Maja Marković, 2nd year, 2013/2014 Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat.
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Transcript of Maja Marković, 2nd year, 2013/2014 Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat.
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Maja Marković, 2nd year,2013/2014
Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat
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Antigen word origin: antibody generator /
anti(body)-gen
= any substance foreign to the body that evokes an immune response
parts of bacteria, viruses, parasites, foods, venoms, blood components, and cells and tissues of various species, including other humans
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epitope - a molecular region on the surface of an antigen capable of eliciting an immune response and combining with a specific antibody
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antigen ≠ immunogen
hapten - a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein
urushiol → quinone (reacts with skin proteins)hydralazine (blood pressure-lowering drug) → drug-induced lupus
erythematosus halothane (anesthetic gas) → hepatitispenicillin-class drugs → autoimmune hemolytic anemia
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allergens
= antigens which produce an abnormally vigorous immune response to a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body
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superantigens (SAg)
produced by pathogenic microbes as a defense mechanism against the immune system
cause non-specific activation of T-cells → polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release (interferon gamma → macrophages → proinflammarory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha)
antigen-induced T-cell response: 0.0001 - 0.001% → 25 %
shock and multiple organ failure
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tumor antigens
presented by MHC I or MHC II molecules on the surface of tumor cells
tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) - presented only by tumor cells
tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) - presented by tumor cells and normal cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes may be able to destroy tumor cells before they proliferate, B-cells recognize mutated cell receptors
used as tumor markers (alphafetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen CA-125, MUC-1, epithelial tumor antigen ) and vaccines
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Antibodieslarge glycoproteins, part of the
immunoglobulin superfamily produced by plasma cells soluble or membrane-bound basic structure: "Y"-shaped molecule two identical heavy chains (α, ε, γ, δ, and μ,
define the class) two identical light chains (λ and κ) connected
by disulfide bonds constant and variable regions
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Fab region - antigen-bindingparatope - at the amino terminal end of the
antibody, variable domains from the heavy and light chains
FV region, variable loops of β-strands, three each on VL and VH
Fc region - ensures that each antibody generates an appropriate immune response for a given antigen (recognition of opsonized particles, lysis of cells, and degranulation of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils)
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more than 350 types of molecules
markers on the cell surface
critical in antigen recognition (CD4, CD8)
cell surface receptors for growth factors (CD135)
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MHC molecules = major histocompatibility complex (human
leukocyte antigen, HLA) a set of cel-surface molecules encoded by a
large gene family in all vertebrates
MHC-I: all nucleated cells; cytotoxic T lymphocyteMHC-II: dendritic cells, mononuclear phagocytes, B lymphocytes, some endothelial cells, epithelium of thymus; helper T
lymphocytes
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MHC determines compatibility of donors for organ transplant and one's susceptibility to an autoimmune disease via crossreacting immunization
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SourcesTaradi, Milan: Imunologija, 7. dopunjeno
izdanje, 2010.http://www.merriam-webster.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody