Making 5G NR mmWave a commercial realityIn your smartphone and beyond

May 2018

2

• Fiber-like data speeds• Low latency for real-time interactivity• More consistent performance • Massive capacity for unlimited data

5G is essential for next generation mobile experiences

Augmentedreality

Connected cloudcomputing

Connectedvehicle

Immersive experiences

High-speed mobility

Rich user-generatedcontent

Mobilizing mediaand entertainment

Congested environments

33

Diverse services Scalability to address an extreme variation of requirements

Diverse deployments From macro to indoor hotspots, with support for diverse topologies

Mid-bands1 GHz to 6 GHz

High-bandsAbove 24 GHz (mmWave)

Low-bandsBelow 1 GHzMassive Internet

of Things

Diverse spectrum Getting the most out of a wide array of spectrum bands/types

NR Designing a unified, more capable 5G air interface

A unifying connectivity fabric for future innovationA platform for existing, emerging, and unforeseen connected services

Mission-critical

services

Enhanced mobile

broadband

5GNR

www.qualcomm.com/5G-NRLearn more:

4

First 5G NR standard complete — the global 5G standard

20182017 20202019 20222021

Release 17+ evolutionRel-16 work itemsRel-15 work items

Phase 2

Commercial launchesPhase 1

Commercial launchesNRField trialsIoDTs

Standalone (SA)

Accelerate eMBB deployments,

plus establish foundation for

future 5G innovations

Deliver new fundamental 5G NR

technologies that expand and

evolve the 5G ecosystem

Continue to evolve LTE in parallel as essential part of the 5G Platform

NSA

Approvedstudy items

We are here

55

Efficiently address

diverse spectrum,

deployments/services

Scalable OFDM-based air interface

Scalable OFDM

numerology

Flexible slot-based framework

Self-contained

slot structure

Advanced channel coding

Massive MIMO

Mobile mmWave

Multi-Edge LDPC and

CRC-Aided Polar

Reciprocity-based

MU-MIMO

Key enabler to low

latency, URLLC and

forward compatibility

Efficiently support large

data blocks and a reliable

control channel

Efficiently utilize a large

number of antennas to

increase coverage/capacity

Enables wide mmWave

bandwidths for extreme

capacity and throughput

Beamforming

and beam-tracking

3GPP Rel-15 establishes a solid foundation for 5G NR

Our technology inventions are driving Rel-15 specificationsEarly R&D investments | Best-in-class prototypes | Fundamental contributions to 3GPP

For enhanced mobile broadband and beyond

66

Designed for diverse spectrum bands/typesGlobal snapshot of 5G spectrum bands allocated or targeted

Licensed

Unlicensed /shared

Existing band

New 5G band

600MHz (2x35MHz) 3.55-3.7 GHz

24.25-24.45GHz

24.75-25.25GHz

27.5-28.35GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz) 3.4–3.8GHz 24.5-27.5GHz

3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz

3.4–3.8GHz 26GHz

3.46–3.8GHz 26GHz

3.6–3.8GHz

3.3–3.6GHz 4.8–5GHz 24.5-27.5GHz 37.5-42.5GHz

3.4–3.7GHz 26.5-29.5GHz

4.4–4.9GHz 27.5-29.5GHz

3.4–3.7GHz 39GHz

3.6–4.2GHz

64-71GHz

37-37.6GHz

37.6-40GHz

47.2-48.2GHz

5.9–6.4GHz

5.9–7.1GHz

600MHz (2x35MHz) 27.5-28.35GHz 64-71GHz

2.5GHz (LTE B41)

37-37.6GHz

37.6-40GHz

24.25-27.5GHz

26.5-27.5GHz

3.7-4.2GHz

3.55-3.7 GHz

700MHz (2x30 MHz)

700MHz (2x30 MHz)

700MHz (2x30 MHz)

700MHz (2x30 MHz)

5GHz4GHz3GHz<1GHz 24-28GHz 37-40GHz 64-71GHz

7

Mobilizing 5G NR mmWaveThe new frontier for enhanced mobile broadband

88

Pushing wireless boundaries is in our DNA

Overcoming numerous wireless challenges to mobilize mmWave

2017Proving them wrong, again.

Many argue mmWave is too complex

for a smartphone. Many say it just won’t work for mobile deployments.

1989We proved them wrong.

Many argued that CDMA was too complex to deploy. Others said it just wouldn’t work.

Coverage

Innovations to overcome

significant path loss in

bands above 24 GHz

Robustness

Innovations to overcome

blockage from hand, body,

walls, foliage, etc.

