MALARIA!!!MALARIA!!!Like the most awesome vector-borne Like the most awesome vector-borne

infectious disease caused by protozoan infectious disease caused by protozoan parasitesparasites

EVER!!!EVER!!!

What is it and Where can I get What is it and Where can I get it?it?

Is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by Is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasitesprotozoan parasites

Malaria is one of the most common infectious Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public-health diseases and an enormous public-health problem. problem.

The parasites multiply within red blood cells, The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms which I will explain shortlycausing symptoms which I will explain shortly

It is widespread in tropical and It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and the eBay for the Americas, Asia, and the eBay for illness AFRICA!!!illness AFRICA!!!

How it SpreadsHow it Spreads

Malaria parasites are transmitted by Malaria parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Main Types of MALARIA!!!Main Types of MALARIA!!!

Plasmodium Falciparum – 80% of infections Plasmodium Falciparum – 80% of infections and 90% cause of death, found mostly in SSAand 90% cause of death, found mostly in SSA

Plasmodium Malariae – causes fevers that Plasmodium Malariae – causes fevers that reoccur at 3 day intervalsreoccur at 3 day intervals

Plasmodium Ovale – least sever and Plasmodium Ovale – least sever and dangerousdangerous

Plasmodium Vivax – deadliest of the four, you Plasmodium Vivax – deadliest of the four, you get it you have a 75% chance of dieing with get it you have a 75% chance of dieing with treatment. treatment.

SymptomsSymptoms fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain),

vomiting, anemia caused by hemolysis vomiting, anemia caused by hemolysis (explosion of red blood cells, (explosion of red blood cells, hemoglobinuria (increased levels of hemoglobinuria (increased levels of plasma in urine), and convulsions. plasma in urine), and convulsions.

In Children: cognitive impairments, In Children: cognitive impairments, coma and sudden violent death…yes, coma and sudden violent death…yes, as a symptom…well it lets the medical as a symptom…well it lets the medical examiner know what killed you, examiner know what killed you, symptom of C.O.D.symptom of C.O.D.

Symptoms ContinuedSymptoms Continued

classical symptom of malaria is cyclical classical symptom of malaria is cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed occurrence of sudden coldness followed by rigor and then fever and sweating by rigor and then fever and sweating lasting four to six hours, occurring every lasting four to six hours, occurring every two days in two days in P. vivaxP. vivax and and P. ovaleP. ovale infections, while every three for infections, while every three for P. P. malariae. P. falciparummalariae. P. falciparum can have can have recurrent fever every 36-48 hours or a recurrent fever every 36-48 hours or a less pronounced and almost continuous less pronounced and almost continuous fever.fever.

Pathogenesis Pathogenesis

Within 30 minutes of being introduced into Within 30 minutes of being introduced into the human host, they infect hepatocytes the human host, they infect hepatocytes (cytoplasmic mass of the liver), (cytoplasmic mass of the liver), multiplying asexually and multiplying asexually and asymptomatically for a period of 6–15 asymptomatically for a period of 6–15 days. days.

Despers from the liver in the form of Despers from the liver in the form of thousand of merozoites which infect red thousand of merozoites which infect red blood cellsblood cells

Pathogenesis ContinuedPathogenesis Continued

Multiply within the red blood cells Multiply within the red blood cells then cause them to VIOLENTLY then cause them to VIOLENTLY EXPLODE!!!EXPLODE!!!

TreatmentTreatment

Chloroquine is very cheap and, until Chloroquine is very cheap and, until recently, was very effective, which recently, was very effective, which made it the anti-malarial drug of made it the anti-malarial drug of choice for many years in most parts of choice for many years in most parts of the world. However, resistance of the world. However, resistance of Plasmodium falciparumPlasmodium falciparum to chloroquine to chloroquine has spread recently from Asia to Africa, has spread recently from Asia to Africa, making the drug ineffective against the making the drug ineffective against the most dangerous Plasmodium strain.most dangerous Plasmodium strain.

More Treatment for this More Treatment for this Wonderful DiseaseWonderful Disease

drugs such as quinine and amodiaquine drugs such as quinine and amodiaquine are time tested and effective, not for DRM.are time tested and effective, not for DRM.

All available drugs include Artemether-All available drugs include Artemether-lumefantrine, Artesunate-amodiaquine, lumefantrine, Artesunate-amodiaquine, Artesunate-mefloquine, Artesunate-Artesunate-mefloquine, Artesunate-Sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, Atovaquone-Sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine, Atovaquone-proguanil, Malarone, Quinine, Chloroquine, proguanil, Malarone, Quinine, Chloroquine, Cotrifazid, Doxycycline, Mefloquine, Cotrifazid, Doxycycline, Mefloquine, Primaquine, Proguanil, Sulfadoxine-Primaquine, Proguanil, Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, Hydroxychloroquine.pyrimethamine, Hydroxychloroquine.

