Makalah Manajemen Sistem Informasi 12
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Transcript of Makalah Manajemen Sistem Informasi 12
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Name :Ikhwanul Muttaqien
NPM :1114370299
Study :Manajement Information System
1. Sejarah e-commerce
The History Of Ecommerce
By definition, ecommerce or electronic commerce, is the buying and
selling of products or services via the Internet. For many Americans,
ecommerce is something we participate in on a daily basis, like online bill
payment or purchasing from an e-tailer.
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Nowadays the thought of living without ecommerce seems unfathomable,
complicated and an inconvenience to many. It wasnt until only a few decades
ago that the idea of ecommerce had even appeared.
Ecommerce was introduced 40 years ago and, to this day, continues to grow
with new technologies, innovations, and thousands of businesses entering the
online market each year. The convenience, safety, and user experience of
ecommerce has improved exponentially since its inception in the 1970s. This
article will address some of the key players and milestones of ecommerce
Ecommerce Timeline
1960-1982
Paving the way for electric commerce was the development of
the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI replaced traditional mailing and
faxing of documents with a digital transfer of data from one computer to
another.
Trading partners could transfer orders, invoices and other business transactions
using a data format that met the ANSI ASC X12, the predominant set of
standards in North America.
Once an order is sent, it is then examined by a VAN (Value-Added Network)
and finally directed to the recipients order processing system. EDI allowed the
transfer of data seamlessly without any human intervention.
Michael Aldrich, an English inventor, innovator and entrepreneur is credited
with developing the predecessor to online shopping. The idea came about
during a stroll with his wife and Labrador when Aldrich lamented about their
weekly supermarket shopping expedition. This conversation sparked an idea to
hook a television to their supermarket to deliver the groceries. Immediately
after the discussion Aldrich quickly planned and implemented his idea.
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In 1979 Aldrich connected a television set to a transaction processing computer
with a telephone line and created what he coined, teleshopping, meaning
shopping at a distance.
1982-1990
It was apparent from the beginning that B2B online shopping would be
commercially lucrative but B2C would not be successful until the later
widespread use of PCs and the World Wide Web, also known as, the Internet.
In 1982, France launched the precursor to the Internet called, Minitel.
The online service used a Videotex terminal machine that was accessed through
telephone lines. The Minitel was free to telephone subscribers and connected
millions of users to a computing network.
By 1999, over 9 million Minitel terminals had been distributed and were
connecting approximately 25 million users in this interconnected network of
machines. The Minitel system peaked in 1991 and slowly met its demise after
the success of the Internet 3 years later. Eventually, in 2011, France Telecom
announced its shutdown of the Minitel service system. Sadly, it had not become
what it had hoped to be, the Internet.
90s To Present
In 1990 Tim Berners Lee, along with his friend Robert Cailliau,
published a proposal to build a Hypertext project called, WorldWideWeb.
The inspiration for this project was modeled after the Dynatex SGML reader
licensed by CERN.
That same year, Lee, using a NeXTcomputer created the first web server and
wrote the first web browser. Shortly thereafter, he went on to debut the web on
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Aug. 6, 1991 as a publicly available service on the Internet. When Berners Lee
decided he would take on the task of marrying hypertext to the Internet, in doing
that, the process led to him developing URL, HTML and HTTP.
When the National Science Foundation lifted its restrictions on commercial use
of the NET in 1991, the Internet and online shopping saw remarkable growth. In
September 1995, the NSF began charging a fee for registering domain
names. 120,000 registered domain names were present at that time and within 3
years that number grew to beyond 2 million. By this time, NSFs role in the
Internet came to an end and a lot of the oversight shifted to the commercial
sector.
The 1992 book, Future Shop: How Technologies Will Change The Way We
Shop And What We Buy, provided insight and predictions on the future of
consumerism. An overview of the book explains:
For hundreds of years the marketplace has been growing more complex and
more confusing for consumers to navigate. Published in 1992, long before the
Internet became a household word. Future Shop argued that new information
technologies, combined with innovative public policies, could help consumers
overcome that confusion. A prescient manifesto of the coming revolution in e-
commerce, Future Shops vision of consumer empowerment still resonates
today.
From the beginning, there were many hesitations and concerns with online
shopping but the development of a security protocol - theSecure Socket
Layers (SSL) - encryption certificate by Netscape in 1994 provided a safe
means to transmit data over the Internet. Web browsers were able to check and
identify whether a site had an authenticated SSL certificate and based on that,
could determine whether or not a site could be trusted.
Now, SSL encryption protocol is a vital part of web security and version 3.0 has
become the standard for most web servers today.
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Online Ecommerce Megastores
The mid-nineties to 2000s saw major advancements in the commercial
use of the Internet. The largest online retailer in the world Amazon, launched in
1995 as an online bookstore. Brick-and-mortar bookstores were limited to about
200,000 titles and Amazon, being an online only store, without physical
limitations was able to offer exponentially more products to the shopper.
Currently, Amazon offers not only books but DVDs, CDs, MP3 downloads,
computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, and toys.
A unique characteristic of Amazons website is the user review feature that
includes a rating scale to rate a product. Customer reviews are now considered
the most effective social media tactic for driving sales. The company attracts
approximately 65 million customers to its U.S. website per month and earned
revenue of 34.204 billion in 2010. In 2001, Amazon.com launched its first
mobile commerce site.
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Another major success story of the dot com bubble was Ebay, an online auction
site that debuted in 1995. Other retailers like Zappos and Victoria Secret
followed suit with online shopping sites; Zappos being a web only operation.
Also in 1995, was the inception of Yahoo followed by Google in 1998, two
leading search engines in the US. These successful web directories began their
own ecommerce subsidiaries with Google Shopping and Yahoo! Auction, in
following years.
Global ecommerce company, PayPal, began its services in 1998 and currently
operates in 190 markets. The company is an acquired bank that performs
payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial
users. They allow their customers to send, receive and hold funds in 24
currencies worldwide. Currently, PayPal manages more than 232 million
accounts, more than 100 million of them active.
As more and more people began doing business online, a need for secure
communication and transactions became apparent. In 2004, the Payment Card
Industry Security Standards Council (PCI) was formed to ensure businesses
were meeting compliance with various security requirements.
The organization was created for the development, enhancement, storage,
dissemination and implementation of security standards for account data
protection.
The growing use of the Internet, tablet devices, and smart phones coupled with
larger consumer confidence will see that ecommerce will continue to evolve and
expand.
With social media growing exponentially in recent years, the conversation
between businesses and consumers has become more engaging, making it easier
for transactional exchanges to happen online. Internet retailers continue to strive
to create better content and a realistic shopping experience with technologies
like augmented reality.
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With mobile commerce gaining speed, more users are purchasing from the palm
of their hand. The market for mobile payments is expected to quadruple by
2014, reaching $630 billion in value. Total sales in ecommerce have grown
from $27.6 billion in 2000 to $143.4 billion in 2009 and are expected to
continue its growth for the foreseeable future.
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2. Apa itu e-commerce
Definition of 'Electronic Commerce - ecommerce
A type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a
firm or individual to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the
internet. Electronic commerce operates in all four of the major market segments:
business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to
business. It can be thought of as a more advanced form of mail-order purchasing
through a catalog. Almost any product or service can be offered via ecommerce, from
books and music to financial services and plane tickets.
Ecommerce has allowed firms to establish a market presence, or to enhance an
existing market position, by providing a cheaper and more efficient distribution chain
for their products or services. One example of a firm that has successfully used
ecommerce is Target. This mass retailer not only has physical stores, but also has an
online store where the customer can buy everything from clothes to coffee makers to
action figures.
When you purchase a good or service online, you are participating in ecommerce.
Some advantages of ecommerce for consumers are:
- Convenience. Ecommerce can take place 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
- Selection. Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they do in their
brick-and-mortar counterparts. And stores that exist only online may offer consumers
a selection of goods that they otherwise could not access.
But ecommerce also has its disadvantages for consumers:
- Limited customer service. If you want to buy a computer and youre shopping
online, there is no employee you can talk to about which computer would best meet
your needs.
- No instant gratification. When you buy something online, you have to wait for it to
be shipped to your home or office.
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- No ability to touch and see a product. Online images dont always tell the whole
story about an item. Ecommerce transactions can be dissatisfying when the product
the consumer receives is different than expected.
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3. Manfaat e-commerce
Advantages of Ecommerce
1. Overcome Geographical Limitations
If you have a physical store, you are limited by the geographical area that you
can service. With an ecommerce website, the whole world is your playground.
Additionally, the advent ofmcommerce, i.e., ecommerce on mobile devices, has
dissolved every remaining limitation of geography.
2. Gain New Customers With Search Engine Visibility
Physical retail is driven by branding and relationships. In addition to these two
drivers, online retail is also driven by traffic from search engines. It is not unusual for
customers to follow a link in search engine results, and land up on an ecommerce
website that they have never heard of. This additional source of traffic can be the
tipping point for some ecommerce businesses.
3. Lower Costs
One of the most tangible positives of ecommerce is the lowered cost. A part of
these lowered costs could be passed on to customers in the form of discounted prices.
Here are some of the ways that costs can be reduced with ecommerce:
Advertising and Marketing
Organic search engine traffic, pay-per-click, and social media traffic are some
of the advertising channels that can be cost-effective.
Personnel
The automation of checkout, billing, payments, inventory management, and
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other operational processes, lowers the number of employees required to run an
ecommerce setup.
Real Estate
This one is a no-brainer. An ecommerce merchant does not need a prominent
physical location.
4. Locate the Product Quicker
It is no longer about pushing a shopping cart to the correct aisle, or scouting for
the desired product. On an ecommerce website, customers can click through intuitive
navigation or use a search box to immediately narrow down their product search.
Some websites remember customer preferences and shopping lists to facilitate repeat
purchase.
5. Eliminate Travel Time and Cost
It is not unusual for customers to travel long distances to reach their preferred
physical store. Ecommerce allows them to visit the same store virtually, with a few
mouse clicks.
6. Provide Comparison Shopping
Ecommerce facilitates comparison shopping. There are several online services
that allow customers to browse multiple ecommerce merchants and find the best
prices.
7. Enable Deals, Bargains, Coupons, and Group Buying
Though there are physical equivalents to deals, bargains, coupons, and group
buying, online shopping makes it much more convenient. For instance if a customer
has a deep discount coupon for turkey at one physical store and toilet paper at another,
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she may find it infeasible to avail of both discounts. But the customer could do that
online with a few mouse-clicks.
8. Provide Abundant Information
There are limitations to the amount of information that can be displayed in a
physical store. It is difficult to equip employees to respond to customers who require
information across product lines. Ecommerce websites can make additional
information easily available to customers. Most of this information is provided by
vendors, and does not cost anything to create or maintain.
9. Create Targeted Communication
Using the information that a customer provides in the registration form, and by
placing cookies on the customer's computer, an ecommerce merchant can access a lot
of information about its customers. This, in turn, can be used to communicate relevant
messages. An example: If you are searching for a certain product on Amazon.com,
you will automatically be shown listings of other similar products. In addition,
Amazon.com may also email you about related products.
10. Remain Open All the Time
Store timings are now 24/7/365. Ecommerce websites can run all the time.
From the merchant's point of view, this increases the number of orders they receive.
From the customer's point of view, an "always open" store is more convenient.
11. Create Markets for Niche Products
Buyers and sellers of niche products can find it difficult to locate each other in the
physical world. Online, it is only a matter of the customer searching for the product in
a search engine. One example could be purchase of obsolete parts. Instead of trashing
older equipment for lack of spares, today we can locate parts online with great ease
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4. Kendala e-commerce
Disadvantages of Ecommerce
Ecommerce Lacks That Personal Touch
Not that all physical retailers have a personal approach, but I do know of several
retailers who value human relationship. As a result, shopping at those retail outlets is
reassuring and refreshing. Clicking on "Buy Now," and piling up products in virtual
shopping carts, is just not the same for me.
Different people sing to different tunes. For me, the demise of the personal touch in
online transactions is the biggest disadvantage of ecommerce.
Ecommerce Delays Goods
Unless you are using a website to merely order a pizza online, ecommerce
websites deliver take a lot longer to get the goods into your hands. Even with express
shipping, the earliest you get goods is "tomorrow."
But if you want to buy a pen because you need to write something right now, you
cannot buy it off an ecommerce website. Likewise with candy that you want to eat
now, a book that you want to read tonight, a birthday gift that you need this evening...
You get the idea.
An exception to this rule is in the case of digital goods, e.g. an ebook or a music file.
In this case, ecommerce might actually be faster than purchasing goods from a
physical store.
Many Goods Cannot Be Purchased Online
Despite its many conveniences, there are goods that you cannot buy online.
Most of these would be in the categories of "perishable" or "odd-sized." Think about
it, you cannot order a popsicle (also referred to as an ice pop or ice lolly) or a dining
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table set.
Well, you could order both of them online, but consider the inconvenience. The
popsicle would have to be transported in refrigerated trucks. Unless the seller was
willing to make a huge loss, the cost of shipping that popsicle would far exceed the
cost of the popsicle.
Likewise, a dining table set can certainly be purchased online. In some cases, the cost
oflogistics is bearable. But if you have to return the furniture, you will get well-
acquainted with the inconvenience of ecommerce.
Ecommerce Does Not Allow You to Experience the Product Before
Purchase
You cannot touch the fabric of the garment you want to buy. You cannot check
how the shoe feels on your feet. You cannot "test" the perfume that you want to buy.
You get the idea.
In many cases, customers want to experience the product before purchase.
Ecommerce does not allow that. If you buy a music system, you cannot play it online
to check if it sounds right? If you are purchasing a home-theatre system, you would
much rather sit in the "experience center" that several retail stores set up.
Anyone Can Set Up an Ecommerce Website
We live in an era where online storefront providers bring you the ability to set
up an ecommerce store within minutes. I have tried it, and it is possible to set up a
basic store in under 10 minutes.
But if anybody can set up a store, how do I know that the store I am purchasing from
is genuine? The lowered barriers to entry might be a great attraction to the aspiring
ecommerce entrepreneur. But for the buyer, reliability can be an issue. This could lead
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customers to restrict their online purchases to famous ecommerce websites.
Security
When making an online purchase, you have to provide at least your credit card
information and mailing address. In many cases, ecommerce websites are able to
harvest other information about your online behavior and preferences. This could lead
to credit card fraud, or worse, identity theft.
Conclusion
While we might be gung-ho about ecommerce, we must acknowledge that
there are disadvantages too. Only when we accept our shortcomings will we work
towards overcoming them.
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5. Contoh website e-commerce
Examples of Ecommerce
Online Shopping
Buying and selling goods on the Internet is one of the most popular examples
of ecommerce. Sellers create storefronts that are the online equivalents of retail
outlets. Buyers browse and purchase products with mouse clicks. Though
Amazon.com is not the pioneer of online shopping, it is arguably the most famous
online shopping destination.
Ex : lazada.com, bhineka.com, pulsa.co.id and many more
Electronic Payments
When you are buying goods online, there needs to be a mechanism to pay
online too. That is where payment processors and payment gateways come into the
picture.
Electronic payments reduce the inefficiency associated with writing and mailing
checks. It also does away with many of the safety issues that arise due to payment
made in currency notes.
Ex : credit card, VISA, ATM
Online Auctions
When you think online auction, you think eBay. Physical auctions predate
online auctions, but the Internet made auctions accessible to a large number of
buyers and sellers. Online auctions are an efficient mechanism for price discovery.
Many buyers find the auction shopping mechanism much interesting than regular
storefront shopping.
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Internet Banking
Today it is possible for you to perform the entire gamut of banking operations
without visiting a physical bank branch. Interfacing of websites with bank
accounts, and by extension credit cards, was the biggest driver of ecommerce.
Ex : BCA mobile BANKing, and any more
Online Ticketing
Air tickets, movie tickets, train tickets, play tickets, tickets to sporting events,
and just about any kind of tickets can be booked online. Online ticketing does
away with the need to queue up at ticket counters.
Ex :
Specialized Forms of Ecommerce
On some platforms, ecommerce has shown the promise of explosive growth. Two
such examples are:
Mcommerce
Mcommerce is short for "mobile commerce." The rapid penetration of mobile
devices with Internet access has opened new avenues of ecommerce for
retailers.
Fcommerce
Fcommerce is short for "Facebook commerce." The immense popularity of
Facebook provides a captive audience to transact business.
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6. Apa itu EDI pada e-commerce
EDI and Ecommerce at Medtronic
Medtronic offers EDI as a way to streamline the order-to-cash business
processes. Medtronic offers product catalog scrubbing to improve ordering accuracy.
If used in conjunction with the EDI ordering, order confirmation, invoicing, and
payment processes, great benefits and efficiencies can be achieved throughout the
supply chain.
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7. Apa itu IOS pada e-commerce
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8. Sebutkan 5 CMS ( Content Management System ) E-commerce
dan sebutkan juga kelebihan dan kekuangan masing-masing CMS
tersebut
5 Content Management Systems for eCommerce
eCommerce continues to steadily evolve as its become one of the most
reliable, and preferable ways to purchase goods. Its very existence has allowed
countless number of businesses reach new heights, and take advantage of endless
possibilities. As new standards, ideas, and applications for eCommerce role out, the
strength of your online presence must support these new trends.
Having a powerful and dependable Content Management System is becoming less of
an option and more of a need. Below weve outlined 5 of the best Content
Management Systems to fuel your eCommerce. Please note that CMSs like
WordPress and Joomla, although not entirely focused on eCommerce, they offer
effective plugins to take care of your basic and intermediate level needs.
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Business Catalyst
Business Catalyst allows you to build typical eCommerce web sites that range
from small to medium sizes. Once you sign up youll get a hosted eCommerce
application that provides you with a dedicated content management system (CMS)
that has the power to jumpstart blogs, shopping carts, and forums. Youll also be
greeted with easy to understand analytics that let you track web site visits and
customer activity. The user interface is simple and concise. Business Catalyst not only
helps build your online store, but it manages it as well. BC is a full-featured hosted
application that offers great support over the phone, email, or live chat.
Adventage
No Server-Side Coding Required
All-in-One Solution
Build Sites That Allow Customers to Participate Online
Work Quickly and Efficiently, Anywhere You're Connected
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Easy-to-Add Site Features
Secure and Scalable Platform
Design Sites Using Familiar Dreamweaver Capabilities
Secure Transactions
Promote Products and Services with Email Campaigns
Sign Up for a Free Account and Check Out the Service
Summary
Disventage
You can define your own web apps.
The WYSIWYG editor doesnt F-up your HTML/CSS/JS
Great value for those that have clients
Easy setup easy integration.
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Magento
Magento is classified as an open source eCommerce platform that eases the
flow between design and online sales. Magento is one of the fastest growing
eCommerce solutions in the market, and with their long list of features its not hard to
see why. Magento likes to out-smart other content management systems for
eCommerce by providing excellent options to grow your site. Magento is a very
flexible eCommerce platform that lets you Manage multiple websites, integrate
Google Website Optimizer and over 50 payment gateways.
Adventage
Large Community
Open Source and Available for Free
Themes and Templates
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Automatic Integration with Google Services
Supports Variety of Payment Options
Wishlist
Availability of Customizations
Fully flourished with rich features
Magento Mobile
Architecture
Extensions
Desventage
Large space and memory
Complexity
Limited Technical Documentation
Learning Curve
High Maintenance
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PrestaShop
PrestaShop is a free, open source eCommerce platform that delivers a wide variety of
features such as the full control of your inventory, orders, shipping and tracking,
allowing you to manage your business in real-time. This eCommerce platform has a
WYSIWYG editing tool for your products and the managing of images. Your online
store can be customized at any time, accept PayPal payments, and manage customer
based subscriptions. PrestaShop can send payments directly to your bank account, or
your PayPal account.
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Adventage
Free and open source
Size of software
SEO
Animated add to cart
Multilingual
Prestashop is easy to develop
Fast and it does not require expensive servers to
Many free module
It has modules and themes shop
Its easy to learn
It has big community
It is rapidly improving
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OpenCart
Open carts admin area has a well designed user interface that simplifies the process
of tweaking your site. When you first begin using this eCommerce platform youre
given a customizable layout that gives your products an adequate amount of
breathing room. OpenCart lets you take full control of your shipping features and
the ability to take coupons. You can use coupon codes for your existing customers as
incentives. Open Cart is ideal for small to medium sized businesses that are looking
for flexibility and the power of useful tools at their fingertips.
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osCSS
osCSS is simply a php eCommerce shopping application thats built on the
oscommerce GPL code. Its available for a free download and distribution. This
version complies with current web standards by using XHTML 1.1 as the mark-up
language. Youll have full take on how to display your products and the way they will
be shipped. Although osCSS isnt the most popular or powerful eCommerce CMS, it
sure does get the job done.