CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Environmental issues is not a question of one country alone , but it is the responsibility of all

nations and countries . Therefore , efforts were made to prevent more damage to the

environment. As with the convening of the Earth Summit , Kiyoto Protocol , etc. . Even some

countries are still using fossil fuels , trying to reduce the greenhouse effect by using natural

gas fuel is economically very competitive when compared with the use of petroleum or coal .

Only actual natural gas also remains cause CO2 , but much less when compared to the use of

petroleum and coal .

Besides, it was also creates methane gas during the process of provision , which all can lead

to environmental damage . This paper will discuss the issue of environmental damage on

Earth , especially in Indonesia , following terhapap preventive efforts and sustainable

development efforts .

1.2 Problem Formulation

In this paper , the problem to be addressed are :

I. Definition of the Environment and Earth ?

II . What are the causes of environmental damage in Indonesia ?

III . What are the events - events that occur in the natural destruction in Indonesia?

IV . How do I overcome it ?

V. environmental conservation efforts in sustainable development ?

1.3 Objective Problems

In this paper , a paper that will be discussed aiming to :

I. The earth damage control efforts

II . So that people can find alternatives to conserve natural resources

III . For man is more loved Environment

IV . SDA avoid crisis in the near future

V. To ensure the achievement of efficient use of resources , effective , fair , and equitable .

VI . Optimize community participation

VII . Ensuring the relevance and consistency between planning , budgeting , implementation ,

and pngawasan

 

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Environment

According to the results of google sense Environment / environment is a term that

encompasses all living and non-living beings in nature that exist on Earth or part of the

Earth , which works naturally without excessive human intervention .

2.2 Environmental Causes Damage in Indonesia

Indonesia has 10 percent of the world's tropical forests are still tersisa.Hutan Indonesia has 12

percent of the mammal species / mammals , the owner of 16 percent of the animal species of

reptiles and amphibians . 1,519 species of birds and 25 percent of the world's fish species .

Most of them are endemic ( found only in the area ) .

Area of native Indonesian natural forests shrink with alarming speed . Until now , Indonesia

has lost 72 percent of its original forest [ World Resource Institute , 1997 ] . Indonesian

Deforestation uncontrolled for decades causing shrinkage of tropical forests on a large scale .

Period 1985-1997 deforestation rate recorded 1.6 million hectares per year , whereas the

period 1997-2000 to 3.8 million hectares per year . This makes Indonesia is one of the places

with the highest deforestation rates in the world . In Indonesia, based on the interpretation of

Landsat imagery in 2000 there were 101.73 million hectares of forests and degraded land ,

including an area of 59.62 million hectares located in the forest area . [ Forestry Planning

Agency , 2003 ] .

With the decrease in forest cover of Indonesia, the majority of Indonesian region has become

an area that is prone to disasters , both droughts , floods and landslides . From 1998 until

mid-2003 , there have been 647 disasters in Indonesia, with 2022 casualties and the loss of

billions of dollars , of which 85 per cent of these disasters are floods and landslides caused by

deforestation [ National Coordinating Agency for Disaster Management , 2003 ] .

Disadvantages of formal rules governing the rights of public and private ownership led to the

use of fire as a weapon in land tenure conflicts . Fire is also used by small landholders to

clear land for growing crops and industry , by the migrants , by shifting cultivators and

hunters and fishermen . Deforestation and degradation of natural forests provide wood waste

flammable - terrestrial landscape and create more fire prone .

2.3 Events Natural Damage in Indonesia

2 Occurs naturally include:

a) Earthquakes

An earthquake is the vibration of the earth's crust that can be caused by several things ,

including the activities of magma ( volcanic activity ) , absence of movements in the earth's

crust , either horizontal movement and upright movement that resulted in changes in the

shape that results in a new pattern called structure diastropik . ( bending , folding , faulting ,

and cracks ) , as well as the movement of the plates on the ocean floor . Humans can measure

how the intensity of earthquakes using seismographs , but the man is utterly unable to predict

when an earthquake .

Therefore , the danger posed by an earthquake more powerful than the volcanic eruption .

When the earthquake occurred a few events taking place as a result , directly or indirectly ,

including :

1 ) Various buildings collapsed .

2 ) Ground fissure in the earth's surface , the road to be broken .

3 ) Landslides due to shocks .

4 ) There was a flood , due to damage to the embankment .

5 ) An earthquake on the ocean floor can cause a tsunami ( tidal wave ) .

b ) volcanic eruption

Volcanic eruptions occur because of the activity of magma in the earth's crust which lead to

strong pressure out through the top of the volcano .

Dangers posed by volcanic eruptions such as:

1 ) It rained volcanic ash , causing respiratory problems .

2 ) Lava hot , destructive , and deadly anything passed .

3 ) Hot clouds , can turn off yangdilalui living things .

4 ) Gas containing toxins .

5 ) solid material ( rocks , gravel , sand ) , can override housing , etc.

c ) Hurricanes

Hurricanes occur due to air flow from areas of high pressure toward areas of low pressure .

