Making Good Decisions in Medical Coding and DRG Assignment...Making Good Decisions in Medical Coding...

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Making Good Decisions in Medical Coding and DRG Assignment Joel Moorhead MD, PhD, CPC

Transcript of Making Good Decisions in Medical Coding and DRG Assignment...Making Good Decisions in Medical Coding...

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Making Good Decisions in Medical Coding and DRG Assignment

Joel Moorhead MD, PhD, CPC

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Goals• Review principles of good decision‐making• Identify and eliminate sources of bias• Explore differences of opinion

– Hospitals– Insurance companies / audit contractors

• View differences as learning opportunities• Consider ways to resolve differences

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Are we more likely to be killed by …

• Falling Airplane Parts

or

• A Shark

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Decision‐Making ‐ 1

• Are we more likely to be eaten by a shark or killed by falling airplane parts?– 30 times more likely to be killed by falling airplane parts

– Plous, Scott. The Psychology of Judgment and Decision. McGraw‐Hill Higher Education, 1993. 

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AVAILABILITY• An Event is Judged to be More Likely if it …– Is Easier to Imagine– Is Familiar– Took place recently– Is Highly Emotional

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ANCHORING AND ADJUSTMENT

• ANCHOR = intuitive first impression• ADJUSTMENT = change d/t new info• Effect on decisions

– Initial impression often too extreme– Insufficient adjustment to new information

• Reluctance to change– Overconfidence in intuitive decisions 

• “Assumptions are your windows on the world.  Scrub them off once in a while, or the light won’t come in.” Isaac Asimov (http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/opinions)

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Decision‐Making ‐ 2• Mental shortcuts (heuristics)

– We may be more likely to use a code if we:• Use that code frequently

– But we may overlook important differences in current situation

• Thought of that code first– But further analysis might support different coding approach

– Mental shortcuts appeal to our “gut” instincts• Uncritical use of shortcuts → overconfidence

– Factors important to good decision‐making• Intuition• Analysis ‐ unbiased examination of each alternative

» Kahneman, Slovic, and Tversky, 1982

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MENTAL SHORTCUTS• BENEFITS

– Speed of decision‐making– Make information 

manageable – Often reliable and useful 

• RISKS– Unconscious– Oversimplify complex 

situations– Accuracy of decision 

depends on accuracy of cues

– Often biased– Intuitive appeal leads to 

overconfidence

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MENTAL SHORTCUTS CAN INTRODUCE BIAS

• BIAS– Systematic error

• collecting and interpreting data

– Often unconscious– Often consistently in one 

direction

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DECISION STRATEGIES• INTUITIVE

– Unconscious– May not be based on logic– Often not systematic– Subjective– Not easily measured – Uses shortcuts uncritically– Not based on probabilities– Very important to making 

good decisions

• ANALYTICAL– Conscious– Based on logic– Systematic– Objective– Measurable– Reduces bias– Based on probabilities– Very important to making 

good decisions

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Screening• Evaluating a large number of subjects to identify those with a particular set of attributes or characteristics.

• http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/screening.ht

• Criteria for “clinical validation” would reasonably be considered “screening”

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Screening Criteria• High sensitivity

– Sensitivity• The ability of a test to identify patients with the disease– The probability of a positive test given that the person has the disease

– Use data that apply to groups• Identify cases that require closer attention

– Not intended to establish final diagnoses for individual patients

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Confirming Criteria• High specificity

– The ability of a test to identify persons who do not have the disease• Probability of a negative test in persons who are disease‐free

– Adds information specific to individual patients• Deductive inference – general to specific

– Sherlock Holmes

– Designed to make final decisions affecting individuals

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Predictive Value• Measures ACCURACY of a diagnostic or screening test– Accurate measure of usefulness of a test in diagnosing disease in an individual patient.

• Predictive Value ‐ Positive– Percentage of patients with a positive test who actually have the disease

• Predictive Value ‐ Negative– Percentage of patients with a negative test who are disease‐free

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Predictive ValueDiagnosis, and Treatment

• Predictive value depends on prevalence– Pre‐test probability of disease

• C diff colitis– If pre‐test suspicion high for C diff, consider empiric therapy regardless of test results• Negative predictive values for C diff colitis tests are not sufficiently high to exclude disease in patients with high pre‐test suspicion of disease

• Surawicz CM et. al. Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of C diff Infections. Am J Gastroenterol 2013 (108):478‐498http://gi.org/guideline/diagnosis‐and‐management‐of‐c‐difficile‐associated‐diarrhea‐and‐colitis

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Confirmation• Citing ways that individual conforms to screening criteria may still be screeningif no evidence of deductive reasoning

• Confirmation requires analysis of –Mitigating factors–Ways that clinical indicators specific to the individual affect interpretation of criteria• Decision based on “Weight of Evidence”

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Weight of Evidence• Respected methodology; basis for

– Meta‐analysis– “More likely than not” legal determinations

• All evidence as a whole may justify a conclusion ...– ... that none of the individual pieces of evidence alone can justify.

