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Preface

Thank to Allah SWT that merciful and compassionate, who has given His bless to us for finishing the Physics paper assignment entitled X-rays.This Physic X RAY working paper was written as an assignment. We intend this working paper in the students an understanding of the principles of physic that would serve equally well as the basis for further study of physic.This working paper explained about Electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum, definition of X Ray, history of X Ray, Daily using and the tolls detail. Anyone can learn physic. your success in Physic directly commensurate with your ability to learn how to study well. You have to practice problems to gain mastery of the material. Content

Chapter 1 Forword

A. BackgroundNatural science is a human activity that is active and dynamic, meaning that human activities are endless. From an experiment will produce a draft, then of the concept can be pushed in the experiment.One natural science is the science of physics. All phenomena in the universe has a relationship with the physical sciences. Along with the development of more advanced age, human beings can not be separated from technology in his life. The technology developed for example on health or medical field, namely the use of X-rays to the X-ray at a particular organ of the human body.X-rays have higher penetrating power enough to the material in its path. X-ray was discovered by Wilhelm C. Roentgen. In the physics of X-rays belong to the electromagnetic waves consist of a form of ionizing radiation and can be dangerous.

B. Problems1. What is electromagnetic waves?2. What is the definition of X-rays?3. How does the light spectrum?4. How can the discovery of X-rays?5. What is the use of X-ray in the daily life?6. How is the mechanism of X-rays?

C. Purposes1. Knowing about electromagnetic waves.2. Knowing about X-rays.3. Knowing about the spectrum of the electromagnetic waves.4. Knowing about the discovery of X-rays.5. Knowing the use of X-ray in the daily life. And tell the detail one of them.6. Knowing about the mechanism of X-rays.

Chapter 2 Discussion

A. Electromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic waves are electric fields and magnetic fields that propagate in all directions.1. The properties of electromagnetic waves:a. Can propagate in a vacuum.b. Is a transverse wave.c. Can be polarized.d. Can undergo reflection (reflection).e. Be susceptible to interference.f. Can undergo bending or scattering (diffraction).g. Propagates in the straight direction. Based on calculations have been performed Maxwell, in electromagnetic waves room velocity vacuum is 3 x 108 m / s is equal to the speed of light measured.

2. The basic equations waveC = L x f

Description:C = Speed of light.L = Panjang gelombang.F = Frequency.

B. Definition of X-rayX-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths shorter than visible light. Different applications use different parts of the X-ray spectrum. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (31016 Hz to 31019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and typically longer than those of gamma rays.

C. Spectrum

The electromagnetic SpectrumThe frecuency of X-ray can be calculated by the following formula:v = . f

With:v = Kecepatan cahaya (3 x 108 m/s). = Panjang gelombang (m).f = frequency (Hz).v = . f3 x 108 = 10-10 . ff = 3 x 1018

The energy of X-ray can also be calculated by the following formula:E = h . f

With:E = Total energi pada suatu panjang gelombang.h = Konstanta Plank ( 6.625 x 10-34 J s). f = frekuensi (Hz).E = h . fE = 6.625 x 10-34 . 3 x 1018E = 1.988 x 10-15 J

The sequence of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves of :1. Short wavelength to long wave length :a. Gamma ray. b. X-ray.c. Ultraviolet.d. Visible light.e. Infrared.f. Micro waves.g. Radio waves.

2. High frequency to low frequency :a. Gamma ray.b. X-ray.c. Ultraviolet.d. Visible light.e. Infrared.f. Micro waves.g. Radio waves.

3. Low energy to High energy :a. Radio waves.b. Micro waves.c. Infrared.d. Visible light.e. Ultraviolet.f. X-rayg. Gamma ray.

D. Properties of X-ray1. PermeabilityX-rays can penetrate materials or solid mass with penetrating power very large such as bone and teeth. The higher the tube voltage (kV magnitude) is used, the greater the power breakdown. The lower the atomic weight or the density of an object, the greater the power breakdown.

2. Dispersion (Scattering)If the x-ray beam through a material or a substance, then the beam will be scattered in every direction, causing secondary radiation (radiation scattering) in materials or substances that pass. This will lead to radiographic images and the movie will appear gray overall blurring. To reduce the scattering of radiation is then placed among subjects with lead (grid) thin.

3. AbsorptionIn radiography x-ray is absorbed by the substance or substances in accordance with the atomic weight or density of such material or substance. The higher the density or weight greater atomic absorption.

4. Photographic effectsX-rays can discolor film emulsion (silver bromide emulsion) after processing chemically (raised) in a dark room.