This air pressure difference occurs because the air temperature differences are striking .

Typhoons for countries in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic region is a common thing . For

regional areas in California , Texas , until in Asia such as Korea and Taiwan , the danger of a

catastrophic hurricane season. But for Indonesia only be felt in the middle of 2007 . This

suggests that climate change has occurred in Indonesia, which was caused by the

phenomenon of global warming . Dangers of hurricanes can be predicted through satellite

photos that illustrate the state of the Earth's atmosphere , including the formation of

hurricanes picture , direction , and speed. Attacks hurricanes ( cyclones ) can cause

environmental damage in the form of :

1 ) Knock down the buildings .

2 ) Damage to agricultural and plantation areas .

3 ) Endangers flight .

4 ) Creates large waves that can sink the ship .

3 Environmental Degradation due to Human Factors

a) The occurrence of pollution ( pollution of air , water , soil , and sound ) as the impact of

the industrial area .

b ) The occurrence of flooding , as a result of poor drainage or sewerage system and failure to

maintain watersheds and the impact of forest destruction .

c ) The occurrence of landslides , as a direct result of the destruction of forests .

Some human activities that may directly or indirectly have an impact on environmental

degradation , among others :

• Illegal Deforestation ( deforestation) .

• Poaching .

• Damaging mangroves .

• Hoarding swamps for settlement .

• Disposal of litter .

• Building wild watersheds ( DAS ) .

3.2 Efforts combating Environmental Damage

1 . Naturally produce oil

There is a process called themo - depolymerization , a process similar to how nature produces

oil . For example, if carbon -based libah heated and pressurized precise , capable of

producing oil material . Naturally this process takes millions of years . From the experiments

they had done before , impurities turkeys can produce about 600 pounds of petroleum .

2 . Removing salt from sea water

The UN noted , the water supply will be very limited for the billions of people in the middle

of this century . There is a technology called desalination , namely eliminating levels of salts

and minerals from sea water so drinkable . This is a solution that can be done to prevent

water crisis . The problem is , this technology is still too expensive and requires considerable

energy . Now scientists are looking for a way for desalination can take place with less

energy . One way is by evaporation on the water before it goes into the membrane with

microscopic pores .

3 . Hydrogen power

Hydrogen fuel is considered as a pollution-free alternative fuels . Energy is produced from a

blend of hydrogen and oxygen . The problem is how the hydrogen is produced . Molecules

such as water and alcohol should be processed first to mengekstaksi hydrogen that become

fuel cells . This process also requires large energy . But at least scientists have tried to make

laptops and other devices to power the fuel cell .

4 . solar

Solar energy reaches the earth is made up of photons , can be converted into electricity or

heat . Some companies are already successfully using this app . They put solar cells and solar

thermal energy collector as a medium .

5 . Converting Heat Sea

Media largest solar collector on Earth is sea water . United States Department of Energy

( U.S. ) calls , the sea can absorb solar heat energy produced is equivalent to 250 billion

barrels of oil / day . There is a technology called OTEC is capable of converting ocean

thermal energy into electricity . The temperature difference between the sea surface and is

able to run the turbine drives a generator . The problem is , this technology is less efficient .

6 . Tidal energy

Sea covers 70 % of the earth 's surface . Large wave of energy saving that can drive turbines

to produce electricity . The problem is rather difficult to estimate when the ocean waves large

enough to produce enough energy , the solution is to store some of the energy when the wave

is big enough . East River of New York City is currently a pilot project with six turbine -

powered water waves . While the Portuguese actually already been practicing these

technologies and successfully illuminates more than 1500 cheap .

7 . Planted roof house

Plants were planted on the roof of this house is able to absorb heat and reduce carbon

dioxide . Imagine if the birds and butterflies fly around our green house .

8 . bioremediation

Bioremediation is utilizing microbes and plants to clean up contamination . One is cleaning

the nitrate content in the water with the help of microbes . Or use the plants to neutralize

arsenic from the soil . Some native plants did have areas to clean up our earth of various

pollutants .

9 . Vandal grave goods

Carbon dioxide is a factor utaa cause of global warming . Energy Information Administration

( EIA ) noted , the carbon dioxide emissions in 2030 at 8000 million metric tons . The

simplest method to reduce the content of harmful substances is to bury CO2 sources of

income such as a variety of hazardous electronic waste . But scientists are still not sure that

harmful gases are stored safely .

10 . Electronic Book

How many tons of paper and how many trees must be cut down to seanteo world if we have

to buy up all the newspapers , magazines , novels , textbooks , exercise books , writing

paper , toilet paper up . Electronic books or electronic mail , better known as e -books and e-

mail provide very significant contribution to survival . With the technology, the production of

paper can be reduced , so that the material we do not need to cut down too many trees .

