Major Expeditions – chapter 19

Spanish Empire

Conquest of New Spain

Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs in 1521 600 Spanish soldiers

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca in 1533 Fewer than 200 Spanish

soldiers Why?

God, gold, and glory How?

Guns, germs, and steel

Impact of Smallpox on the New World

Economy of New Spain

Agriculture Haciendas Plantations

Mining Silver the “” Heart of

the Empire Gold Used coercive labor

Indian slaves, encomiendas, mita

• Less than 50% of silver remained in Spain

• At no point did American treasure imports make up more than 25% of Spain’s national revenue

• Spanish government occasionally went bankrupt

Encomendero holds land, 2 centuries of killing off natives propels need for slaves

Spain rules Caribbean through administrative institutions:

Governorshiptreasurycourtsprofessional magistrateslawyers/notarieschurch officials

1510: increased Iberian immigrations= conquest SETTLEMENT

Sociedad de Castas

PeninsularPeninsulareses

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizMestizosos

MestizMestizosos

MulattoMulattoss

MulattoMulattoss

Native Native IndiansIndiansNative Native IndiansIndians

Black Black SlavesSlavesBlack Black SlavesSlaves

Mid-16th Century, encomienda outlawed Spanish crown outlaws inheritance of encomienda

to limit new nobility from rising Grants of land replace Indians as basis of work-

MITA (forced labor turns- coercive!!!)

Government of New Spain

New Spain controlled by bureaucracy Council of Indies Two Viceroyalties (Mexico City & Lima) Ten Audiencias

Make and enforce Spanish law Local magistrates applied the law, collected taxes,

and assigned work required of Indian communities

Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the world between Spain & Portugal

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Saragossa: area of conflict --Moluccas islands (Indonesia) peace treaty between Spain and Portugal signed on 22 April of 1529 by King John III and the Emperor Charles V

Spanish Culture Catholic Church dominates

Widespread conversion of the Indians by Jesuits, et al Bartolomé de Las Casas

(attempts to help Latin American injustice, but royal control overcomes)

Constructed baroque cathedrals

Religious schools and universities

Poetry Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

(1651-1695)

Cathedral de Mexico built in stages between 1573-1813

Political ReformsThe Bourbon Reforms: 1707 Charles II died; no heir; Philip of

Anjou (Bourbon family) became “Charles III”

Reasons- Economic nationalism & desire for strong central government-instituted economic changes-administrative changes-military reforms(French bureaucracy used; tax tighten; navy reformed)Opposition: Jesuit Order (removed from Spain/ colonies)

West Indies: New viceroyalties introduced to eliminate corruption—Creole removed from upper bureaucracy

Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Colonization in Asia Portuguese use force to enter Asian trade

markets Forced East Africa and Asia to pay tribute

Control did not last long Overextended and Indian Ocean was too large Not enough people Dutch and English rivals

Portuguese Brazil Minor Portuguese nobles given strips of land

to colonize and develop (“capitaincies”) Feudalism meets commercial agriculture

Sugar plantations using Indian, then African slaves

Portugal’s most important colony by 1700 Government established a bureaucratic

structure with a royal governor Bureaucrats were born and educated in Portugal Brazil never had university or printing presses

Jesuits converted most natives to Christianity

Portuguese Brazil Brazil dominated world sugar production in

the 17th century 150 sugar plantations in 1600; 300 by 1630 By 1700, 150,000 slaves worked on plantations

50% of population were slaves Brazil’s dominance of sugar trade declined in 18th

century Competition from French, English, and Dutch colonies in

the Caribbean Price of slaves increased; price of sugar declined

Sugar Plantations in the Americas

Brazil’s Age of Gold

Gold discovered inland in 1695 @ “Minas Gerais” Started a massive gold rush Mine gold using slaves

150,000 slaves by 1775 Export 3 tons of gold a year from 1735-1760

Impact of gold Ranching and farming were expanded (opened

interior) Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the colony No native industries were developed in Portugal Destructive to natives;

Dutch Empire around the World

Dutch Colonization

Dutch Colonies in Africa & SE Asia Take Portuguese strongholds in 17th

century Cape of Good Hope, Malacca, etc.

Monopolize certain spices Cloves, nutmeg, mace, etc.

Shipping proved most profitable Shipped products between China, Japan,

Indonesia, India, etc. Colonized Java

Enlightened Despotism –Portuguese effort to improve mercantilismMarquis of Pombal (1755-1776) Prime Minister of Portugal reform effort

Brazil became the center of reforms:1. Monopoly companies created to stimulate agriculture2. Abolish slavery3. Encourage Portuguese immigrants from Azores to settle /colonize the Amazon basins (cattle ranches)

Reactions / Revolts

New GranadaComunero Revolt 1781 – led by Juan Francisco Berbeo (a Creole)-protested against government tax increases that would reduce profits for the colonists and enlarged Spain’s profit-local colonists formed “el comun” or central committee to lead movment-Initial success; viceroy fled Bogota; With reinforcement from Spain the rebellion crushed and leaders punished.

Significance: rebellion revealed different social class can unified for a common cause

PeruIndian Uprising (“Sierra Uprising”) (1780)Led byJose Gabriel Condocanqui (“Tupac Amaru”)

Issues: condition in the textile mills; mines, and villages (demanded better treatment)

-rebellion took over La Paz in 1781-kidnapped the Spanish Governor Antonio de Arriago and hanged him-loss favor/support from the local Creole and Mestizo population

*1781 – Tupac Amaru captured and executed. All his family members were executed