• Melnick, M., The weight of the evidence ‐ or ‐ More likely than not. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics, 1986. 6: p. 203‐206.

• Edwards, A., et al., Judging the 'weight of evidence' in systematic reviews: Introducing rigour into the qualitative overview stage by assessing signal and noise. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 2000. 6(2): p. 177‐184

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Clinical Validation• "Clinical validation is performed by a clinician (RN, CMD or therapist).” – “Clinical validation is beyond the scope of DRG (coding) validation, and the skills of a certified coder.” • “This type of review can only be performed by a clinician or maybe performed by a clinician with approved coding credentials.” – 2013 CMS Statement of Work for the RAC ‐ DRG Validation vs. Clinical Validation 

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Validity• Concurrent / Criterion validity

– Correlation between one measure and another that is assumed to be superior.• “Gold standard”

• Coyne KD et. al.; Heart Lung 1998;27:263‐73

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Whose opinion is “superior?”

Hospital• Physician makes clinical 

diagnosis – History, physical exam, 

diagnostic testing

• Multiple physicians agree with diagnosis– supported by clinical 

indicators in the EMR– consistent with published 

medical literature

Auditor• Auditor disagrees with 

physician’s diagnosis– Non‐physician who never 

examined or treated the patient

• Auditor makes diagnosis– based on criteria chosen by 

the insurance company– Without confirming 

methodology

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GOLD STANDARD

• Error‐free identification of true status

• Most errors in measuring test discrimination can be traced to problem of learning the true state of the patient

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How do we decide?• Unreasonable to assume that auditor’s opinion is “truth.”

• Unbiased way to resolve conflict is needed.

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Valid Conflict Resolution• Impartial third party review

– ALJ Hearing is credibly impartial and valid– Vendor under contract to insurance company is not credibly impartial• Obvious potential for bias

• Agreement between hospital and audit contractor– Resolution of conflict by mutual agreement 

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The Goal of Coding• The most ACCURATE and SPECIFIC codes that are SUPPORTED  by –Medical record documentation and – Coding guidelines

• What this goal accomplishes– Accurate numerical representation of …

• Severity of illness• Resources required to care for the patient

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Isn’t Accurate and Specific Coding Everyone’s Goal?

• Good data is good for everyone– Physicians– Hospitals– Coders and coding consultants– Auditors

• Quality Improvement Organizations• Insurers and  Audit Contractors

– The Feds

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Accurate Coding• Not arbitrary

– Arbitrary • Not bound by rules• Unreasonable and unsupported

• Not capricious– Capricious 

• Erratic; inconsistent• Subject to change without reason

• Not biased– Bias

• Systematic error

• Not over‐coded• Not under‐coded

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Decisions by Auditors• Bias ‐ Systematic errors

– Making final decisions based on screening criteria ...• Without credible analysis of clinical indicators ...

– specific to the individual and ...– outside of internal (screening) “criteria” ...

» affecting probability of disease in the individual patient

• Arbitrary– Final decisions based on  internal “criteria” or published criteria 

different from hospital‐cited criteria but not more “authoritative”• Without opportunity for discussion or fair hearing

• Capricious– Criteria inconsistent between auditors and review organizations– Subject to change without explanation or discussion

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Back to Basics

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PRIMARY SOURCE FOR CODE ASSIGNMENT

• ICD‐10‐CM Official Guidelines – Conventions – Instructions in the Tabular List

• Instructions take precedence over the Guidelines.  (Chapter‐specific and General Coding Guidelines) (Coding Clinic 2Q 2007)

– Chapter‐specific guidelines• take precedence over General Coding Guidelines(Coding Clinic 1Q 2003 ("Respiratory failure due to Pneumocystis carinii d/t AIDS”)

