Malaysian Research Experience in Rainwater Harvesting
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1 1 MALAYSIAN RESEARCH EXPERIENCE MALAYSIAN RESEARCH EXPERIENCE IN RAINWATER HARVESTING IN RAINWATER HARVESTING PRESENTED BY: IR. AHMAD JAMALLUDDIN SHAABAN NATIONAL HYDRAULICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA NATIONAL HYDRAULICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
Transcript of Malaysian Research Experience in Rainwater Harvesting
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MALAYSIAN RESEARCH EXPERIENCEMALAYSIAN RESEARCH EXPERIENCEIN RAINWATER HARVESTINGIN RAINWATER HARVESTING
PRESENTED BY:IR. AHMAD JAMALLUDDIN SHAABAN
NATIONAL HYDRAULICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIANATIONAL HYDRAULICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCH FOCUS OF RESEARCH PILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGECONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONFOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGECONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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Drought ImpactsDrought ImpactsMelakaMelaka ––
•• 1998 Water Rationing + Transfer1998 Water Rationing + Transfer
SelangorSelangor ––•• 1998 Water Rationing from April to September1998 Water Rationing from April to September
KedahKedah ––•• Released 15 Released 15 CumecsCumecs for 10 Days to augment for 10 Days to augment Penang’sPenang’s
Water Need in 1998Water Need in 1998
KelantanKelantan --•• 1998 1998 –– KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise
WL at WL at PasirPasir MasMas Pump HousePump House
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Drought Impacts Drought Impacts cont…cont…
SabahSabah –– (1998)(1998)•• State Wide RF Deficit ranging from 4 to 9 monthsState Wide RF Deficit ranging from 4 to 9 months•• 2,797 sq. km and 170,000 people affected2,797 sq. km and 170,000 people affected•• 1580 sq. km affected by wild fire1580 sq. km affected by wild fire•• Of these, 100 sq. km are agricultural lands Of these, 100 sq. km are agricultural lands •• 7,200 Farmers affected and Damage Cost ~ RM 7.0 Mil.7,200 Farmers affected and Damage Cost ~ RM 7.0 Mil.•• Water Rationing and Food AidsWater Rationing and Food Aids
Sarawak Sarawak –– (1998)(1998)•• Wild FiresWild Fires•• Air Pollution Air Pollution -- Schools Shut DownSchools Shut Down•• Coastal Areas Coastal Areas –– Water Shortage Water Shortage
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STRAITS OFMALACCA
LEGEND :Rainfall Station
WL/Gauging Station
Island
State Boundary
Existing Dam
Proposed Dam
Water Treat. Plant
Town
River
NEGERI SEMBILAN
100o40’ 102o10’102o00’
02o40’
02o50’
03o00’
03o10’
03o20’
03o30’
03o50’
03o40’
PERAK
100o50’
PAHANG
KTengi River
Bernam River
101o00’
SELANGOR
G IH
J
L
Selangor River
Kuala KubuBharu
BatuCA = 50km2
Petaling River
101o20’101o10’
E
Klang River
KlangCA = 77.16km2
Petaling
D
LangatCA = 41km2
ALangat River
101o30’ 101o40’ 101o50’
W 2 B
C
FW1
KUALA LUMPU
R
FEDERAL TERRITOR
Y
SemenyihCA= 56km2
Semenyih W.T Plant
LangatW.T Plant
KUALA SELANGO
R
PETALING JAYA
KAJANGKLANG
SEPANG KLIA
SHAH ALAM
Limit of Inference
LEGEND FOR SPI DROUGHT SEVERITY:
Severe
Moderate
Normal/Near Normal
Figure 5 : Spatial Distribution of the SPI Drought Severity
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Evaporation360 bill. m3
(36%)
groundwater64 bill. m3
(7%)
Surface runoff566 bill. m3
(57%)
Rainfall Rainfall –– 3000 mm per yr.3000 mm per yr.Volume Volume –– 990 billion m990 billion m33
-- Annual rainwater approximately 990 billion cubic meter. (Area = Annual rainwater approximately 990 billion cubic meter. (Area = 330,000km square with Average Annual Rainfall 3,000mm).330,000km square with Average Annual Rainfall 3,000mm).
