Malaysia Biodiversity
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Transcript of Malaysia Biodiversity
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Highlights
y 78 plant species found only in Malaysia are endangered and may require conservationmeasures.
y Malaysia has protected over 23% of its territory, exceeding a global target of 10%.y Mangrove and inland swamp areas are priorities for additional protection.y Many centres of plant diversity are in need of conservation measures.y Malaysia shares all its ecofloristic zones and moist forest types, endangered species and
their habitat with several neighbouring countries. This situation provides opportunitiesfor bilateral and multilateral biodiversity management strategies to be developed andimplemented at a regional scale.
y Being party to many global and regional conventions, Malaysia might harmonize itsnational and regional conservation strategies and action plans to meet multiple objectives.
y National investment in protected areas could be increased to approach the global average.
mys
Country Characteristics
General
Land area: 329,758 km2
Population (1990): 17,566,982
Per capita income (1992): US$ 3,275
Comprising the three separate territories of Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysia stretches over2,000 km from peninsular Malaysia to the northeastern end of the island ofBorneo. It sharesborders with Thailand, Indonesia and the enclave states of Singapore and Brunei. A centralmountain chain divides Malaya, separating fertile western plains from a narrow eastern coastalbelt. Sarawak and Sabah are characterized by swampy coastal plains rising to mountains on theborder with Indonesia. Since 1987, Malaysia has been experiencing average economic growthrates of 8% a year.
Environmental concerns
Logging is the overwhelming environmental concern of groups such as Sahab Alam Malaysia(Friends of the Earth, Malaysia). Unprocessed log exports from Sarawak have risen from 6.7million cubic metres in 1980 to 15.8 million cubic metres in 1991. World Bank estimates suggestthat trees are being cut down at four times the sustainable rate. Indigenous forest communitiessuch as the Pernan are being destroyed and some species of wood such as Ramin are nearextinction. In 1992, the state of Sarawak began to take action to diversify the economy. There isgreat pressure to maintain economic growth, however, and the profits from logging are attractive.
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Amphibians 57 0 0
Higher plants Ferns 93 10 0
Gymnosperms 16 12 0
Dicots/Monocots 1,926 381 78
Total 2,199 404 78
Conserving centres of restricted-range birds and plant diversity
Two centres of restricted-range birds are in urgent need of conservation measures. Severalcentres of plant diversity are at risk and require protection.
Centres of plant diversity entirely within Malaysia
Centres of plant
diversityLocation Assessment: Critical > Urgent > High
Endau-Rompin StateParks
Malaysia(PeninsularMalaysia)
Protection needs strengthening; at risk
Limestone flora ofPeninsular Malaysia
Malaysia(PeninsularMalaysia)
Many outcrops severely threatened, some atrisk, a few safe
Montane flora ofPeninsular Malaysia
Malaysia(PeninsularMalaysia)
Most areas outside National Park are severelythreatened
Palau Tioman
Malaysia
(PeninsularMalaysia)
Threatened; protected status not enforced
Taman NegarMalaysia(PeninsularMalaysia)
Safe at present, but frequently threatened
Trengganu HillsMalaysia(PeninsularMalaysia)
At risk
East Sabah lowland/hillsipterocarp forests
Malaysia (Sabah)Threatened, some areas seriously threatened;protection of reserves needs strengthening
Kinabalu Park Malaysia (Sabah) Boundaries strengthened
North-east Borneoultramafic flora
Malaysia (Sabah)Inadequate coverage of protected areas;threatened
Lambir Hills Malaysia (Sarawak) Encroachment around boundaries; threatened
Distribution of ecofloristic zones
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These are zones ofpotential vegetation. Six ecofloristic zones lie within Malaysia's territory.
Ecofloristic zones in Malaysia
Key to legend:
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mangrove, swamp, lowland evergreen & hill forests, 126,444km sqmontane forests (1,000->1,600m), 5,586km squpper dipterocarp & montane oak forests, 341km sqmoist evergreen mixed & dipterocarp forests,
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Protected areas
Currently 23.7% of Malaysia lies within protected areas.
Conserving ecofloristic zones
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The mangrove, swamp lowland evergreen and hill forests zone requires greater protection.
Ecofloristic zone protection in Malaysia
Malaysia, insular
Malaysia, peninsular
Conserving moist forests
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Mangrove, inland swamp and lowland rain forestin peninsular Malaysia require greater levels ofprotection.
Moist forest protection in Malaysia
Malaysia, insular
Malaysia, peninsular
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Opportunities for International Cooperation
Conserving endangered species
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Malaysia shares a number of endangered species with neighbouring countries. These speciesmay provide opportunities to focus bilateral or multilateral conservation strategies.