– General coding guidelines29

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Coding Clinics ‐ 1• Secondary source• ICD‐9 Alphabetic Index and Tabular List take precedence over advice in Coding Clinic

» Coding Clinic 1Q 2008, page 17

• Analysis of specific case may support coding different from Coding Clinic advice– ICD‐10‐CM Official Guidelines– Clinical findings specific to the patient

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Coding Clinics ‐ 2• Scope of authority

– "The establishment of clinical parameters for code assignment is beyond the scope of authority of the Editorial Advisory Board for Coding Clinic for ICD‐9‐CM.” (Coding Clinic 1Q 2008 page 3 ("Excisional Debridement"))

– The information published in Coding Clinic should not be used as clinical criteria for code assignment.  Any clinical information is published in Coding Clinic as background material to aid the coder. Coding Clinic 3Q 2009 pages 20‐21 (”Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Newborn”)

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Words of Wisdom

• All opinions are not equal.  Some are a very great deal more robust, sophisticated, and well supported in logic and argument than others.”

• Douglas Adams, the Salmon of Doubt (http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/opinions)

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Encoders• Software programs

– Speed code assignment and DRG calculation

• Not primary or secondary sources of authority for code selection

• Code assignment requires confirmation• ICD‐10‐CM Steps to Correct Coding

– Primary source for confirmation of code assignment

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ICD‐10 Steps to Correct Coding• Step 1

– Review ICD‐10 Conventions and General Coding Guidelines

• Step 2– Look up the main term(s) in the Alphabetic Index and scan subterms

• Follow instructions in the Alphabetic Index to identify appropriate codes

• Step 3– Note parenthetical terms (nonessential modifiers)

• Assist code selection but do not affect code assignment

• Step 4– Pay close attention to instructions in the Index

• E.g. “see; see also; with; without; omit code; due to”• How to Use ICD‐10‐CM for Hospitals 2016. Steps to Correct 

Coding

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ICD‐10 Steps to Correct Coding• Step 5

– Do not code from the Alphabetic Index without verifying the accuracy of the code in the Tabular List• Locate the code in the alphanumerically arranged Tabular List

• Step 6– Read all the instructional material

• E.g. “Includes and Excludes notes, use additional code, code first underlying disease, instructions, code also, 4th/5th/6th/7th character requirements”

• Step 7– Consult the ICD‐10‐CM Guidelines

• Chapter‐specific Guidelines and General Guidelines

• Step 8– Confirm and assign the correct code

• How to Use ICD‐10‐CM for Hospitals 2016. Steps to Correct Coding

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The Cubist Coder• Cubism

– Subject is • broken up• analyzed, and • re‐assembled in abstract form.

– Abstract form expresses the underlying reality of the subject• Following rules of composition

• Final coding abstract– Expresses underlying reality of 

the admission• Maximum accuracy and 

specificity• Following rules that govern 

clinical classification

• Complex, exacting, and knowledge‐dense work

• Price E, Robinson K. The coding masterpiece. Australian Health Information Management Journal 2011;40(1):14‐20

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Some Cases Worry the Cubist Coder

• This DRG doesn’t match the medical records

• There must be a better way to code this!

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Case Examples

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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ‐ 1• 21 year old male, thoracic outlet syndrome with axillary vein compression. No nerve compression. Resection first rib. performed, completely freeing axillary vein– PDx:  G54.0 Brachial plexus disorders

• “Thoracic outlet syndrome” inclusion term

– Procedure:  0PT10ZZ Resection right rib– DRG: 29  Spinal Procedures w/ CC

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Hmmm ...• G54.0 not accurate

– No brachial plexus lesion. Only vascular.• Objective of procedure was Decompression of axillary vein, not resection of rib– Objective directs ICD‐10‐PCS code assignment.

• Can we do better than DRG 29 Spinal Procedures? (no spinal procedure done)

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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome ‐ 2• Maybe better ...

– PDx:  I87.1 Compression of vein– Procedure:  05N70ZZ Release R axillary vein

– DRG: 253  Vascular Procedures w/ CC• Improvements

– New PDx more accurate– New PPx captured objective of procedure– New DRG identified procedure accurately

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Patella Fracture ‐ 1• 35 y/o ♀ comminuted R patellar fracture• Op note:  Sizable retinacular tears on both sides as expected.– Procedures: 0LQQ0ZZ Repair R knee tendon

0QSDXZZ Reposition R patella – DRG: 501 Soft tissue procedures w/ CC

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“Less is More” ...• DRG 501 not accurate

–Musculoskeletal procedure, not soft tissue• Anatomy

– Retinacula are part of quadriceps tendon– Patella is encased within quadriceps tendon

• Surgeon documents tears “expected”– Expected  Inherent/Integral to procedure– Reasonable to remove 0LQQ0ZZ Repair R knee tendon

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Patella Fracture ‐ 2• Procedures

– 0LQQ0ZZ Repair R knee tendon– 0QSDXZZ Reposition R patella 

• DRG– 516 Musculoskeletal OR procedure w/ CC

• Improvement– New DRG identified procedure accurately

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Kudos to Coders• Coders are highly skilled at very challenging work

• Hospital’s original coding of the case is reasonable “gold standard”– Assumption that auditor’s coding would be “superior” to the hospital’s original coding is unjust!

• Reasonable to appeal unjustified denials!

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DenialsMACs – RACs ‐ Insurers

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Letters• Request for explanation – OIG

– Low administrative burden for hospital

• Proposal for coding change – QIO– Respectful tone, generally reasonable

• Denial – Insurers / audit contractors– High administrative burden for hospital

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Requests for Explanation• Office of the Inspector General (OIG) 

– Request for explanation of coding and sequencing• No “clinical validation” requests so far

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Appealing Denials

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Congestive Heart Failure• Patient

– Cardiomegaly increased– Ejection fraction <25%– Malignant hypertension– CXR:  pleural effusions, pulmonary edema– Pro‐BNP 3,420 (↓ to 653 two days later)

• Physician– Acute on chronic systolic heart failure

• Insurance company– “Our review fails to support picture of acute CHF”

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Severe MalnutritionInsurance Company

• “Diagnosis requires ...– BMI <16–Weight loss >25%– Characteristic signs and symptoms”

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Severe MalnutritionConsensus Criteria

• Energy intake ≤ 50% estm energy requirement– ≥5 days

• Weight loss– ≥2% over one week– ≥5% over one month– ≥7.5% over three months

• Loss of subcutaneous fat – moderate• Loss of  muscle mass / temporal wasting – moderate• Fluid accumulation ‐ moderate to severe

– White JV et. Al. Consensus Statement AND/ASPEN: Identification and Documentation of Adult Malnutrition. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition May 2012;36(3):275‐283.

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Malnutrition – 5 – AND/ASPEN• Patients may be come severely malnourished in a 

few days– Criteria for malnutrition may be difficult to document 

in adult who is acutely, critically ill.– Characteristics for diagnosis of malnutrition may be 

difficult to discern early in the hospital course due to• inability to eat• repeated/extended cessation of feeding regimens ( lengthy NPO) 

• frequent interruptions in oral/enteral nutrition therapies, • unintended weight change 

• Acuity level of the nutrition status may change as health status changes over time. 

• Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition May 2012;36(3):275‐283.

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Insurance / Contractor DenialsProblem Summary

• Auditors working for insurers and contractors

• Making final decisions• Based on screening or internal criteria.• Non‐physicians making clinical judgments ...

• ... that disagree with clinical diagnoses made by attending physicians, operating surgeons, and specialist consultants ...

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Problem Summary ‐2• Without prior discussion of those cases with hospital representatives and physicians.

• And rejecting appeals of those decisions by internal company review only

• Without provision for impartial third party review or physician peer‐to‐peer discussion.

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Problem Summary ‐ 3• Medicare has a 5‐step appeal process

– Administrative law judge (ALJ) is level three• Two additional impartial levels beyond ALJ

• What about insurance companies and audit contractors?

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DenialsAudit‐Proofing

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What Doctors Can Do ‐ 1• Document acuity and severity of conditions

– Acute ‐ chronic ‐ acute on chronic– Mild ‐ moderate – severe

• Document chronic conditions that are being treated or monitored, or affect care– Document whether present on admission

• Pressure sores– "History of" only for past conditions completely resolved

• Resist abbreviations– “AKI could mean ‘Acute Kidney Insufficiency’”

• Insurance Denial 

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What Doctors Can Do ‐ 2• Document underlying causes

– Diabetes / HTN / other multi‐system illness• May trigger Etiology/Manifestation convention

– Congenital anomalies• Regardless of age of patient – can be coded for life

– Organism(s) responsible for infections– Specific cause(s) of post‐op conditions

• Fever• Nausea and vomiting• Drop in hemoglobin

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What Doctors Can Do ‐ 3• Document assessment of

– Pathology reports• Querying when path report dated after discharge

– Echocardiogram findings– Lab values– Other diagnostic studies

• Specify relationship between orders and conditions being treated

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What Doctors Can Do – 4• Document all procedures performed

– Include instruments used in performance of procedure

• Clarify significance of surgical / postoperative events and findings– Expected consequence of procedure?– Unavoidable event due to complexity of patient and procedure?

– Complication?

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What Doctors Can Do ‐ 5• If your patient does not meet published criteria, document in the medical record– Patient circumstances and characteristics that support the clinical diagnosis

– Strengths and weaknesses of diagnostic tests that make the test itself a guide to diagnosis • but not a substitute for physician clinical judgment

– Examples:  • Sepsis• Acute pancreatitis

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Sepsis• 2001 Intl Sepsis Definitions Conference

– 24 criteria grouped in five organ systems• Levy MM et. al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International sepsis 

definitions conference. (Intensive Care Med 2003;29:530‐538)

• Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis‐3)– Six parametersResp, Coag (platelets), Liver (bilirubin), CV (MAP), CNS (GCS), Renal (Cr, urine o/p)• Singer et. al.  JAMA 2016;315(8):801‐810

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Sepsis• Physician documentation explaining diagnosis of 

sepsis in patient who did not meet criteria ...– WBC count WNL ‐ may have underlying 

immunodeficiency• Facial abscess last month, multiple active infections this admission. 

– Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia last month• Suspicious for an undiagnosed underlying myelodysplastic 

syndrome, bone marrow insufficiency/failure, or hematologic malignancy.

– Rx carvedilol which may be blunting the tachycardic response that we typically see in the setting of sepsis.

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Acute Pancreatitis• Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is most oftenestablished by two of three criteria ...– Abdominal pain consistent with the disease– Amylase and/or lipase > 3x upper limit of normal– Characteristic findings on abdominal imaging

• Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence– American College of Gastroenterology Guideline, 20 July 

2013

• Mitigating factors?– Diabetes, anatomical factors, previous surgery?

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Possible Futures …• Bundled payments

– One payment for physician + facility– Hospitals contract with physicians to share risk

• Linking physician and facility reimbursement– Payment of Physician claim may depend on payment of Facility claim• Ambulatory surgery center• Hospital

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“Related” Claims• HHS / CMS Pub 100‐18 Medicare Program 

Integrity, Transmittal 505, 2/5/2014– If documentation associated with one claim is used to validate another claim, those claims may be considered “related.”• “An inpatient claim is … determined to be not reasonable and necessary, and therefore the physician claim can be determined to be not reasonable and necessary.”

• A diagnostic test claim is … determined to be not reasonable and necessary, and therefore the professional component can be determined to be not reasonable and necessary.”

• Interests of BOTH physicians and hospitals likely to depend on accurate documentation

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“Related Claims” Nightmare• 3‐day hospital admission: Acute Pancreatitis

– Acute pancreatitis • Rejected as Principal Diagnosis (PDx)

– “Not a valid diagnosis” – Insurance Contractor

– Unspecified Abdominal Pain• Assigned by Insurance contractor as new PDx

• 3‐day admission for “unspecified abdominal pain”– “Not medically necessary” – RAC auditor

• Claims for all physician services could be rejected– Admission not MN, ∴ Physician services not MN

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What Doctors Can Do ‐ 6• Physician Consensus Guidelines 

• Sepsis• Pancreatitis• Acute renal failure (RIFLE ?  AKIN / KDIGO?) w/ ATN/AIN?• Acute resp failure (pO2? pCO2? pH? BiPAP/vent? ↑ WOB?)• Malignant hypertension (Fundi only? any end‐organ effect?)• Encephalopathy (distinguish from AMS, delirium, dementia)• Malnutrition• COPD• UTI• Pneumonia (e.g. sick COPD patient with no infiltrate)

• Example ...“Pneumonia is a clinical diagnosis.– May be supported by one or more of the following clinical 

indicators • and the judgment of the physician(s) caring for the patient.”