-- 566 billion meter cubic becomes surface runoff566 billion meter cubic becomes surface runoff-- 360 billion meter cubic evaporated360 billion meter cubic evaporated-- 64 billion meter cubic discharges as groundwater64 billion meter cubic discharges as groundwater-- Water consumption approximately 12.5 billion meter cubic (year Water consumption approximately 12.5 billion meter cubic (year
2000) 2000) –– only about 2.2% of the surface runoff.only about 2.2% of the surface runoff.-- But.. Malaysia still have water supply disruption?? (1998 droughBut.. Malaysia still have water supply disruption?? (1998 drought t
brought unpleasant water supply disruptions to 1.8 million residbrought unpleasant water supply disruptions to 1.8 million residents ents of of KlangKlang Valley)Valley)
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Can Rainwater reduce the problem?Can Rainwater reduce the problem?What are the benefits of using rainwater??What are the benefits of using rainwater??
Reduce the dependence and demand of public water supply
Reduction of water bills (more attractive monetary Saving from SPAH with increase in water tariff in future)
Additional water supply for fire protection or emergency use
Benefits ofRainwaterHarvesting
To increase soil moisture levels for urban greenery
Reduction of Peak Discharge, Time to Peak Discharge & Volume of Runoff
Reduce salt accumulation in soil which can be harmful to root growth
To increase the ground water table through artificial recharge
Reduce land erosion and flooding
Contribute in overcoming shortage of waterduring extreme droughts
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGECONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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FOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCH
1)1) Supplementing public water supplySupplementing public water supply2)2) Peak Runoff ReductionPeak Runoff Reduction3)3) AestheticsAesthetics4)4) EconomicsEconomics5)5) QualityQuality
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGECONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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NAHRIM’S PILOT SPAH PROJECTSNAHRIM’S PILOT SPAH PROJECTS
DOMESTICDOMESTIC- A double storey terrace house at Taman Wangsa Melawati,
Kuala Lumpur
PUBLIC FACILITYPUBLIC FACILITY- A mosque Complex at Taman Bukit Indah, Ampang- Secondary School, Sri Aman Girls’ School- Bukit Jalil Secondary School
OFFICE COMPLEXOFFICE COMPLEX- Head Quarters of Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Kuala
Lumpur- NAHRIM Complex
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Rainwater System ComponentsRainwater System Components
Catchment Catchment -- roofroofConveyance Conveyance –– gutters and downpipesgutters and downpipesFiltering Filtering –– first flushfirst flushStorage Tank Storage Tank Booster pump Booster pump Roof tank Roof tank Distribution Distribution -- plumbing (to toilets, washing plumbing (to toilets, washing machine and general use) machine and general use)
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150mm. Gutter
150 mm Gutter
75mm. Conveyance pVc Pipe
75 mm. Conveyance pVc Pipe
Ultrasonic
Flow meter
20mm. Overflow Pipe
Rainwater collected from roof
Rainwater collected from roof
First Flush Device
40mm. Scour Valve
Filter Media (mesh)
Filter Media (mesh)
5,000 liters Storage Tank
Pumpset(Electrical)25 mm
Valve
25mm. valve
1” valve
Roof Storage Tank
25mm Main
15 mm. Distribution pipe
W.C W.C
Connected to separate roof tank W.C
50mm. Scour Valve
1st FLOOR
Bathroom 2
Bathroom 115 mm.Tap
Bathroom 3
Rainfall Station
Water Level Indicator
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1616
1717
Storage Cum Detention TankStorage Cum Detention Tank
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Rainwater Use for various facilitiesRainwater Use for various facilities
