Making Sense Of Open Source Licenses
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Making Sense of Open Source Licenses
J Aaron FarrApacheCon US 2009
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Open Source ≠
Development Methodology
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Open Source =
License
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Open Source↓
License↓
Rights and Conditions↓
Empower↓
Community
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The license determinesthe rules the community
lives by.
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Different licenses createdifferent communities.
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Free Software&
Open Source
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The license captures thecommunity philosophy.
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Making Sense of OSS Licenses
Goals
Philosophy
Example Uses
Community Implications
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Why Not Public Domain?
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Why Not Public Domain?
Warranty
Attribution
Requirements on distribution
Requirements on derivative works
To ensure code remains open source
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A license is chosen to reach certain goals.
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What goals?
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License Goals
Ensure certain code remains open source
Reserve control
Build a commercial coalition
Encourage third-party marketplace
Challenge competitors
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Free Software Definition
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Four Freedoms
Freedom to run the program
Freedom to study and adapt the program
Freedom to redistribute
Freedom to improve
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Copyleft
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Open Source Definition
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Open Source Software Definition
Free Redistribution
Source Code
Derived Works
Integrity of Author’s Code
No Discrimination
Distribution of the License
No Specific Technology
Cannot Restrict Other Software
Technology-Neutral
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Free Distribution
By constraining the license to require free redistribution, we eliminate the temptation to throw away many long-term gains in order to make a few short-term sales dollars. If we didn't do this, there would be lots of pressure for cooperators to defect.
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Source Code
We require access to un-obfuscated source code because you can't evolve programs without
modifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we require that modification be made
easy.
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Derivative Works
The mere ability to read source isn't enough to support independent peer review and rapid
evolutionary selection. For rapid evolution to happen, people need to be able to experiment with
and redistribute modifications.
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Integrity of Author’s Source Code
Encouraging lots of improvement is a good thing, but users have a right to know who is responsible for the software they are using. Authors and maintainers
have reciprocal right to know what they're being asked to support and protect their reputations.
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No Discrimination
The major intention of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially. We want commercial users to
join our community, not feel excluded from it.
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Distribution of License
This clause is intended to forbid closing up software by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure
agreement.
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License Not Specific to Product
This clause forecloses yet another class of license traps.
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No Restriction of Other Software
Distributors of open-source software have the right to make their own choices about their own software.
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Technology Neutral
This provision is aimed specifically at licenses which require an explicit gesture of assent in order to
establish a contract between licensor and licensee... Conformant licenses must allow for the possibility
that (a) redistribution of the software will take place over non-Web channels that do not support click-
wrapping of the download, and that (b) the covered code (or re-used portions of covered code) may run
in a non-GUI environment that cannot support popup dialogues.
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Academic Free LicenseAffero GNU Public LicenseAdaptive Public LicenseApache Software LicenseApache License, 2.0Apple Public Source LicenseArtistic licenseArtistic license 2.0Attribution Assurance LicensesNew and Simplified BSD licensesBoost Software License (BSL1.0)Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1Common Development and Distribution LicenseCommon Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL)Common Public License 1.0CUA Office Public License Version 1.0EU DataGrid Software LicenseEclipse Public LicenseEducational Community License, Version 2.0Eiffel Forum LicenseEiffel Forum License V2.0Entessa Public LicenseFair LicenseFrameworx LicenseGNU General Public License (GPL)
GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3)Historical Permission Notice and DisclaimerIBM Public LicenseIntel Open Source LicenseISC LicenseJabber Open Source LicenseLucent Public License (Plan9)Lucent Public License Version 1.02Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)MIT licenseMITRE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License)Motosoto LicenseMozilla Public License 1.0 (MPL)Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL)Multics LicenseNASA Open Source Agreement 1.3NTP LicenseNaumen Public LicenseNethack General Public LicenseNokia Open Source LicenseOCLC Research Public License 2.0Open Group Test Suite License
Open Software LicensePHP LicensePython license (CNRI Python License)Python Software Foundation LicenseQt Public License (QPL)RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0Reciprocal Public LicenseReciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL1.5)Ricoh Source Code Public LicenseSimple Public License 2.0Sleepycat LicenseSun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL)Sun Public LicenseSybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source LicenseVovida Software License v. 1.0W3C LicensewxWindows Library LicenseX.Net LicenseZope Public Licensezlib/libpng license
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Academic Free LicenseAffero GNU Public LicenseAdaptive Public LicenseApache Software LicenseApache License, 2.0Apple Public Source LicenseArtistic licenseArtistic license 2.0Attribution Assurance LicensesNew and Simplified BSD licensesBoost Software License (BSL1.0)Computer Associates Trusted Open Source License 1.1Common Development and Distribution LicenseCommon Public Attribution License 1.0 (CPAL)Common Public License 1.0CUA Office Public License Version 1.0EU DataGrid Software LicenseEclipse Public LicenseEducational Community License, Version 2.0Eiffel Forum LicenseEiffel Forum License V2.0Entessa Public LicenseFair LicenseFrameworx LicenseGNU General Public License (GPL)
GNU General Public License version 3.0 (GPLv3)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License version 3.0 (LGPLv3)Historical Permission Notice and DisclaimerIBM Public LicenseIntel Open Source LicenseISC LicenseJabber Open Source LicenseLucent Public License (Plan9)Lucent Public License Version 1.02Microsoft Public License (Ms-PL)Microsoft Reciprocal License (Ms-RL)MIT licenseMITRE Collaborative Virtual Workspace License (CVW License)Motosoto LicenseMozilla Public License 1.0 (MPL)Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL)Multics LicenseNASA Open Source Agreement 1.3NTP LicenseNaumen Public LicenseNethack General Public LicenseNokia Open Source LicenseOCLC Research Public License 2.0Open Group Test Suite License
Open Software LicensePHP LicensePython license (CNRI Python License)Python Software Foundation LicenseQt Public License (QPL)RealNetworks Public Source License V1.0Reciprocal Public LicenseReciprocal Public License 1.5 (RPL1.5)Ricoh Source Code Public LicenseSimple Public License 2.0Sleepycat LicenseSun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL)Sun Public LicenseSybase Open Watcom Public License 1.0University of Illinois/NCSA Open Source LicenseVovida Software License v. 1.0W3C LicensewxWindows Library LicenseX.Net LicenseZope Public Licensezlib/libpng license
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License Proliferation
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Most Common Licenses
Apache License, 2.0
BSD licenses
GNU General Public License (GPL)
GNU Library or "Lesser" General Public License (LGPL)
MIT license
Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL)
Common Development and Distribution License
Eclipse Public License
Artistic Licenses
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Open Source License Families
- Dave Johnsonhttp://rollerweblogger.org/page/roller?entry=gimme_credit_gimme_fixes_gimmem
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Open Source License Families
Give Me Credit
AL, BSD, MIT
- Dave Johnsonhttp://rollerweblogger.org/page/roller?entry=gimme_credit_gimme_fixes_gimmem
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Open Source License Families
Give Me Credit
AL, BSD, MIT
Give Me Fixes
MPL, EPL, LGPL
- Dave Johnsonhttp://rollerweblogger.org/page/roller?entry=gimme_credit_gimme_fixes_gimmem
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Open Source License Families
Give Me Credit
AL, BSD, MIT
Give Me Fixes
MPL, EPL, LGPL
Give Me Everything
GPL
- Dave Johnsonhttp://rollerweblogger.org/page/roller?entry=gimme_credit_gimme_fixes_gimmem
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Give Me Credit
Software “Commons”
Derivatives can sub-license
May have some conditions
No warranty
Credit to original authors required
Apache (AL), BSD, MIT
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Give Me Credit
Universal donor
Limited control by any one entity
Little value in direct commercial licensing
Allows for commercial product development
Allows for competing services
Commoditized and “low-level”
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Give Me Fixes
File or derivative based conditions
Original author may have special rights
Differentiate between source and binary
Larger works can be under a different license
Mozilla (MPL), Eclipse (EPL/CPL), LGPL
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Give Me Fixes
Single entity control
Still very “business friendly”
Encourages incorporation of code into larger works
Ensures direct development benefits all
Tends towards libraries or platforms
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Give Me Everything
Copyleft
Derivative works remain under the license
Linked works may also remain under the license
Ensures all ‘down stream’ have the same rights
GPL
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Give Me Everything
All direct development is contributed back
Contributors assured code remains open source
Encourages a full free software economy
Copyright holder retains much control
Limits commercial adoption
Dual-license business strategy
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License Scope
“Viral Index”
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License Scope
AL MPL GPL
“Viral Index”
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License Compatibility
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Can I Relicense?
AL MPL / LGPL GPL
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Apache License
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Apache License
Permissive License (Gimme Credit)
Requires Attribution via a NOTICE file
No Trademark Grant
Grant of Patent License
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Apache License Philosophy
To allow the maximum use of our software for any purpose and by all people.
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Making Sense of OSS Licenses
Goals
Philosophy
Example Uses
Community Implications
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Open Source License Families
Give Me Credit
AL, BSD, MIT
Give Me Fixes
MPL, EPL, LGPL
Give Me Everything
GPL
- Dave Johnsonhttp://rollerweblogger.org/page/roller?entry=gimme_credit_gimme_fixes_gimmem