Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 1 Chapter 14: Violence in Selected Sport Populations...
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Transcript of Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 1 Chapter 14: Violence in Selected Sport Populations...
Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 1Maladaptive Behaviors Among Athletes: Part 1
Chapter 14: Violence in Selected Sport PopulationsChapter 14: Violence in Selected Sport Populations
Handout: Gambling ProblemsHandout: Gambling Problems
Psychology of Sport
Nov 6-11, 2009Classes #30-32
What is Aggression?What is Aggression?
Berkowitz (1993)– Behavior intended to injure another
– It is behavior (not angry feelings)
– It is intended (not accidental harm)
– It is aimed at hurting (not assertiveness or playfulness)
Type of Type of AggressionAggression
Hostile Aggression
Instrumental Aggrssion
DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample
Type of Type of AggressionAggression
Hostile Aggression
DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample
Primary goal is to
injure another person
Clemens “beaning”
Piazza
Type of Type of AggressionAggression
Instrumental Aggression
DefinitionDefinition ExampleExample
Hurting another to accomplish
another (non-
aggressive) goal
Pedro pitches inside so
batters don’t get too
comfortable
Violence basically ruined these Violence basically ruined these two US figure skaterstwo US figure skaters
Violence against females by Violence against females by male athletes...male athletes...
Many think OJ, Duke Lacrosse players, and Many think OJ, Duke Lacrosse players, and other males accused of violence against other males accused of violence against women are not innocentwomen are not innocent
Rae CurruthRae Curruth
This athlete found guilty of conspiring This athlete found guilty of conspiring to murder his girlfriend and is to murder his girlfriend and is currently serving a prison sentencecurrently serving a prison sentence
Typology of Violent MenTypology of Violent Men(Toch, 1984)(Toch, 1984)
Self-Image PromotersSelf-Image Promoters Self-Image DefendersSelf-Image Defenders Rep DefendersRep Defenders Self-IndulgersSelf-Indulgers Bully-sadistsBully-sadists
Smith’s Violence Smith’s Violence TopologyTopology
Body ContactBody Contact Borderline ViolenceBorderline Violence Quasi-Criminal ViolenceQuasi-Criminal Violence Criminal ViolenceCriminal Violence
Jerry QuarryJerry Quarry
““The Great White Hope” was close to The Great White Hope” was close to brain dead in his early 50s and died brain dead in his early 50s and died soon afterwardssoon afterwards
Sports-Related Variables Sports-Related Variables Related to ViolenceRelated to Violence
Point SpreadPoint Spread Home/Away FactorHome/Away Factor OutcomeOutcome League StandingLeague Standing Period of PlayPeriod of Play
Note: A summary of these factors can be Note: A summary of these factors can be found on pages 241-242 (Chapter 13).found on pages 241-242 (Chapter 13).
Gambling Behaviors of Former Gambling Behaviors of Former Athletes:Athletes:The "delayed competitive effect"The "delayed competitive effect"
14th14th International International ConferenceConference on on GamblingGambling & & RiskRisk Taking Taking
May 27, 2009May 27, 2009
Stephen Weiss Ph.D., Adams State CollegeStephen Weiss Ph.D., Adams State CollegeSherri Loubier, R.N., Manchester Memorial Sherri Loubier, R.N., Manchester Memorial HospitalHospital
Review of Literature
Few published studies have directly compared the gambling behaviors of athletes and non-athletes
Rockey, Beason, & Gilbert (2002) Engwall, Hunter, & Steinberg (2004) Sullivan-Kerber (2005) Nelson et al. (2007)
Student-Athletes > Non-Athletes
Major Concern NCAA (2004)
More than one quarter of student-athletes admitted to gambling on college sports
Approximately 4% of these student-athletes bet on games in which they had played in
Warning to college athletic directors and coaches
“Don’t Bet on It” wristbands Educational videos
Major Concern: Long Term?
Winters, Stinchfield, Botzet, and Slutske (2005) Maybe its just their age?
Weinstock, Whelan, Meyers, & Watson (2007) Maybe the “college environment” is to blame? As with other maladaptive behaviors they will
subside after graduation
Weiss & Loubier (2008):Study 1: Former Athletes
Rationale: An athletes vs. nonathletes comparison
should also be made after someone has "retired" from their sport
Hypotheses Former Athletes > Current Athletes & Non-
Athletes More likely to be involved in games of skill
Method
Participants: 300 participants randomly selected from
the general population in Colorado and Connecticut
Mean ages: Former athletes (32.80 years) Current athletes (34.17 years) Non-athletes (32.20 years)
Measuring Tool
South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS; Lesieur & Blume, 1987) 1993: Shorter versions
0-2 No Problem 3-4 Disordered Gambling 5+ Probable Pathological
SOGS Scores (Means)
Former athletes = 1.83 Current athletes = 0.96 Nonathletes = 0.38
These scores were significantly different, F (2, 294) = 8.653, p < .001.