14141,9501,9506565General Cleaning General Cleaning (including car and (including car and motorcycle washing)motorcycle washing)
10010013,65013,650455455TotalTotal
20202,7002,7009090Toilet Flushing (3 Toilet Flushing (3 W.CsW.Cs))
66669,0009,000300300Washing clothesWashing clothes
%%Average monthly Average monthly use (liters)use (liters)
Average daily use Average daily use (liters)(liters)
ItemItem
Monthly Rainwater useMonthly Rainwater use : 13,650 liters (34%): 13,650 liters (34%)Monthly water use (from public water supply)Monthly water use (from public water supply) : 27,000 liters (66%): 27,000 liters (66%)Total Monthly Household Water UseTotal Monthly Household Water Use : 40,650 liters : 40,650 liters
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SYSTEM COST (Double Terrace House)SYSTEM COST (Double Terrace House)
4,3004,300TotalTotal
750750Water Pump (electrical)Water Pump (electrical)
2,5002,5001 No1 NoBrick Tank (ground) 5,000 liters capacityBrick Tank (ground) 5,000 liters capacity
2002001 No1 NoWater Tank (top)Water Tank (top)
400400Plumbing WorksPlumbing Works
200200Conveyance SystemConveyance System
150150Gutter (Gutter (uPVCuPVC))Amount (RM)Amount (RM)UnitUnitItemsItems
2020
UNIT COST OF RAINWATERUNIT COST OF RAINWATER(Brick Tank)(Brick Tank)
C = Initial Capital CostC = Initial Capital CostN = Expected system lifeN = Expected system lifeC = RM 4,300.00C = RM 4,300.00N = 20N = 20C/N C/N = RM 215.00= RM 215.00Operating CostOperating Cost = RM 53.08= RM 53.08Total Annual CostTotal Annual Cost = RM 268.00= RM 268.00YieldYield = 102 meter cubic= 102 meter cubicUnit Cost of RainwaterUnit Cost of Rainwater = Annual Cost/ Yield= Annual Cost/ Yield
= RM 2.63/ meter cubic= RM 2.63/ meter cubic
-- The rainwater system (storage 5mThe rainwater system (storage 5m³³, 6 person) could meet up to , 6 person) could meet up to 34% of the domestic non34% of the domestic non--potable household water requirement.potable household water requirement.
-- Peak storm runoff reduction )when rainwater cum detention Peak storm runoff reduction )when rainwater cum detention storage systems are installed at all the houses) at the storage systems are installed at all the houses) at the catchmentcatchment outlet achieved is 24% (can be up to 70% if extend to outlet achieved is 24% (can be up to 70% if extend to the shop house, mosque, kindergarten and the community the shop house, mosque, kindergarten and the community recreational park.recreational park.
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Figure 3 : Reliability (%) for 60 m2 and 100 m2 Roof Catchment Areas vs various Tank Sizes - Water Demand of 455 litres/day -
(Roof Runoff Coefficient = 0.8)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
TANK SIZE (m3)
REL
IAB
ILIT
Y (%
)
Roof Catchment = 100 m2
Roof Catchment = 60 m2
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A Mosque Complex at Taman A Mosque Complex at Taman Bukit Indah, AmpangBukit Indah, Ampang
151 .723
47 ’33°
20"
123°
31.682
47’10"
20"47’
123°
10"
80.905
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HDPE SHEET
TANK MODULE
The Installation of SPAH at Mosque Complex,The Installation of SPAH at Mosque Complex,Taman Bukit Indah (During Investigation)Taman Bukit Indah (During Investigation)
MASJID BUKIT INDAH, AMPANG
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2525
HDPE SHEET
TANK MODULE
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Figure 3 : Underground Storage Tank (Cross-section)
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890
200
500
200
1300 200
PARKING AREA
200
8360 2040 2040
EXCAVATION EDGE250mm Ø INLET PIPE
EXIST. SUMP
HDPE LINER
1:50
SUBMERSIBLE PUMPWITH FLOATING INLET1 LAYER DRAINAGE CELL
1224Om x 5785m x 0.89m DEPTH
200mm THK. SAND BEDDING
PARKING SURFACE COMPACTED EARTHHYDRONET
200mm THK. SAND
ATLANTIS STORAGE TANK
HEAVY DUTY COVER ATLANTIS STORAGE TANK1224Om x 5785m x 0.89m DEPTH225mm THK BRICK