3.3 Environmental Conservation Efforts In Sustainable Development .

The concept of sustainable development is the result of an agreement the Earth Summit in

Rio de Jeniro 1992 . It contains two important ideas , namely :

a) The idea of needs , especially basic human needs to sustain life .

b ) The idea of limitations , the limited ability of the environment to meet the needs of both

the present and the future .

The characteristics of Environmental Development are as follows :

a) To ensure equity and justice .

b ) Valuing biodiversity .

c ) Using an integrative approach .

d ) Using a long-term view .

1 ) Initiatives by Government

• Removing the Basic Agrarian Law No. . 5 of 1960 which regulates Land .

• Publishes Law. 4 In 1982 , on the Basic Provisions of Environmental Management .

• Impose Government Regulation No. . 24 In 1986 , on the EIA ( Environmental Impact

Assessment ) .

• In 1991 , the government established the Environmental Management Agency

2 ) Environmental Conservation Efforts by the Joint Community Government

• Conserving soil ( tableland slopes / hills )

The occurrence of landslides and floods shows events related to land issues . Flooding has

caused soil erosion by water flow layer called erosion that results in the loss of soil fertility

and soil erosion layer of the earth's surface .

• Preservation of air

a) Promote the planting of trees or ornamental plants around us

b ) Promote the reduction of exhaust emissions or combustion gases ,

c ) Reduce or even avoid the use of chemical gases that can damage the ozone layer in the

atmosphere

• Conservation of forest

a) Afforestation or reforestation bare .

b ) Prohibit deforestation arbitrarily .

c ) Implement a system of selective cutting in the cutting down of trees .

d ) Applying cutting - cropping system in logging activities .

e ) Implement severe sanctions for those who violate the regulations on forest management .

• Preservation of marine and coastal

The effort to preserve the ocean and the beach can be done by:

1 ) Perform reclamation to replant mangroves in the area around the beach .

2 ) Prohibit collection of existing rocks around the coast and on the seabed , because the reef

is a habitat for fish and marine plants .

3 ) Prohibit the use of explosives and other chemicals in fish.

4 ) Prohibit the use of trawling for fish.

• Preservation of flora and fauna

1 ) Establishing nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries .

2 ) Prohibit poaching activities .

3 ) Promote the greening activities .

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Earth as a living sentient beings have a very important role for the survival , damage caused

especially earth is the result of natural phenomena that occur and also the result of human

activity itself .

Various efforts were made by the government and citizens should be encouraged to avoid

more severe consequences thereof .

3.2 Advice

So , it's good from now on we consider where we take shelter during our life in this world

that is Earth . The short length of this depends on the age of the earth we as GOD Almighty 's

creatures to care for , maintain , and do not damage the environment and natural surroundings

.

REFERENCES

Ministry of Environment . , 2002. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Nomor23 Year

  1997 on Environmental Management . Jakarta : KMNLH

Ministry of Environment , 2002 , Pursue Sustainable Development Path

     in Indonesia , Jakarta .

Central Bureau of Statistics , 2002 , Statistics Indonesia 2001 , Jakarta .

Banda Central Statistics 2002 , Environmental Statistics Indonesia 2001 , Jakarta .

Writers Society of Science and Technology and the Ministry for Research and

    Technology , 2001 , coral reefs in Indonesia , May 2001

Indonesia 's official handbook , 2002, November , 2002

Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University and the Ministry of Environment , 2002 ,

    Socialization Strategies Integrated Watershed Management in the Context of Autonomy

Bengawan Solo

    Area , November 2002

News ISOI , No. . 16 , October-December 2002. Jalan Pasir Putih I / No. 1 , Ancol Timur,

Jakarta 14430 .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WORD PENGANTAR.............................................................................................. i

Sign up ISI........................................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................... 1

1.1 Background .............................................. ........................................................ 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................... ....................................... 1

1.3 Objectives and Benefits .............................................. ..................................... 1

CHAPTER II PEMBAHASAN................................................................................ 2

2.1 . Understanding Environment ............................................... ..................... ...... 2

2.2 Causes of environmental degradation ................................................................ 2

2.3 The nature of damage events in Indonesia ......................................................... 3

  CHAPTER III PENUTUP...................................................................................... 8

A. Kesimpulan.......................................................................................................... 8

B. Saran.................................................................................................................... 8

REFERENCES ................................................ ...................................................... 9

INTRODUCTION

Praise and Gratitude I pray to God the Almighty , because of the blessings and abundance

rahmatnyalah then I must finish an essay in a timely manner .

Here the author presented a paper entitled

" ENVIRONMENT "

Through this preface first writer apologized and pleaded proclamation which the contents of

this paper when there is a shortage and there are posts that I make less precise or menyinggu

reader feeling .

I hereby dedicate this paper with gratitude and may God Almighty bless this paper so as to

provide benefits .

         Raha , Maret 2014

      " Author "

ENVIRONMENT

PAPERS

 

PREPARED BY :

NAME : SALMIN

CLASS : XII IPA 3

SMA 1 KONTUNAGA

2014