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Major Theories Of Leadership

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AshrafulAlam

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Farah Amira

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What is Leadership?

Leadership is the way to direct people towards achieving definite goals of an organization.

Theories Of LeadershipLeadership theories can be defined in many ways but we will be discussing about the following leadership theories.

1. Trait Theory of Leadership2. Situational/Contingency Theory of

Leadership3. Behavioral Thoery of Leadership4. Path Goal Theory5. Charismatic Leadership Theory6. Transformational Theory

This theory was described by Kelly 1974. it was an attempt to classify what personal characteristics such as physical, mental and relating to personality are associated with the success of leadership.

Trait Theory

Many researchers have suggested these traits in a successful leader:• Intelligence• Physiological factors• Emotional stability• Intense inner motivational drive• Human relations attitude• Vision and foresight• Empathy• Fairness and objectivity• Technical skills• Open mind and adaptability• Art of communication• Social skills

Trait’s of a Leader

Situational/Contingency Theory of Leadership

Other name is Life cycle theory of Leadership. The general belief of the Situational Theory is Leaders are product of real

situation rather than gifts of nature. It was developed in the early 1960’s by Dr. Ken Blanchard and Dr.Paul Harsey. It focuses on leadership on situation. Different situation demands different types of leadership.

The recent and well-known contingency theory of leadership may be discussed as:1.Fielder’s contingency theory.2.Harsey and Blanchard’s theory of leadership.

Fielder’s Contingency Theory

A Behavioral Theory based on the views that there is no “one best way” to lead an organization.

Also known as “It’s all depends” theory.

Situational Favourableness determined by 3 factors.They are :

1. Leader-Member Relationship: Level of trust and confidence that a team has in a leader.

2. Task Structure: The type of task a team is doing – clear and structured.3. Position Power: The amount of power a leader has to direct the group and

provide reward/punishment.

1. Telling (high-task-low relationship): the leader defines roles and tells people what, how, when, and where to do various tasks. It emphasizes direct behavior.

2. Selling (high-task high relationship): the leader provides both supportive as well as directive behavior.

3. Participating (low-task-high relationship): the leader and follower share in decision making, with the main role of the leader being facilitating and communicating.

4. Delegating (low-task-low relationship): the leader provides little direction and support.

Hersey & Balanchard’s Situational Model

Behavioral Theory of Leadership

Theories proposing that specific behaviours diffentiate leaders from nonleaders.

Goals:

Develop Leaders

Behavioral Approach

Ohio State Studies

University of Michigun

• Initiate structure• Consideration

• Production Orientation• Employee Orientation

Ohio State Studies

Initiate Structure• Define and Structure role and

Jobs

Consideration

The extent to which a leader is likely to have a job relationships characterised by• Mutual trust• Respect for subordinates ideas• Regard for his/her feelings

University of Michigun Studies

Employee-oriented Leader

Emphasising Interpersonal Relations• Taking the personal interests in the need of employee• Accepting individual differences among members

Production oriented leader

Emphasize on technical or task aspects of the job

Assumptions• Leaders can be trained• Leaders are effective because of actions they take

Implications• Activities of effective Leaders

Limitations• Situational Factors are ignored• Leaders need to be flexible• Effective behaviors do not generalize across sitiations

Path Goal Theory

The Path-Goal model is a theory based on specifying a leader's style or behavior that best fits the employee and work environment in order to achieve a goal (House, Mitchell, 1974). The goal is to increase your employees' motivation, empowerment, and satisfaction so they become productive members of the organization.

Keys: Directive leadership Supportive leadership Participate leadership Achievement oriented leadership

Path Goal Theory Con’td

While Path-Goal Theory is not a detailed process, it generally follows these basic steps as shown in the graphic below:1. Determine the employee and environmental

characteristics2. Select a leadership style3. Focus on motivational factors that will help the

employee succeed

Charismatic Leadership

Charisma is a certain quality of an individual personality,by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural,superhuman or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities.

Qualities of a Charismatic Leader

Some prominent qualities of a charismatic leader as follows: Vision Speech High principles Emotional sensitivity Personality Charisma

Transformational Leadership Theory

Transformational Leadership is a leadership style where one or more person engage with others in such a way that leaders and followers raise one another to higher level of motivation and morality.

Components of transformational Leadership

1.IDEALIZED INFLUENCE 2.INSPIRATIONAL MOTIVATION 3.INDIVIDUALIZED CONSIDERATION 4.INTELLECTUAL STIMULATION