4mm THK. CHEQUE PLATE
HYDRONETOR APPROVE EQUIVALENT
EXCAVATION EDGE
2727
STRIP FILTER PIPE
2828
RAIN WATER SENSOR UNIT
2929
3030
CONSTANT PRESSURESTARTER PANEL
Sump
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
Permanently marked50mm Ø discharge pipe
RAINWATER / STORMWATER CONVEYANCE PIPE
RAINWATER / STORMWATER CONVEYANCE PIPE
GRUNDFOS PUMPSQE 3-65
FLOW METER
PRESSURE TANK,PRESSURE GAUGE,PRESSURE TRANSMITTERAND FLOW SWITCH
SENSOR CABLE
COLD WATER TANK COLD WATER TANK
COLD WATER TANK
Mechanism for automatic switching on of Public Water Supply in the case of power failure (i.e. pumps not working)
NON RETURN VALVE
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WATER DEMANDWATER DEMAND-- Daily water demand = 15,000 liters (based on 2,500 person utilizDaily water demand = 15,000 liters (based on 2,500 person utilizing 6 liters per ing 6 liters per
toilet flush)toilet flush)-- Total daily water demand = 26,250 liters (for Total daily water demand = 26,250 liters (for wudhuwudhu, toilet flushing and general , toilet flushing and general
cleaning)cleaning)SYSTEM COSTSYSTEM COST
System Cost (C) = RM 95,000.00System Cost (C) = RM 95,000.00Life Expectancy (N) = 25 YearsLife Expectancy (N) = 25 YearsC/N = RM 3,800.00C/N = RM 3,800.00Operating Cost (est.) = RM 300.00Operating Cost (est.) = RM 300.00Total Annual Cost = RM 4,100.00Total Annual Cost = RM 4,100.00Rainwater Utilized = 3249 Rainwater Utilized = 3249 m³m³ per annumper annumUnit cost of Water = RM 1.26 per Unit cost of Water = RM 1.26 per m³m³
For comparison purposes the water rates in Kuala Lumpur and SelaFor comparison purposes the water rates in Kuala Lumpur and Selangorngorfor selected categories are given below:for selected categories are given below:--Religious Institution = RM 0.46 per Religious Institution = RM 0.46 per m³m³--Residential houses = RM 2.00 per meter cubic (for consumption Residential houses = RM 2.00 per meter cubic (for consumption > 35 m> 35 m³³))--Government building = RM 1.61 per Government building = RM 1.61 per m³m³
Can save up to 34% of public water supply annually with unit Can save up to 34% of public water supply annually with unit cost RM 1.26 per m³.cost RM 1.26 per m³.
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Mosque Complex at Taman Bukit Indah
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
60 90 120 150 180 210
Tank Size (m3)
Rel
iabi
lity
(%)
Catchment Area = 3569 m2 Catchment Area = 5477 m2
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WATER QUALITY ASPECTSWATER QUALITY ASPECTSCollection and storage of rainwater introduces the potential forchemical, physical and microbial contamination.
The most common hazards in water sources obtained from surface catchments worldwide, including roof run-off, are microbial pathogens origin (enteric pathogens).
Collecting rainwater for drinking and cooking are not recommended in area affected by airborne pollution form very heavy traffic and industrial activities or agricultural crop dusting or spraying.
Microorganisms may be present in rainwater collected in domestictanks, but provided the systems are well maintained, the risk ofharmful organisms being present is low.
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MAINTAINING RAINWATER QUALITYMAINTAINING RAINWATER QUALITYEnsuring the quality of rainwater collected requires sensible maintainance of rainwater tank and roof catchments. The following simple steps can be taken to help improve rainwater quality:
Regularly inspect and clean gutters, roof catchments and tank screens.Remove overhead branches.Consider installing gutter screens or guards.Ensure tank does not become a mosquito breeding site by preventing access and cleaning screens regularly.Examine tank for accumulation of sludge every 2 to 3 years and remove by siphon or by empting the tank.40 mm of liquids sodium hypo-chlorides or 7gm granular calcium hypo-chlorites per 1000 liters of water.