Device size/power

Innovations to optimize

mmWave design for

smartphone form factor

99

Mobilizing mmWave with 5G NR technologiesKey properties for robust mmWave operation in a NLOS mobile environment

Very dense network

topology and spatial reuse

(~150-200m ISD)

Fast beam steering

and switching within

an access point

Tight integration

with sub-6 GHz

(LTE or NR)

Architecture that allows

for fast beam switching

across access points

Directional antennas with adaptable

3D beamforming and beam tracking

NLOS operation

Macro

(Sub-6 GHz)

Seamless mobility

10

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Hand blockage

Th

eta

(d

eg

)

150

100

50

0

Phi (deg)

Total Gain (dBi)Total Power Max=8.8 dBi

10

5

0

-5

5G NR can also leverage UE antenna diversityTo overcome hand-blocking

Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies

Mitigates hand-blocking and reduces impact of random user orientation

Qualcomm Research Simulations

Provides nearly spherical coverage in free space

Front Antenna Module

(+X, +Y, +Z direction)

Back Antenna Module

(-X, -Y, -Z direction)

Z

X

Y

Phi

Theta

1111

Best-in-class 5G NR mobile prototype systemsSub-6 GHz and mmWave

5G NR UERFFE in mobile form-factors

to mimic real-world performance

5G NR gNodeBEnable early system-level testing

and demonstrations

5G NR BasebandFlexibly designed to track and drive

3GPP standardization in Rel-15+

• World’s first announced 5G NR prototype — June 2016

• World’s first 5G NR data connection — February 2017

• World’s first interoperable 5G NR system — November 2017

12

14.0 cm

Qualcomm Research 5G NR mmWave UE Prototype

7.6 cm

Based on 5G New Radio (NR) R-15 specification, showcasing adaptive beamforming & beam tracking

8x RFFE modules in 4x locations for testing flexibility; select different configurations to mimic real-world performance in mobile device form-factors

Each RFFE supports multiple selectable antenna

sub-arrays in X, Y, and Z directions

Supporting 5G NR interoperability testing and over-the-air trials with global operators

Also provides mobile device OEMs an opportunity to gain an early start in optimizing their devices

Qualcomm Research is a division of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

Demonstrating an optimized 5G NR mmWaveRF Front-end design in smartphone form-factor

13

In collaboration with AT&T, NTT DOCOMO, Orange, SK Telecom, Sprint, Telstra, T-Mobile US, Verizon, and Vodafone

5G NR scalable OFDM air interface

5G NR low latency slot-based framework

5G NR advanced channel coding

8x100 MHz bandwidth, operating at 28 GHz

100 MHz bandwidth; operating at 3.5 GHz

Global mobile industry

leaders achieve multi-band

5G NR interoperability

Compliant with the 3GPP

5G NR standard

www.qualcomm.com/videos/5g-nr-

mmwave-interoperability-testingWatch video:

1414

Utilizing adaptive beamforming and beam

tracking techniques Outdoor vehicular mobility up to 30 mph

Multiple gNodeBs with seamless handovers

Indoor mobility with wall penetration and dynamic blocking

Qualcomm Research 5G mmWave prototypeShowcasing robust mobile communications in real-world OTA testing

Handheld and in-vehicle UEs with hand-blocking

1515Source: Qualcomm Technologies Inc.

Outdoor OTA example test results

Foliage

Hill blocking LOS

Sp

ectr

al E

ffic

ien

cy

(bp

s/H

z)

0 Time (sec)

gN

B B

ea

m In

de

xU

E S

ub

arr

ay

Foliage lossCoverage hole due to landscape

5.25

0

0

1

2

3

27

1

gNB dynamic

beamforming/

tracking

UE dynamic

subarray

selection

10 20 30 40 50

Demonstrating sustained mobile communications outdoors, with NLOS and device mobility

Qualcomm Research over-the-air

outdoor testbed

1616

Connectivity to gNB1 *Min 1 bps/Hz

gNB2

gNB1

Connectivity to gNB2

Source: Qualcomm Technologies Inc.

Demonstrating sustained mobile communications indoors, with wall penetration and hand/body-blocking

Two gNBs provides adequate coverage*

for large, walled indoor office

Cell-boundaries not well-defined —

function of the environment

Coverage holes, e.g. area near elevators,

can be addressed with more gNBs

Indoor Office OTA example test resultswith dimensions of 75m x 40m with seamless handovers between two gNodeBs

17

Comparison of UE Configurations

• Two popular configurations ◦ Face design (2 modules): Modules with 2x2 x-pol planar array, 1x2 and 2x1

dipole arrays

◦ Edge design (3 modules): Modules with a single 4x1 x-pol planar array

• Designs utilize multiple antenna modules for spherical coverage

• Evaluate multiple beamforming schemes ◦ Optimistic (Upper bound): Maximal ratio combining (MRC) along all directions

◦ Practical scheme: RF/analog beam codebook-based

• 24 beams for all modules; corresponds to P-1/2/3 initial sweep and beam refinement

◦ Pessimistic (Lower bound): Best antenna selection (or legacy/LTE design)