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Myth vs. Fact – ICD‐10• Myth

– Physicians will be asked to order medically‐unnecessary tests

• Facts – Not appropriate to order medically‐unnecessary diagnostic test to assign a code when a clinical diagnosis has been established• Code condition to highest degree of certainty

– http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/ICD10/downloads/ICD‐10MythsandFacts.pdf

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Physician Consensus Guidelines

• Facility‐specific GuidelinesCoders work together with medical staff– Guidelines that promote complete documentation for coding

– Must be applied consistently to all records coded.– Guidelines do not replace physician documentation to support code assignment.• Coding Clinic 3Q 2000 p 6

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Denial Letters

QIO• Respectful review of medical 

records• Proposed coding change• Invitation to peer‐to‐peer 

discussion with physician • Name and phone number of 

physician available for discussion 

Audit contractor• “The patient did not have 

pneumonia.”• “The dx of pneumonia will 

be removed.”• No invitation to discussion• Auditor not identified by 

name or credentials

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Why so different?

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Why such different opinions?

• We see things the way we are,not the way they are.  Anais Nin

• Differences in:– Training and Experience– Natural preferences– Incentives and Goals

• How do we make decisions when we see things so differently?

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Reaching Agreement

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Reaching Agreement ‐ 1• Reaching agreement on a treatment plan

– Discuss of patient’s explanatory model– Discuss of physician’s explanatory model

• Non‐technical• Time for response to patient questions

– Compare patient and physician models– Mutually accepted explanation of illness

• Acknowledge different views• Develop therapeutic alliance

– Mutually‐accepted treatment plan» Based on Kleinman, A. (1978). "Clinical relevance of anthropological and cross‐cultural research: Concepts and strategies." Am J Psychiatry 135: 427‐431.

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Reaching Agreement ‐ 2• Reaching agreement on a coding approach

– Meeting #1• Discussion of person 1’s coding approach• Discussion of person 2’s coding approach

– If no agreement» Agree to meet again» Research

– Meeting #2• Organized analysis of approaches• Comparison of Person 1’s and Person 2’s approaches

– Assess strength of support for each coding approach– If no agreement, consider for a day or two

– Meeting #3• Present new information

– Avoid arguing over information presented previously• Reach agreement

– One coding approach significantly better supported• Agree to disagree

– Both coding approaches reasonable

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Words of Wisdom• Albert Einstein about Nils Bohr

– “... Bohr is one of the amiable colleagues I have met. He utters his opinions like one perpetually groping and never like one who believes himself to be in possession of the truth.” http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/opinions?page=8

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Reaching Agreement ‐ 3Organized Approach

• Does the difference of opinion focus on a: – Coding question?– Medical question?– Both?

• Discuss coding questions separately from medical questions– Consider both together only in final analysis

• Beware of motivated reasoning– We look harder for flaws in reasoning when we disagree with the conclusion.• Sharon Begley. “The Limits of Reason.” Newsweek,8/16/2010

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Wikipedia

• User‐created• Edited by users• Updated continuously

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Reasons Why Things Happen• Politics / Power• Money• Talent

• Religious and cultural beliefs

• Justice/Merit• Logic

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Communicating ‐ 1• Listen before speaking• Friendly tone inviting open discussion• Respect 

– All points of view– Cultural norms– Power relationships– Organizational realities

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Communicating ‐ 2• Avoid argument

– Restate – don’t repeat– Adjourn if progress stops

• If anyone repeats something already said, stop.• Agree on research to be done before next meeting• Schedule next meeting

• Package message for audience

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ExampleWhat is Paroxysmal Tachycardia?

• Change from regular to rapid or irregular heart rhythm

• Feels like stepping on the brake and the car not slowing down.

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Package Message for Audience

Data Model• Goal = Accurate data• Reaching Agreement

– Current practices efficient• Few disagreements• Accurate data

– Resolution ‐‐ Telephone discussion of proposed coding change as offered by QIO• Agreement is reasonable proxy 

for accuracy

“Financial” model• Goal = Financial ?• Reaching Agreement

– Current practices inefficient• Many disagreements• Inaccurate data 

– Resolution ‐‐ Telephone discussion before denial letter ever written• Efficiency of resolution by 

TC cannot be doubted• Agreement is reasonable 

proxy for accuracy

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Conclusions• Valid decisions are unbiased.

– ... to the greatest extent possible.• Differences are learning opportunities.

– Open discussion resolves differences.• Accurate data is good for everyone.

– Agreement between hospital and payor– Impartial third party review

• Respectful persistence builds relationships.– Message in listener’s frame of reference

• Review and revise form of message frequently

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Questions?

Joel Moorhead, MD, PhD, CPCChief Medical OfficerFairCode Associates

[email protected]

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