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METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Chemical Parameters: Physical Parameters:
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Turbidity
Water Quality Parameters
Measured are:
TemperaturepH
Sulphate
Ferum
PhosphateMicrobial Parameters:
CopperE- Coli
Ammoniac NitrogenColiform
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WATER CLASSESWATER CLASSES
None of the aboveCLASS V
IrrigationCLASS IV
Water Supply III – extensive treatment required(Fishery III – common of economic value and tolerant species livestock drinking)
CLASS III
Recreational use with body contactCLASS II B
Water supply II – Conventional treatment required (Fishery II – sensitive aquatic species)
CLASS II A
Conservation of natural environment water supply 1 – practically n treatment necessary (Fishery 1 – very sensitive aquatic species)
CLASS 1USESCLASSES
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INTERIM NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MALAYSIAINTERIM NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MALAYSIA
>50000500005000050005000100Total Caliform
-5000 (20000)*5000 (20000)*
40010010Faecal Coliform
---50505Turbidity / NTU
--Normal 2CNormal 2C-Temperature
300300-505025Total Suspended Solid
-4000--1000500Total Dissolved Solid
---150NNTaste
-2--10.5Salinity/ %
---15015015Colour/ (TCU)
-5 – 95 – 96 – 96 – 96.5 –8.5pH
<1<33 – 55 – 75 – 77DO (mg/l)
>10010050252510COD (mg/l)
>12126331BOD (mg/l)
>2.72.70.90.30.30.1Ammoniacal Nitrogen (mg/l)
VIVIIIIIBIIAIPARAMETERS/ UNIT
CLASSES
Notes: N: No visible floatable materials or debris or No objectionable odors, or No objectionable taste.•: maximum not to be exceeded
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ANALYSISANALYSIS
Table 1: Analysis readings of rainwater monitoring in 2003
0.02 – 0.20.01 – 0.060.01 – 0.08mg/lCopper
10.02 – 0.330.01 – 0.12mg/lAmmoniacalNitrogen
10.01 – 0.50.01 – 0.06mg/lFerum2501 – 120 – 1mg/lSO4
Normal +2C19.6 – 32.125 – 30.4( C )Temperature6 – 96.52 – 7.326.3 – 8.63pH5000<1 – 2419<1 – 980MPNColiform400<1 – 1986<1 – 410MPNE-Coli
5 – 73.4 – 5.363.4 – 5.9mg/lDO502.68 – 11.71.38 – 7.4NTUTurbidity
CLASS II B (INTERIM MALAYSIA
STANDARD)
MOSQUE COMPLEX
DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE
UNITPARAMETER
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ANALYSISANALYSIS
Table 2: Analysis readings of rainwater monitoring in 2004
0.02 – 0.20.16 – 0.190.06 – 0.11mg/lCopper
10.07 – 0.410.1 – 0.19mg/lAmmoniacalNitrogen
10.05 – 0.80.02 – 0.03mg/lFerum2508 – 130 – 1mg/lSO4
Normal +2C2525 ( C )Temperature6 – 96.98 – 7.617.72 – 8.03pH5000184 – 829<1 – 1011MPNColiform40023 – 69<1 – 53MPNE-Coli
5 – 72.8 – 4.44.2 – 5.3mg/lDO501.11– 5.211.4 – 2.21NTUTurbidity
CLASS II B (INTERIM MALAYSIA
STANDARD)
MOSQUE COMPLEX
DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE
UNITPARAMETER
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ANALYSISANALYSIS
Table 3: Analysis readings of rainwater monitoring in 2005
0.02 – 0.20.12 – 0.380.13 – 0.18mg/lCopper
10.01 – 0.150.01 – 0.18mg/lAmmoniacalNitrogen
10.10 – 0.350.01 – 0.03mg/lFerum2505 – 100 – 2mg/lSO4
Normal +2C25.1 – 29.025.1 – 30.4( C )Temperature6 – 96.98 – 7.967.42 – 8.08pH5000<1 – 2400<1 – 2400MPNColiform400<1 – 214<1 – 236MPNE-Coli
5 – 74.5 – 5.53.5 – 6.4mg/lDO500.13 – 7.380.4 – 2.74NTUTurbidity
CLASS II B (INTERIM MALAYSIA
STANDARD)
MOSQUE COMPLEX
DOUBLE STOREY HOUSE
UNITPARAMETER
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RESULTRESULTThe quality of rainwater is within the acceptable limit except for E-Coli (2003).
Standard Class IIB – recreational use with body contact.
Not for drinking purpose but useful for other purpose such as toilet flushing, watering plants, washing car, cleaning up porch, gardening, etc.
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POLICY DEVELOPMENTPOLICY DEVELOPMENT
RWU GUIDELINES BY KPKT IN 1999
NWRC RESOLUTION (ENCOURAGING RWU)
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ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TO ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS TO ENCOURAGE RAINWATER ENCOURAGE RAINWATER UTILISATIONUTILISATION
1- provision of subsidies2- tax and cost rebates3- education and raising awareness4- guidelines
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1) 1) Provision of SubsidiesProvision of Subsidies
Higher cost of installation, maintenance and usage of rain water harvesting than piped water.
=>consideration for subsidies to encourage the public to install RWU systems.
In Japan, there is no national legislation governing the practice of RWU, but local governments are very active in promoting RWU by way of subsidies.
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For example, In Yamata City of Kanagawa, the local authorities installed 19 rainwater tanks in all 19 municipal primary schools as a means of promoting environment education.