Even More TreatmentEven More Treatment

Extracts of the plant Extracts of the plant Artemisia Artemisia annuaannua, containing the compound , containing the compound artemisinin or semi-synthetic artemisinin or semi-synthetic derivatives offer over 90% efficacy derivatives offer over 90% efficacy rates, RECEIVED OFFICIAL WHO (do rates, RECEIVED OFFICIAL WHO (do you know what the WHO is? Who’s you know what the WHO is? Who’s the WHO)the WHO)

PreventionPrevention

INSECT REPLEANT INSECT REPLEANT MOSQUITO NETTING FOR SPEELPING MOSQUITO NETTING FOR SPEELPING

QUARTERSQUARTERS NOT GOING TO SUB SAHARAN NOT GOING TO SUB SAHARAN

AFRICA, especially the DRC, OR AFRICA, especially the DRC, OR WHAT WAS FORMERLY FRENCH WHAT WAS FORMERLY FRENCH INDO-CHINAINDO-CHINA

I Wish I was in DIXIE…I Wish I was in DIXIE…

The Epidemic this is and was malaria The Epidemic this is and was malaria spread through camps located next to spread through camps located next to stagnant swamps teeming with stagnant swamps teeming with anopheles anopheles mosquito. Although mosquito. Although treatment with quinine reduced treatment with quinine reduced fatalities, malaria nevertheless struck fatalities, malaria nevertheless struck approximately one quarter of all approximately one quarter of all servicemenservicemen

So still wish you were in DIXIE?So still wish you were in DIXIE?

Civil War MalariaCivil War Malaria Surgeons from both sides of the Civil Surgeons from both sides of the Civil

War called malaria War called malaria "ague", "shakes","ague", "shakes", or or "intermittent fever","intermittent fever", the illness the illness accounted for 20 percent of all accounted for 20 percent of all sickness during the war. sickness during the war.

people believed malaria was caused people believed malaria was caused by poisonous vapors emanating from by poisonous vapors emanating from ponds and swamps…seems to be a ponds and swamps…seems to be a common theme in history, if it kills common theme in history, if it kills you then it has to be caused by you then it has to be caused by vapors!!!vapors!!!

Obviously you have never been Obviously you have never been to China…to China…

First documented cases of Malaria First documented cases of Malaria are from China in 2700.are from China in 2700.

Nothing to do with China but still Nothing to do with China but still random – Malaria comes from random – Malaria comes from mal'ariamal'aria which means bad or evil air. which means bad or evil air.

Kills over 5000 Africans every day…Kills over 5000 Africans every day…SSAs.SSAs.

PICTURE TIMEPICTURE TIMESo you might want to advert your So you might want to advert your

eyes eyes

or not, they’re your eyes.or not, they’re your eyes.

So Malaria doesn’t have cool So Malaria doesn’t have cool pictures like Small Pox so you pictures like Small Pox so you

can look again…can look again…

Malaria is still awesomeMalaria is still awesome

Because of areas like this Because of areas like this ↓↓

And this ↓And this ↓

This too ↓This too ↓

They look happyThey look happy

wait till they diewait till they die

of Malariaof Malaria

Children begin to look like Children begin to look like this ↓this ↓

Then they begin to look Then they begin to look dead ↓dead ↓

And fields as belowAnd fields as below

Notice the Notice the absence of absence of workers.workers.

Resistance of MalariaResistance of Malaria

What we have learnedWhat we have learned

Stay away from tropical and sub-Stay away from tropical and sub-tropical areastropical areas

Stay away from stagnant water Stay away from stagnant water sourcessources

When traveling to tropical/sub-tropical When traveling to tropical/sub-tropical areas bring the following:areas bring the following:

Insect repellantInsect repellant Mosquito nettingMosquito netting Lots of DrugsLots of Drugs A bible, makes for an effective fly swatter.A bible, makes for an effective fly swatter.

And that’s why And that’s why Malaria is the…Malaria is the…

……most awesome vector-borne most awesome vector-borne infectious disease caused by protozoan infectious disease caused by protozoan

parasitesparasites

EVER!EVER!

Can I hear a “HUZZA” for Can I hear a “HUZZA” for Malaria?Malaria?

Well can’t blame me for being Well can’t blame me for being hopeful…hopeful…