malacca was an independent country

in 1509□The kingdom of Malacca not only in

Malay Peninsula but also Indonesia□After Malacca was conquered by

Portuguese, the fugitive sultan of Malacca founded the kingdom of Riau Johore in the early 16th century

□During the 18th century the Malay Peninsula lost all semblance of cohesive government

□Malay Peninsula was split up into a number of weak and mutually hostile states

□The history of colonization of Malaysia started

□In 1786, with the efforts of a former British naval officer, Francis Light, Penang was brought under the control of the British East India Company

□The Portuguese does not have an effective control

□Malacca is weak and poor□The murder of its sultan in 1699,

marking the extinction of the royal line of Malacca

□The periodic invasions of the Bugis from Sulawesi (Celebes), began the disintegration of the Riau Johore kingdom

□The Bugis established themselves in Selangor, and in 1722 became de facto rulers of the Johore kingdom

□Malaysia was colonized since 1786 until 1957

□Malaysia was colonized for only 171 years

Argument 2

□Do we need to thank the British Colonisers

for giving us independence ?

Yes

□The British Colonisers did not suppress any of the 3 major races , giving us a sense of unity among different races .

□Establishing the Community Liason Committee(CLC) to foster better understanding and more harmonious relationship between races.

□The British colonisers gave all races minimum education to broaden our knowledge on the rights of freedom and the importance of independence.

□Survey the people’s opinion on the issue of independence.

No

□The British colonisers tried to segregate us by implementing the vernacular education system ,divide and order policy.

□They did not consider our people’s interest as evidenced by the exploitation of our country’s natural resources.

□The British government were reluctant to grant full independence to Singapore and its amalgamation into Malaya because they believed it would provide a haven for communism.

Conclusion□British finally granted independence

to us in year 1957.□We should attribute our country’s

independence mostly to our leader’s perseverance and never-say-die spirit.

□Thanks to them, we can live our lives proudly as Malaysians rather than as a stateless vagabond.