In the city of Kobe where a 150-200 liters rainwater tank costs between 30,000-50,000 yens, the government will subsidize up to 2/3 of the cost, as a step to encourage the installation of the system.
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In Australia, Queensland’s state government have set up a new program, the Home Water Wise Service, which is a subsidized service that sees licensed plumbers visiting homes to install a range of water efficient devices and providing advice on water saving strategies.
Homeowners can receive a water audit on their home, replace their old showerheads for water-efficient ones, fix leaking taps and receive information and advice on how to make their home water efficient.
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2)2) Tax & Cost RebatesTax & Cost Rebates
Tax RebateTax Rebate
Consideration of offering homeowners/members of public who choose to participate in RWU and manufacturers and suppliers of RWU systems or equipment.
This tax rebate for home owners has been implemented successfully in India.
e.g. in the cities of Indore and Gwalior in the state of Madhya Pradesh, a rebate of 6 % on property tax has been offered by the municipal corporation as incentive to encourage the public for implementing RWU systems.
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Consideration for tax rebate for various stakeholders such as manufacturers, suppliers, housing developers, contractors who are involved in RWU systems production and installation.
e.g. In Texas, USA, the State Government provides a Sales Tax Redemption for water efficiency equipment – including equipment for RWU. RWU materials are tax-free. Measures such as this willencourage the participation of the stakeholders.
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Cost Rebates to Property OwnersCost Rebates to Property Owners
Providing rebates for the purchase and installation of RWU equipment and installation.
This has been implemented successfully in Australia where each state government implements its own scheme to implement and encourage RWU among homeowners.
e.g. in Queensland, under the Home Water Wise Rebate Scheme, most City Councils will offer various rebates for the purchase and installation of the water tanks and other related items such as showerheads, toilets, etc.
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e.g. In Pine Rivers Shire, rebates are given to encourage homeowners to participate in RWU to reduce relying on piped water supply. Rebate is given for pumps and other RWU-friendly equipment, plumbing materials and installation cost. The council is also waiving the inspection fee. Rebate also given for the replacement from a single flush toilet to a dual flush toilet suite.
In Sydney, rebates are given for the installation of rainwater tanks. Eligibility and amount of the rebate is determined on the fulfillment of required conditions, size of the tank and whether the rainwater is connected to your toilet or washing machine.
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e.g. Brisbane City Council provides rebates for homeowners who purchase water tanks and fulfill other conditions that has been set by the Council.
Residential or Body Corporate Rebate is provided for the purchase of tanks. An internal connection rebate is also available.
e.g. in Toowoomba, rebates are offered for homeowner who purchases a rainwater tank. To be eligible for the rebate, the tanks must have a capacity of at least 5,000 liters, and be connected to at least one toilet cistern or alternatively, to the washing machine; and to a garden tap.
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3) 3) Education and Raising AwarenessEducation and Raising Awareness
Campaigns by various related Government Agencies and mass media to be conducted to promote benefit and importance of RWU.
Steps should be taken to incorporate RWU into school education curriculum.
In Australia, certain state governments have introduced a Rainwater Tanks in School Program whereby participating schools will be given a rebate for the installation of a rainwater tank. Besides that, awareness campaigns on importance of conserving water is also done in the schools.
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4)4) GuidelinesGuidelines
Malaysia has “Guidelines for Installing a Rainwater Collection and Utilization System” It generally does not deal with cost and implementation issues. A standardized and user friendly guideline, will be more convenient for consumers to install and maintain suitable rainwater harvesting systems .
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Each city council in the state of Queensland has its own Guidelines for Installation of Rainwater Tanks
In UK, although RWU is not mandatory, homeowners are free to install the system, but still need to comply with existing regulations and guidelines.
In Germany, RWU has yet to be made mandatory and no specific legislation is available. However, there is a national guidelines to regulate RWU.
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
With regard to Malaysia, it is recommended that a combination of the methods stated above should be implemented.
From a legal perspective, introducing RWU under a by law would be the more feasible method by amending the Uniform Building By-Laws to include a requirement for RWU installation in buildings.
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Monetary or economic incentives like cash or tax rebates and subsidies in purchasing or installing RWU devices should be introduced to attract public interest.
Education and awareness campaigns should start from the early stages to instill a sense of awareness.
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TANGKI NAHRIM (Software Application)TANGKI NAHRIM (Software Application)
NAHRIM has its own software called NAHRIM has its own software called TangkiTangki NAHRIM for NAHRIM for RWH research purpose.RWH research purpose.
contains meteorological data. contains meteorological data.