18

Qualcomm Study on Hand-blockage Loss

• Qualcomm hand blockage study based on a 28 GHz prototype

◦ Form factor UE module with multiple patch and dipole subarrays

• Quantify hand-blocking loss in a real environment (w/o the benefit of

beam-switching)

• Compare results to 3GPP blockage model (based on EM sims)

Model Blockage loss

3GPP, Option A Flat loss of 30 dB

Qualcomm model Loss in dB distributed

N(μ = 15.26, σ = 3.8)

Key observations:

◦ EM simulations cannot capture hand-blockage loss accurately

◦ Flat 30 dB loss in 3GPP model is too pessimistic

◦ Simple log-normal model sufficient to model the loss

19

Face vs Edge Design Tradeoffs

Multiple modules provides good spherical coverage

Codebook scheme within ~2 dB of MRC; ~5-6 dB better than Ant. selection

Hand blockage deteriorates performance over ~25-30% of sphere

Edge better by ~1.5 dB in Portrait; Face better by ~1.5 dB in Landscape

Comparable performance → Choice dictated by various design tradeoffs

Face Design

Edge Design

2020

Example: San Francisco>65% outdoor coverage

>50% users above 1 Gbps

Collaborating with global operators to simulate 5G NR mmWave coverage

• Significant outdoor coverage possible utilizingactual existing LTE sites (10+ global cities)

• Will further benefit from LTE infrastructure (LAA small cells) to support ongoingGigabit LTE launches

• Outdoor coverage only; frees up sub-6 GHzresources for out-to-indoor capacity

• Based on our extensive over-the-air testingand channel measurements

21

Simulations based on extensive over-the-air testing and channel measurments

Site density

(per km2)

Total 48 36 32 31 28 41 31 39 37134

antenna locations

Macro 0 8 15 14 7 33 31 39 37

Small 48 28 17 17 21 8 0 0 0

US

City 1

US

City 2

EU

City 1

81%

65%

41%

81%74%

US

City 3

US

City 4

Korea

City 1

Hong

Kong

49% 49%

Korea

City 2

76%66%

Japan

City 1LVCC

Venue

IndoorOutdoor

85%

Significant 5G NR mmWave coverage via co-siting

28 GHz

downlink

coverage %

Co-siting with LTE

22

Leveraging LAA small cells used for Gigabit LTE to deliver significant 5G NR mmWave coverage

LAA

133 dB maximum allowable

path loss (MAPL)1+10 dB coverage

advantage

40 Mbps100 MHz CC

8 Mbps20 MHz CC

28 GHz

Source: Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 5G NR mmWave Network Coverage Simulation;

1. Link budget based on assumptions; additional variations possible due to temporary blockage — field measurements to follow; 2. Target spectral efficiency of 0.4 bps / Hz

Ou

tdo

or

do

wn

link c

ove

rag

e (

%)

US City 1 US City 2

28 GHzLAA

93%81%

LAA vs. 28 GHz coverage2

28 GHz

LAA

82%

65%

23

Commercializing mmWave in a smartphone form factor

76 mm

157.25 mm

9.7 mmmmWave (60 GHz) viability in handset form factor11ad in Asus

Zenfone 4 Pro

Qualcomm 5G NRmmWave prototype

5G NR mmWaveQualcomm Reference Design

24

October, 2017 February, 2018

Multi-Gigabit transmission

over mmWave spectrum

on working Snapdragon X50 silicon

Continued, fast-paced

progress towards

commercial devices

in the first half of 2019

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm

Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.

25

>1,000

>10,000

Early 4G

4G today

4G carrier aggregation combinations

Early 5G combinations

Number of RF bandsand band combinationsBy technology generation

A much wider

variation of

use cases

Advanced

wireless

technologies

49

16More diverse

deployment

scenarios

Many more

spectrum

bands/types

Complexity of mobile RF systems is acceleratingMulti-mode 4G/5G impacts RF-Front End design

4G

5G

26

RF Transceiver

PowerTracker

PowerAmplifier

Filter AntennaSwitch

Duplexer / Hexaplexer

Switch

AntennaTuner

SwitchLow NoiseAmplifier

Diversity Receive

RF Front End

Modem

A

N

T

E

N

N

A

S

Extractor

Multimode 3G/4G/5G poses

immense challenge

Next gen end-to-end system dynamically tunes RFFE performance

using modem intelligence and network information

End-to-end approach needed to address growing complexity

4G

Qualcomm Technologies

end-to-end system

uniquely positions us to

lead in 5G multimode RFFE

Qualcomm RF Front End

Modem

RFFE Controller

RF Front End

`

A

N

T

E

N

N

A

S

XCVR

27

Snapdragon X50 mmWave solution

ModemSDR051

Integrated Circuit

Antenna module

5G mmWave antenna

modules and

transceiver chips

mmWave

Digital Trans-ceiver Power

Amps

Low

NoiseAmps

Switches

Intermediate Frequency

Baseband

Snapdragon X50 5G

mmWave architecture

Integrated antenna array

and RFFE for performance

and ease-of-use

Architecture allows flexible

placements and multiple modules

2828

5G NR standards and technology leadershipOur technology inventions are

driving the 5G NR standard

Best-in-class 5Gprototype systemsDesigning and testing 5G

technologies for many years

5G NR interoperabilitytesting and trialsLeveraging prototype systems and

our leading global network experience

Modem andRFFE leadershipAnnounced the Qualcomm

Snapdragon X50 5G modem family

Making 5G NR a commercial reality for 2019For standard-compliant networks and devices