5. FluorescenceX-ray causes certain materials such as calcium or zinc tungsten sulfide fluorescent (luminisensi). Luminisensi there are 2 types:a. Fluorescence, which fluoresces when no x-ray radiation alone.b. Fosforisensi, pemendaran light will take a while though x-ray radiation is turned off (after - glow).

6. IonizationThe primary effect of x-rays when concerning a substance or substances can because ionization particles or substances.. Biological effects X-rays will cause changes in biological tissue. Effect This biology used in radiotherapy treatment.

E. Dicoverer of X-rayGerman physicist Wilhelm Rntgen is usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays in 1895, because he was the first to systematically study them, though he is not the first to have observed their effects. He is also the one who gave them the name "X-rays" (signifying an unknown quantity) though many others referred to these as "Rntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as, "Rntgenograms") for several decades after their discovery and even to this day in some languages, including Rntgen's native German.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Hand mit Ringen (Hand with Rings): print of Wilhelm Rntgen's first "medical" X-ray, of his wife's hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896.X-rays were found emanating from Crookes tubes, experimental discharge tubes invented around 1875, by scientists investigating the cathode rays, that is energetic electron beams, that were first created in the tubes. Crookes tubes created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the tube by a high DC voltage of anywhere between a few kilovolts and 100 kV. This voltage accelerated the electrons coming from the cathode to a high enough velocity that they created X-rays when they struck the anode or the glass wall of the tube. Many of the early Crookes tubes undoubtedly radiated X-rays, because early researchers noticed effects that were attributable to them, as detailed below. Wilhelm Rntgen was the first to systematically study them, in 1895.

Crookes TubeAt that time Roentgen work using Crookes tube in his laboratory at the University of Wurzburg. He observed a green flame in the tube that previously attracted the attention of Crookes. Roentgen subsequently tried to close the tube with black paper with the hope that no visible light that can pass. But after closing it is still something that can be passed. Roentgen concluded that there was the invisible rays were able to pass through the black paper.Green flame seen by Crookes and Roentgen was finally known that the light is none other than the light wave emitted by a glass wall on the tube when the electrons hit the wall that, as a result of the dismantling of electricity through a gas remaining in the tube. At the same time it stimulates the atomic electrons in the glass to release the electromagnetic waves are very short wavelengths in the form of X-rays.

F. Applications in the daily life1. Roentgen Stereophotogrammetry.Roentgen Stereo photogrammetry (RSA) is a highly accurate technique for the assessment of three-dimensional migration and micromotion of a joint replacement prosthesis relative to the bone it is attached to.

2. X-Ray Fluorenscence.X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-ray from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or Gamma-ray.

3. X-Ray Microscopic.X-Ray Microscopic uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects.

4. X-Ray Cristallography.X-Ray Cristallography is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-ray to diffract into many specific directions.

5. X-Ray Photoelectron SpectroscopyX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition at the parts per thousand range, empirical formula, chemical state and electron state of the elements that exist within a material.G. Alat yang didetailkan

H. The mechanism of X-ray

Crookes tube1. Cathode is heated (> 20.0000C) until light by drain the electric that come from transformer.2. Cause heat, electrons from cathode is released.3. When be connected with high voltage transformer, the electrons movement is accelerated toward anode that be centered in the focusing cup.4. The electron clouds is stopped suddenly on the target, so that be shaped the heat (99%) and X-ray (1%).5. The lead protector will prevent the x-ray release, so that x-ray is shaped it only can close through the window.6. The high heat on the target by dint of electron clash is disappeared by refrigerator radiator.

I. The dangers of X-ray1. Cause a decrease in blood cell production.2. Cause infection and irritation of the skin.3. Have bad effect for the eyes.4. Influence the decreased of sperm production and infertility.5. Pneumonitas and pulmonary disorders.6. Indigestion in the small intestine.Chapter 3 Finality

A. ConclusionX-rays is an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength (10-10 m), which is able to pass through many opaque materials. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. In daily life, X-rays is often used to make many tools that using the principle of X-rays. Such as X-ray crystallography, X-ray microscopic, X-ray fluorenscence, Roentgen stereophotogrammetry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

B. References1. https://heruvee.wordpress.com/2011/04/25/sejarah-penemu-sinar-x-serta-cara-kerjanya/2. http://amateur-physics.blogspot.co.id/2015/02/foto-rontgen-dan-cara-kerja-sinar-x.html3. https://en.wikipedia.org/4. https://www.youtube.com/