Beneficial to researchers or engineers to design an accurate Beneficial to researchers or engineers to design an accurate and suitable rainwater system.and suitable rainwater system.
Contain whole Malaysia rainfall data in its database software.Contain whole Malaysia rainfall data in its database software.
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TangkiTangki NahrimNahrim Dialogue BoxDialogue Box
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TangkiTangki NahrimNahrim Dialogue BoxDialogue Box
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OBJECTIVES UPGRADING OBJECTIVES UPGRADING TANGKI NAHRIM SOFTWARETANGKI NAHRIM SOFTWARE
Tangki NAHRIM Objectives::
Measure an optimum storage tank size and its reliability
Measure total volume of collected and distributed rainwater
Measure rainwater system efficiency
To provide a user friendly software
To support in SPAH development project around Malaysia
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BENEFITS OF NEW BENEFITS OF NEW TANGKI NAHRIM SOFTWARETANGKI NAHRIM SOFTWARE
Benefits:
User friendly
Allow user to import rainfall data in Microsoft Access Format through floppy disk, CD and etc.
Suitable to use for many states in Malaysiasince it contains a lot of rainfall data
in its software database.
Better simulation result (more accurate)
Flexible water demand input
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Proposal of Rainwater Harvesting SystemProposal of Rainwater Harvesting System(SPAH) for NAHRIM Complex(SPAH) for NAHRIM Complex
NAHRIM Complex
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PROPOSAL OBJECTIVEPROPOSAL OBJECTIVEFOR SPAH IN NAHRIMFOR SPAH IN NAHRIM
For general cleaning purpose For general cleaning purpose For toilet usage (at administration and For toilet usage (at administration and library buildings) at 2769.2 liter per day.library buildings) at 2769.2 liter per day.For landscaping purposeFor landscaping purpose
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TangkiTangki NAHRIM ApplicationNAHRIM Application
101020202525
Tank Tank Size Size (m3)(m3)
10877.910877.912959.912959.913488.413488.4
Rainwater Rainwater Delivered Delivered (m3)(m3)
39769.839769.839769.839769.839769.839769.8
Rainwater Rainwater capturedcaptured
(m3)(m3)
29.5229.5233.9333.9335.1035.10
27.3527.3514.9814.9811.3911.39
29.2829.2814.9814.9811.3911.39
71.6971.6985.4185.4188.9088.90
Storage Storage Efficiency Efficiency (%)(%)
Coefficient Coefficient of of Rainwater Rainwater UtilisationUtilisation(%)(%)
% Time % Time Tank Empty Tank Empty
Reliability Reliability (%)(%)
--The size of rainwater storage tank estimated by using The size of rainwater storage tank estimated by using
TangkiTangki NAHRIM Software.NAHRIM Software.
--The Optimum size of storage tank is 20 mThe Optimum size of storage tank is 20 m³³ with with reliability about 85.41%.reliability about 85.41%.
--Propose to use Propose to use underground tankunderground tank to save the to save the construction cost and to save space.construction cost and to save space.
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Propose Propose Rainwater TankRainwater Tank LocationLocation
PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA(GROUND AND FIRST FLOOR TOILET)
PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA(BILIK PENGARAH TOILET)
PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA(PUSAT SUMBER TOILET)
PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION AREA(MAKMAL TOILET)
UnderGround Tank
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SUMP
CATCHMENTS AREA
RAINWATER TANK
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PIPE DIAGRAM FOR SPAH SYSTEM PIPE DIAGRAM FOR SPAH SYSTEM AT ADMINISTRATION BUILDING IN NAHRIM.AT ADMINISTRATION BUILDING IN NAHRIM.
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PIPE DIAGRAM FOR SPAH SYSTEM PIPE DIAGRAM FOR SPAH SYSTEM AT LIBRARY BUILDING IN NAHRIM.AT LIBRARY BUILDING IN NAHRIM.