Vodafone Group

LTE foundational technologies

Download the “Making 5G NR a commercial reality” presentation to learn more — link

29

Driving a rich 5G NR technology roadmap beyond eMBB

5G NR

URLLC

5G NR Spectrum Sharing in

unlicensed/shared spectrum

5G NR Non-Orthogonal

Multiple Access (NOMA) 5G NR

C-V2X

5G NR Integrated Access

and Backhaul

3GPP Rel-15

5G NR eMBB design

provides the foundation

Sub-6 GHz | mmWave

Wireless Industrial

Ethernet

Download the 3GPP Release-16 5G NR overview presentation to learn more — link

3030

5G NR mmWave continuing to evolve beyond R15

Bringing new capabilities, new spectrum bands and new deployment opportunities

Rel-15 Study Item on enabling easy/low-cost

deployment of small cells using mmWave

spectrum for access and backhaul

Rel-15 Study Item for both LAA and

standalone operation (aka 5G MulteFire™) in

sub-6 GHz and mmWave spectrum bands

Exploring the use of spectrum bands above

~40 GHz, including unlicensed spectrum in

the 57 GHz to 71 GHz band

Integrated Access and Backhaul Unlicensed Spectrum Higher spectrum bands

3131

5G NR mmWave IAB1 for cost-efficient dense deployments

Traditional fiber backhaulcan be expensive formmWave cell sites

Improves coverage and capacity, while limiting backhaul cost

1 Integrated Access & Backhaul

mmWave access inherently requires small cell deployment

Running fiber to each cell site may not be feasible and can be cost prohibitive

mmWave backhaul can have longer range compared to access

Sub-6 GHz

gNodeB

Fiber backhaul

Multi-hop

capability

Redundant

links

Efficient operation through dynamic resource

partitioning between access and backhaul

32

IAB enables cost-efficient dense mmWave deployment• Improves coverage and capacity while limiting backhaul cost

• IAB provides cost-efficient backhaul solution for dense network

– Extended gNB-to-gNB range due to high-gain beams on both link end points

– High spectral efficiency due to high inter-link interference suppression

– High capacity due to large bandwidth in mmWave band

Separate fiber link for each cell IAB: One fiber link shared among multiple cells

Fiber link

UE

Fiber link

gNB

Fiber linkFiber link

Fiber link

Fiber linkUE

gNB

33

IAB provides incremental deployment path

Fiber link

UEgNB

Fiber link

UEgNB

Fiber link

Fiber link

Initial rollout

IAB enables wide mmWave coverage with

limited fiber links

As traffic grows…

Deploy additional fiber links to support

increasing traffic demand

34

IAB provides coverage in dense urban areas• IAB ensures extended coverage in presence of large-scale obstructions

• Shadowing by high-rise buildings

creates local coverage holes and

leaves side streets uncovered

• Shadowing enhanced at mmWave

frequencies

• IAB enables illumination of

shadowed areas and uncovered

side streets

UE gNB gNB

High-rise

building

gNB

Fiber link

35

2

45

6

89

2

5

10

18 18 18

10 Mbps 20 Mbps 25 Mbps 20 Mbps 40 Mbps 50 Mbps

*Assumptions: 28 GHz band, 1GHz b/w, 18 base-stations; 200m ISD; 600 devices, uniform distribution;

results obtained without any constraint on the number of hops

Number of fiber drops needed

Integrated Access Backhaul Fixed Access backhaul

Supports more flexible deployments and reduces network cost

Fewer fiber drop points needed compared to fixed backhaul for a given traffic demand

Dynamically adjusts to changes in fiber drop locations and numbers

5G NR Integrated Access & Backhaul

Follow us on:

For more information, visit us at:

www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog

Thank you!

Nothing in these materials is an offer to sell any of the

components or devices referenced herein.

©2018 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated

companies. All Rights Reserved.

Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated,

registered in the United States and other countries. Other

products and brand names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks of their respective owners.

References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm

Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsidiaries

or business units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as

applicable. Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing

business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm

Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm

Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of

Qualcomm’s engineering, research and development functions, and

substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its

semiconductor business, QCT.