MALARIA
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Transcript of MALARIA
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Presented by,
Aiswarya.A.T
I M.pharm.,
Department of Pharmacy Practice,
Grace college of Pharmacy.
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Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection
with parasites of Plasmodium and transmitted to man
by certain species of infected female Anopheline
mosquito.
MALARIA
Various species of Plasmodium are:
• P.vivax
• P.falciparum
• P.ovale
• P.malariae
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
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PREVALENT MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPES OFMALARIA IN INDIA:
a. Tribal malaria
b. Rural malaria
c. Urban malaria
d. Border malaria
e. Malaria in project
areas
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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
1.AGENT FACTORS
Agent
LIFE HISTORY:
•Asexual cycle (human cycle)
•Sexual cycle (mosquito cycle)
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Period of communicability
Reservoir of infection
2.HOST FACTORS
Age
Sex
Immunity
Housing
Population mobility
Occupation
Human habits
Socio-economic development
Pregnancy
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3.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Season
Altitude
Humidity
Rainfall
Temperature
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Vector transmission
Direct transmission
Congenital malaria
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INCUBATION PERIOD
Time between the infected mosquito bite & the first
appearance of clinical signs of which fever is most common
.
usually not less than 10 days.
In natural infections;
12days (9-14) for falciparum malaria
28days(18-40) for quartan malaria
17days (16-18) for ovale malaria.
Some strains of P.vivax it may be developed for as long
as 9months.
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CLINICAL FEATURES
1) Cold stage
2) Hot stage
3) Sweating stage
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DIAGNOSIS
i. Microscopy
ii. Serological test
iii. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)
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STAGES FOR PREVENTION & CONTROL OF MALARIA
Surveillance & case management
Case detection (passive & active)
Early diagnosis & complete treatment
Sentinel surveillance
Integrated vector management
Indoor residual spray (IRS)
Insecticide treated bed nets (ITN’s) & long lasting insecticidal
nets(LLIN’s)
Antilarval measures including source reduction
Epidemic preparedness & early response
Supportive interventions
Capacity building
Behavioural change communication
Insectoral collaboration
Monitoral & evaluation
Operational research & applied field research
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EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OF MALARIA AIMS AT:
•Complete cure
•Prevention of progression of uncomplicated malaria to
several disease
•Prevention of deaths
•Interruption of transmission
•Minimizing risk of selection & spread of drug resistant
malaria parasite
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ACTIVE INTERVENTION MEASURES
•Stratification of the problem
•Vector control strategies
Anti-adult measures
Residual spraying
Space application
Individual protection
Antilarval measures
Larvicides
Source reduction
Integrated control
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CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
SHORT TERM LONG TERM
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TREATMENT
FOR UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA
Treatment for P.vivax casesTreatment for P.falciparum cases
SPECIFIC ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALARIA
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THANK YOU!!