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGECONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONCLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTION
+11% to +43% +11% to +43% (Flood Flows)(Flood Flows)
--31% to 93% 31% to 93% (Low Flows)(Low Flows)
River Flows (m3/s)River Flows (m3/s)
+10% +10% (Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang)(Kelantan, Terengganu & Pahang)
--5% 5% (Selangor & Johor)(Selangor & Johor)
Annual Rainfall (mm)Annual Rainfall (mm)
--0.210.21--0.480.48
Sea level rise (m)Sea level rise (m)(Emission Scenario SRES (Emission Scenario SRES
A1B)A1B)
1.51.52.82.81.61.6Surface temperature (ºC)Surface temperature (ºC)(Emission Scenario SRES (Emission Scenario SRES
A1B) A1B)
205020502100210020502050
MALAYSIA**MALAYSIA**GLOBAL*GLOBAL*
* IPCC WG1 4TH ASESSMENT REPORT (AR4), 2007** STUDY ON IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGIC REGIME AND
WATER RESOURCES OF P MALAYSIA, NAHRIM, 2006
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Future RainfallFuture RainfallIn annual rainfall:In annual rainfall:10% increase for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang10% increase for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang
5% decrease for Selangor and Johor5% decrease for Selangor and Johor
More droughts More droughts ieie ddryry years (2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044)years (2028, 2029, 2034, 2042 and 2044)
A increase in mean monthly rainfall over the North East Coastal A increase in mean monthly rainfall over the North East Coastal region and region and over Kelantanover Kelantan
A decrease in mean monthly rainfall over Selangor and JohorA decrease in mean monthly rainfall over Selangor and Johor
Higher maximum and lower minimum rainfall are observed in the fuHigher maximum and lower minimum rainfall are observed in the future in ture in many sub regionsmany sub regions
More extreme hydrological conditions may be expectedMore extreme hydrological conditions may be expected
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Simulated annual rainfall (historical and future period) at sub regions of Peninsular Malaysia
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Wet Year1989 2043
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Dry Year1993 2044
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Future River FlowsFuture River FlowsFuture monthly flows Future monthly flows -- the maximum monthly the maximum monthly flows will be significantly higher (11%flows will be significantly higher (11%--43%) for 43%) for Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and the Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang and the minimum monthly flows significantly lower (31%minimum monthly flows significantly lower (31%--93%) for Selangor and Johor93%) for Selangor and Johor
An increase in interAn increase in inter--annual and intraannual and intra--seasonal seasonal variability with increased hydrologic extremes variability with increased hydrologic extremes (higher high flows, and lower low flows) in (higher high flows, and lower low flows) in Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kedah Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Kedah watershedswatersheds
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Periodic means and standard deviations of simulated monthly flows during thehistorical (1984-1993) and future (2025-2034 and 2041-2050) periods at
Jambatan. Jerangau, Dungun, Terengganu (region no. 4)
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Periodic means and standard deviations of simulated monthly flows during thehistorical (1984-1993) and future (2025-2034 and 2041-2050) periods at Rantau
Panjang, Johor (region no. 9).
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHFOCUS OF RESEARCHPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSPILOT PROJECTSUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGEUPCOMING WATER CHALLENGECONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
For the Double Storey Terrace House:
• The Rainwater system (storage 5 m3 , 6 persons) could meet up to 34 % of the domestic non-potable household water requirements.
• The unit cost is RM2.63/m3• Peak storm runoff reduction (when rainwater
cum detention storage systems are installed at all the houses) at the catchment outlet achieved is 24% (Can be up to 70% if extended to the shophouses, mosque, kindergarten and the community recreational park
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CONCLUSION (contd)CONCLUSION (contd)
For the Mosque Complex:
•Can save up to 34% pf the public water supply annually•The unit cost is RM1.26/m3
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CONCLUSION CONCLUSION ((contdcontd))RoofwaterRoofwater harvesting can make a substantial harvesting can make a substantial contribution to security of urban water supply especially contribution to security of urban water supply especially when existing system is already stressedwhen existing system is already stressedIt doesn’t drought proof urban area It doesn’t drought proof urban area Need Need contingency planscontingency plansDonDon’’t overlook social and institutional issues t overlook social and institutional issues RoofwaterRoofwater harvesting will only work if people properly harvesting will only work if people properly use and maintain it use and maintain it
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONRainwater Harvesting is a traditional practice picked
up by a group of scientists and development practitioners, as a focus of their interest, study, and practice to help poor and rural communities in their quest for water to drink.
Today we see the usefulness of the technology not only for the poor communities. It has made itself relevant in other aspects of living – flood/ disaster mitigation, food and water security, environmental rehabilitation and now, in coping with climate change.As ancient wisdom meets science, Rainwater Harvesting is born.
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