Major Reference El-Sayed, AFM. 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABI
Transcript of Major Reference El-Sayed, AFM. 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABI
Tilapia Aquaculture
Major Reference
El-Sayed, AFM. 2006. Tilapia Culture. CABI
Publishing, Cambridge, MA. 277 pps.
Tilapia Aquaculture
Known as “Aquatic Chicken” for growth rates.
Later 20th Century Common Introduced Species
in Tropical, Subtropical & Temperate Regions
Introductions Because: Farming as Food Fish,
Recreation, Aquatic Weed Control, Research
Tilapia Aquaculture
Grow Well in Brackish or Salty Water
Some Species Grow in Hypersaline Water
Need Oxygen Density of 4 ppm or greater
Common Culture System - Earthen Ponds
Advantages with Monosex Culture
Co-Culture: Carp, Grey Mullet – Rice Fields
Production Optimized with Seed Fry
Tilapia Advantages for Aquaculture
Fast Growth
Environmentally Tolerant
Disease & Stress Resistant
Reproduces in Captivity
Short Generation Time
Feeds at Lower Trophic Levels
Starts Feeding Early - Few Losses
Aquaculture Production Levels
2002 Silver Carp Production ~ 4,071,608 mt
2002 Grass Carp Production ~ 3,572,825 mt
2002 Common Carp Production ~ 3,202,561 mt
2002 Bighead Carp production ~ 1,722,832 mt
2002 Crucian Carp Production ~ 1,702,778 mt
2002 Atlantic Salmon Prod’n ~ 1,084,740 mt
Tilapia Production 2002 ~ 1,217,055 mt
Tilapia Production 2010 ~ 3,200,000 mt
Tilapia Production 2011 ~ 3,700,000 mt
Tilapia Production China 2011 ~ 1,150,000 mt
Main Aquacultured Species of Tilapia
Oreochromis niloticus - Nile Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 1,217,055 mt
Oreochromis mossambicus - Mozambique Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 54,146 mt
Oreochromis andersonii - 3 Spotted Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 2,700 mt
Oreochromis aureus - Blue Tilapia
Production 2002 ~ 1,350 mt
Major Producers of Tilapia 2002
China 706,600 mt 50%
Egypt, 167,700 mt 12%
Philippines 122,400 mt 9%
Indonesia 109,800 mt 8%
Thailand 100,600 mt 7%
Taiwan, 85,100 mt 6%
Brazil 42,300 mt 3%
Laos 26,900 mt 2%
Colombia 24,200 mt 2%
Malaysia 20,800 mt 1%
Advantages of Monosex Tilapia Culture
Superior Growth Rates
Tolerance Environmental Fluctuations
Greater Uniformity of Size at Harvest
Better Flesh Quality & Appearance
Resistance to Stress & Diseases
Higher Energy Conservation
Feed Utilization Efficiency
Reduced Aggressiveness
Production of Monosex Tilapia
Manual Sorting
Hormonal Sex Reversal – in Feed or Water
Interspecific Hybridization – 2 Species
Andro- & Gyno-genesis – Denatured DNA
Triploidy – Prevent Egg’s 2nd Meiotic Division
with Heat, Cold, Drugs or Pressure Shock
Transgenesis – Gene Transfer Technology
Tilapia Taxonomy
All in the African Family Cichlidae (Cichlids)
with 220 Genera & 1,300 described species.
Systematics Confusing & Subject to Modification
Molecular Data Will Drive Generic Revisions
Found in S. America, Africa, Madagascar, India
Distribution Explained by Gondwanan Origins
Tilapia Systematics
Currently 3 Genera called ‘Tilapia’
Oreochromis – all ♀ Mouth Brooders
Tilapia – all Substrate Spawners
Sarotherodon – ♂ or ♂ & ♀ Mouth Brood
Tilapia Feeding Habits
Tilapias generally Herbivorous / Omnivorous
Low Tiers of Aquatic Food Chain
Feeding Habits Depend on Species, Life History
Stage, Size, Time of Day, Photoperiod etc.
Larval Stage: - Zooplankton Preferred but also
Phytoplankton
Juvenile (Transitional) Stage: – Phytoplankton
Adults: Great Variety – Aquatic Vegetation
Tilapia Water Quality Parameters
(Oreochromis niloticus)
Optimal Temperature 28°C
Optimal Salinity 5-10 ppm
Ammonia (NH3) LC50 3.4 ppm
Tolerate Wide Range pH 5 – 11
Dissolved Oxygen – Highly Variable Depends
On Multiple Factors Including Stress
Fertilizing Ponds
Main Objective – Stimulate Primary Productivity
Main Inputs: Nitrogen, Carbon & Phosphorus
Optimal Ratio: 45-50% C…
8-10% N
1% P
Organic Fertilizers:
Poultry Manure Domestic Sewage
Cattle Manure Green Manure
Composted Agricultural Waste
Catfish
Multiple Families – term Catfish best resolves
to the order Siluriformes
More than Half Catfish Species Live in the
Western Hemisphere
Bottom Feeders – Negatively Buoyant
Species from 8 Families Live Underground
(hypogean) others Cave Dwellers (trogobitic)
Walking Catfish Clarias batrachus can migrate
Overland to New Water Bodies.
Catfish Aquaculture
Ictaluridae, Claridae, Pangasidae & Siluridae
Pond Culture in US – Bamboo Cage in Vietnam
US Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
US 160,000 to 170,000 mt/yr – Value $480 M
Mississippi 100,000 acres, 400 km2
Vietnamese ‘Catfish’ – Must be Called ‘Swai,
Tra or Basa’ not Catfish.
Catfish Aquaculture
Important Aquacultured American Species
Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus: preferred by
consumers, economical to aquaculture, better
disease resistance, handles stress better.
Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus: grows larger and
more uniformly, handles environmental change
better, processes more easily.
Catfish
Maximum Production 2003 at 300,000 mt
909 Catfish Farms in Operation
Fed Formulated Diets Based on Soy Protein.
Harvest at 1.0 - 1.5 lbs – 2011 Producers Received
Average of $.80 per lb.
When Skinned - dress out at 55-60% landed wgt
when Filleted – dress out at 40-45%
Fillet Appealing: White Flesh & Neutral Flavor
Lacking Scales, Catfish neither Kosher nor Halal