Major Events and Turning Points A Weak League of Nations.
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Transcript of Major Events and Turning Points A Weak League of Nations.
Major Events and Turning Points
A Weak League of Nations
A Weak League of Nations
The Great DepressionThe Great Depression
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Haile
Selassie
Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
Germany Invades the Rhineland
March 7, 1936
U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
U. S. Neutrality Acts:1934, 1935, 1937, 1939
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936
The “Pact of Steel”
The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937
The “Problem” of theSudetenland
The “Problem” of theSudetenland
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938
Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do
business with.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939
Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop &
Molotov
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]
Soviet Union Invades PolandSeptember 17, 1939
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 1940
The Tripartite Pact
Axis and Allies• The Allies• Great Britain• France• Belgium• Netherlands
• Later—USSR (1941)• Later—US (1941)• Later—Italy (1943)
• The Axis• Germany• Italy (1939-1943)• Japan
• The Nonagression Pact (1939)• Germany• Soviet Union
France SurrendersJune, 1940
France SurrendersJune, 1940
Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940
Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940
What about the US?• Strong isolationist
feelings, but increasingly helped Britain.• Gave Britain
military supplies in exchange for bases in the Caribbean and Bermuda
Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union..........................$11 billionFrance..................................$3 billionChina..................................$1.5 billionOther European......................$500 millionSouth America.......................$400 million
The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941
Allowed FDR to lend or lease materials to the Allies because he said it was best for our national defense.
The President and Lend/Lease
• FDR compared the Lend Lease act to “lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house is on fire.”
Battle of Britain (Summer and Fall 1940)
•Germans launched a Blitzkrieg attack on Britain•Began by attacking airfields and aircraft
factories•Royal Air Force (of Britain—RAF) were
severely outnumbered•Churchill urged Britain to remain positive
and keep fighting
Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”
Battle of Britain Continued
• Germany expected to take Britain within a couple of weeks• Eventually Germans stopped daylight raids and
focused on night raids• By October 1940, Hitler stopped regular
bombings of Britain in order to focus on the rest of Europe• Churchill's Speech
The Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
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• First two years of war—US officially neutral• Germany took over France and most of Europe• Battle of Britain—Germany bombed Britain
continuously for three and a half months• Mid-1941 Hitler turns on Soviet Union and invades
U.S.S.R. - Stalingrad
1. Soviet army defeated the Germans, July 1942-February 1943
2. Germans did not seize the Soviet oil fields3. Major Turning Point in Europe4. The Soviet army began its long push toward Germany.
North Africa: El Alamein
• *British defeat German forces
• *Denied Hitler control over the
• Middle Eastern oil fields and Suez Canal
• *Hitler could not attack the
• Soviet Union from the south.
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation
Overlord”]
Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation
Overlord”]
D-Day (Allied Invasion of Europe—June 6, 1944)
•Allies land on beaches of Normandy• Largest amphibious invasion of all time• Invasion was planned by Allied
Supreme Commander, Dwight D. Eisenhower• Significant victory for Allies•Allies begin to liberate France
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Normandy Landing
(June 6, 1944)
Higgins Landing Crafts
German Prisoners
War in Asia and the Pacific
• 1930s- Militaristic Japan invades Manchuria and China• The US refused to recognize Japan’s land claims and
imposed an embargo on oil and steel
What is an EMBARGO?When one country bans trade of certain goods with another country.We did not send oil or steel to Japan….what will this mean for Japan?
Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial
2,887 Americans Dead!
Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor
• Air attack on naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941• Destroyed most of Pacific fleet and killed several
thousand Americans• Roosevelt calls it “a date that will live in infamy” as
he asks Congress for declaration of war on Japan• Honoring Tripartite Pact, Hitler declares war on US• US feelings of ISOLATION are GONE
Strategy in the Pacific:• AXIS: After Pearl Harbor, Japan invades
Philippines and Indonesia; plans to invade Australia and Hawaii• Hoped that US would cede Japanese dominance in SE
Asia and the Pacific rather than a costly war
• ALLIED: “Island Hopping”– taking islands closer and closer to Japan, and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan• Also—cutting off Japanese supplies through sub
warfare against Japanese shipping.