Endangered species shared between Malaysia and 1-5 countries
Higher speciesgroup
Endangered species Countries sharing species
Mammals Pongo pygmaeus Brunei
Cynogale bennettiiBrunei, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, VietNam
Tapirus indicus Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Reptiles Tomistoma schlgelii Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand
Callagur borneoensis Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand
PlantsDendrobium
lavidulumSingapore
Dendrobium flexile Singapore
Eria pudica Singapore
Oberonia fabellata Singapore
Shorea richetia Indonesia (Kalimantan)
Shorea induplicata Indonesia (Kalimantan)
Nenga gajak Indonesia (Sumatra)
Pinanga adangensis Thailand
Conserving centres of restricted-range birds and plant diversity
These areas, shared exclusively with Indonesia, are subject to many threats. Developing andimplementing multilateral biodiversity conservation strategies with Indonesia, is required.
Centres of restricted-range birds and plant diversity shared between Malaysia and
neighbouring countries
Centres of restricted-range
birdsLocation
Priority for conservation: Critical >
Urgent > High
Bornean mountains Malaysia,Indonesia
Critical
Sumatra and Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia,Indonesia
Urgent
Centres ofPlant Diversity Location Assessment
Lanjak - Entimau WS, Batang AiNP, Gunung Bentuang dan
Malaysia/Indonesia Boundaries and lower slopes at risk
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Karimun
Limestone flora ofBorneo Malaysia/IndonesiaSome major areas safe, some relativelysafe but unprotected, most othersthreatened
Conserving ecofloristic zones
The ecofloristic zones found in Malaysia are also found extensively in neighbouring countries.Malaysia might coordinate the development and implementation of ecosystem level conservationstrategies with these countries (see charts over the page).
Conserving moist forests
Several moist forest types are regionally extensive in South-East Asia. These countries could bepartners for sharing biodiversity conservation strategies (see charts over the page).
Transboundary protected areas
Protected areas that meet at international borders present opportunities for more effectiveprotection and management of ecosystems and species. These protected areas pairs oftenconserve larger contiguous portions of ecosystems than normally possible within nationalborders thereby securing more habitat for species, especially those requiring large ranges.Ecosystem components such as lakes, rivers and mountains, which often define internationalborders, can be managed and conserved more effectively. Transboundary protected areas canprovide opportunities for neighbouring countries to share knowledge and experience inecosystem approaches to management. The establishment of formal management agreementscentred on biodiversity conservation is one option.
Examples of transboundary protected areas in Malaysia
Transboundary protected
areasCountries
sharingType of area
IUCN
categorySize
(hectares)
Lanjak EntimauGunung Bentuang
MalaysiaIndonesia
WildlifeSanctuaryNature Reserve
IV 168758
International Conventions
Malaysia is party to many global conventions and regional treaties/conventions that contribute tothe conservation of species and ecosystems, including the Convention on Biological Diversity.By fully meeting its obligations under these agreements, Malaysia's biodiversity will be moreassured. Harmonizing national and regional conservation strategies and action plans that meetthe objectives of several conventions is one strategy (see table two pages on).
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Distribution of Malaysia's ecofloristic zones in South-East Asia(only zones which occupy more than a 10% of Malaysia are shown)
Malaysia, insular
Malaysia, peninsular
Distribution of Malaysia's moist forest types in South-East Asia
Malaysia, insular
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Malaysia, peninsular
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Multilateral conventions and treaties involving Malaysia
Global Conventions YearStatus
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, Rio) 1992 P
International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA, Geneva) 1983 P
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, Montego Bay) 1982 S
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES, Washington)
1973 P
Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage(WHC, Paris)
1972 P
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as WaterfowlHabitat (Wetlands, Ramsar)
1971 D
Convention on the High Seas (High Seas, Geneva) 1958 P
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas(Liv. Res. High Seas, Geneva)
1958 P
International Plant Protection Convention (Plant, Rome) 1951 P
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Regional Treaties YearStatus
ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources(ASEAN Agt., Kuala Lumpur)
1985 S
Agreement Establishing the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAsian Fish, Bangkok)
1967 P
Amendment to the International Plant Protection Convention (Plant, Rome) 1967 P
International Plant Protection Convention (Plant, Rome) 1956 P
Notes: D - terminated; P - State is a party to treaty (where treaty is not yet in force, the State hasexpressed its consent to become a party); S - signature only.
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Investment in Conservation
National investment
Malaysia has a high percentage of its land area in protected categories. The
national investment in protected areas is about average for the region but only 12% of the globalaverage.
International investment
Official Development Assistance figures show that Malaysia received 0.18% of the totalassistance given by major donor countries/agencies. The region of Oceania received 15% of theworld total. The proportion directed to biodiversity conservation is unknown.
In general, countries with high biodiversity receive relatively low levels of domestic investmentand little foreign aid.
Investment in Conservation
Investment in
ConservationAmount Regional/global context
Area protected23.7% of ecofloristiczones protected
Regional average is 3.6% land area protected forSouth and South-East Asia and 9.0% for InsularSouth-East Asia; global average is 5%
National investment(1991)
US$55.33 per km2, for2,790 national percapita income
Global average is US$ 447/km2. Regionalaverage is US$58 per km2
Staffing levels for No information The global average is 15.7 persons per 1,000
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protected areas(1993)
km2. The regional average is 17.6 persons per1,000 km2
Official developmentassistance (1993)
Malaysia received US$101 million
Total ODA assistance was US$ 56.3 billion. FarEast Asia received US$ 8,582 million
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