Higher Frequencies of Pathological Gambling For Former Athletes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Pathological
FormerAthletes CurrentAthletesNon-Athletes
SOGS Scores (Means) Males = 1.43 Females = 0.68
The mean score for males (M = 1.4333) on the SOGS was significantly higher, F (1, 294) = 6.623, p = .011, than the mean score for females (M = 0.680).
No significant interaction between gender and
athletic status was found, F (2, 294) = 0.919, p > .05.
SOGS Scores For Different Types Of Gambling
Sports
Gambling
Poker Slots
Group n SOGS n SOGS n SOGS
Former Athletes
23 4.56 42 2.69 21 2.04
Current Athletes
14 2.64 27 1.51 24 1.66
Non-Athletes
9 0.11 19 0.78 30 0.76
ALL 46 88 75
Problems We clumped together all types of gamblers
(recreational, problem, and pathological) with non-gamblers
May have confounded the study
Study 2: Non-Gamblers Excluded
As our aim was to determine what type of gambling was the most prevalent in those having problems with their gambling
Hypotheses Former Athletes > Current Athletes & Non-
Athletes More likely to be involved in games of skill We expected that sports gambling would
be most prevalent for former athletes as compared to the other groups
We expected a majority of those engaged in sports gambling to wager specifically on the sport they had once played
Method Participants:
600 participants randomly selected from the general population in Colorado and Connecticut
75 participants Only team sports athletes Mean ages:
Former athletes (34.08 years) Current athletes (34.72 years) Non-athletes (36.04 years)
SOGS Raw Scores and Classification for
Athletic Status Groups
Group n Mean SD Disordered Pathological
Non-Athlete
25 4.52 1.38 15 10
Current
Athlete
25 4.88 2.58 17 8
Former
Athlete
25 4.96 2.55 17 8
All 75 4.78 2.22 49 26
Results: Skill Games
Sports: FA>CA>NA (p = .003) Poker: FA>CA>NA (p = .035) Horses: No significant differences (p
> .05)
Frequency of Different Forms of Gambling
Behavior Across Athletic Status Sports
GamblingPoker Horse
RacingSlots Lotteries
% % % % %
Non-Athlete 20.0 36.0 20.0 56.0 68.0
Current Athlete
40.0 48.0 32.0 24.0 36.0
Former Athlete
68.0 72.0 40.0 28.0 32.0
All Participants
42.7 52.0 30.7 36.0 45.3
Games of Skill
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sports Poker Horses
FormerAthletesCurrentAthletesNon-Athletes
Shaffer, Hall, and Vanderbilt (1999)
Reported that a significant proportion of college athletes were gambling at sub-clinical levels
Conclusion
The results of the two studies presented here warn that these gambling activities may intensify after an athlete has left academia
ATHLETES VS. NONATHLETES
• General gambling:– Athletes 81%– Non-athletes 81%
• 28% of athletes gambled on athletic events
• Rate of problem gambling:– Athletes 6.2%– Non-athletes 3.3%
Source: Rockey, 2002; Southeastern Conference (SEC) study
MOST POPULAR GAMBLING ACTIVITIES AMONG ATHLETES
Sports betting• 25% gambled on sports• 4% gambled on events they were involved in
Playing cards for money
Lotteries
Casino games
Casino-style machines (e.g., slots & video poker)
Source: Miller et. al, 2001
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN STUDY
72% of student athletes have gambled at least once since entering collegeOne in 20 male student athletes admitted:• providing inside information for gambling
purposes• betting on a game in which they
participated, or• accepting money for performing poorly in a
gameStudent athletes who gambled on sports with bookies gambled an average of $225 per month
Source: Cross & Vollano, University of Michigan
NO SAFE BET: DANGERS OF ATHLETE PROBLEM GAMBLING
Athletic & academic failure
Crime
Relationship problems
Alcohol & substance abuse
Debt
Depression & suicide
NCAA repercussions
NCAA RULESFOR STUDENT ATHLETES
• “You may not place any bet of any sort on any college or professional sports event.”
• “You may not give information to anyone who does place bets on college or professional sports.”
ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM ON CAMPUS
• Policies:– Introduce gambling language in student conduct code
• Campus-based program recommendations:– Campus counseling services– Curriculum infusion – gambling with addictions
courses, etc.– Prevention programs: Provide awareness education,
including available help resources for gambling and other disorders
– Resident hall advisor training
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COLLEGE ATHLETICS
• Athletic screening:– Part of a routine annual physical
– Two questions to rule out problem gambling behaviors• Have you ever felt the need to bet more and more
money?• Have you ever had to lie to people important to you
about how much you gambled?
• Athletic policy
What’s Involved in Fan Violence…
• False Consensus Effect– Those with a disposition for violence feel other fans
share their infatuation for fighting and would quickly join them
• Troublemakers– Young, small in stature and have a history of violence
• Peacemakers– Similar to the average fan (average age, size) but
nevertheless are more likely to risk harm by intervening
• Fan Identification– Those that identify highly with their team feel less
control over their behavior
Violence against sports officials
• In 1996, Roberto Alomar was suspended five games for spitting on Umpire John Hirschbeck