Battle of Midway“Miracle at Midway”• June 4-7, 1942
• American naval forces defeat much larger Japanese force at the Midway Islands
• Victory ended Japanese threat to Hawaii
• Began a series of victories on “island hopping” campaign carrying war closer to Japan
Turning Point!
Iwo Jima and OkinawaFebruary-June 1945
• Americans invade islands close to Japan• Heavy casualties on both sides• But Japanese committed suicide rather than surrender
• Lost more than 100,000 men
• Allied victory, bringing troops closer to Japan
Geneva Convention• Series of international treaties aimed at helping
soldiers and civilians in times of war.
• Meetings in 1864, 1906, 1929, and 1949
• 1929 meeting--required belligerents treat POWs humanely, provide information on them, and allow inspections of POW camps
Treatment of Prisoners of War in the Pacific:
• Often reflected the savagery of the fighting there.• Did not necessarily abide by laws of Geneva
Convention• Bataan Death March—American and Filipino POWs
suffered brutal treatment by Japanese after surrender of Philippines
Bataan Death March
Back to Europe:
• US and Allied strategy: “Defeat Hitler First”• Most American military resources were targeted for
Europe
Yalta: February, 1945Yalta: February, 1945
y FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.
y FDR & Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak Germany.
y Churchill wants strong Germany as bufferagainst Stalin.
y FDR argues for a ‘United Nations’.
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:
April 25, 1945
US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:
April 25, 1945
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Crematoria at
Majdanek
Entrance to Auschwitz:
Work Makes You Free
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed
Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen
Terms to Know• Genocide: The systematic and purposeful
destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
• Final Solution: Germany’s decision to exterminate all Jews
Groups Affected by the Holocaust:
• Jews• Poles• Slavs• Gypsies• “Undesirables” (homosexuals, the mentally ill,
political disidents)
And then…War Ends in Europe
• April 28, 1945 Mussolini is executed and his body is taken to a public square in Milan and put on display• On April 30, Hitler and his new wife (of only a
couple hours), Eva Braun, committed a joint suicide to avoid Mussolini’s fate• By May 8, all German armies had surrendered and
War in Europe was over….but what about Japan?
Mussolini & His Mistress,
Claretta Petacci
Are Hung in Milan, 1945
Mussolini & His Mistress,
Claretta Petacci
Are Hung in Milan, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
The Führer’s Bunker
Cyanide & Pistols
Hitler and Eva Braun
V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
General Keitel
Potsdam Conference:July, 1945
Potsdam Conference:July, 1945
y FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference.
y Stalin only original.
y The United States has the A-bomb and
decide to warn Japanese.y Allies agree Germany
is to be divided into occupation zonesP.M. Clement President
Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,
NM
The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,
NM
Dr. Robert Oppenheimer
Major GeneralLesley R. Groves
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb
Hirohito ignores Potsdam• Truman orders bombs to be dropped• Effects of those bombs are outrageous
and still evident today:• People died from flash burns• People died from radiation poisoning• Over 90% of doctors in Hiroshima died
with initial blast• Bomb burned through clothes—dark
colors on fabrics were emblazoned into skin
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
Hiroshima – August 6, 1945
© 70,000 killed immediately.
© 48,000 buildings.
destroyed.© 100,000s died of
radiation poisoning & cancer later.
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
Nagasaki – August 9, 1945
©40,000 killed immediately.
©60,000 injured.©100,000s died of
radiation poisoning& cancer later.
Why Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
•Hiroshima—industrially important•Nagasaki—one of the largest seaports in Japan
Use of the atomic bomb:• Truman thought it would force
Japanese to surrender• Avoid horrendous casualties of Allied invasion
of Japan (on both sides)• Tens of thousands killed in both cities• Week later, Japan announced surrender
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
Japanese POWs, GuamJapanese POWs, Guam
Massive Human Dislocations
Massive Human Dislocations
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990
The Creation of the U. N.
The Creation of the U. N.
The Nuremberg War Trials:Crimes Against Humanity
The Nuremberg War Trials:Crimes Against Humanity
Nuremburg War Crimes Trials• Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war
crimes.• Emphasized individual responsibility for actions
during the war, regardless of orders received.• Trials led to increased demands for a Jewish
homeland.