Interim Guide to Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Flexible Road Pavements - JKR 20709-0315-94
MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF PAVEMENTS
Transcript of MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF PAVEMENTS
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MAINTENANCE AND
REHABILITATION OF
PAVEMENTS
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Pavement
Preservation
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Preventive Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Pavement Preservation
Pavement Rehabilitation
Some Common Terms
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Preventive Maintenance
The planned strategy of cost effective treatments
to an existing roadway system and its
appurtenances that preserves the system,
retards future deterioration, and maintains or
improves the functional condition of the system
(without increasing structural capacity).
- AASHTO’s Standing Committee on Highways
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Planned
Performed on good
pavements
Contributes to long-
term performance
Examples: Fog Seal,
Chip Seal, Thin HMA
Overlay
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Corrective Maintenance
Reactive
Performed on failing
pavements
Does not contribute to
long-term performance
Examples: Patching,
Pothole Repair
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Pavement Preservation
The sum of all activities undertaken to provide
and maintain serviceable roadways; this
includes corrective maintenance and preventive
maintenance, as well as minor rehabilitation
projects
- National Highway Institute
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Pavement
Preservation
Preventive
Maintenance
Corrective
Maintenance = +
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Pavement Rehabilitation
Work undertaken to extend the service life of an
existing pavement. This includes the
restoration, placing an overlay, and/or other
work required to return an existing roadway to
a condition of structural and functional
adequacy.
- National Highway Institute
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Pavement Management Concepts
Pavement Life Cycle
Pavement Condition
Pavement Condition Index (PCI)
Pavement Serviceability Index
(PSI)
Critical “PCI”
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Time or Traffic
Pa
ve
me
nt
Co
nd
itio
n
Pavement Lifecycle
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Pavement Condition
Pavement Condition can be rated using any
number rating systems, including:
Pavement Condition Index (PCI) PCI = 100 is New/Excellent and PCI = 0 is Failed
Present Serviceablity Index (PSI) PSI = 5 is New and PSI = 0 is Failed
Used in the AASHTO Design Methodology
International Roughness Index (IRI) Rating is Inches/Mile and is automatically recorded
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100
85
70
55
40
25
10
0
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor
Failed
Pavement Condition Index
Corps of Engineers
(Developed for Airfields)
ASTM now has
standards for both
highways and airfields
Analyze Distresses
Type
Severity
Density
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Time or Traffic
Pavem
en
t C
on
dit
ion
In
dex
100
0
Critical PCI = 65 - 70
Pavement Condition
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Time or Traffic
Pavem
en
t C
on
dit
ion
In
dex
100
0
Preventive Maintenance
Corrective Maint, Rehabilitation, or Reconstruction
Critical PCI
Critical PCI
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Time or Traffic
Pa
ve
me
nt
Co
nd
itio
n
Preventive
Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
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Corrective
Maintenance/Repair
Time or Traffic
Pa
ve
me
nt
Co
nd
itio
n
Corrective Repairs
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Rehabilitation
Time or Traffic
Pa
ve
me
nt
Co
nd
itio
n
Rehabilitation
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Reconstruction
Time or Traffic
Pa
ve
me
nt
Co
nd
itio
n
Reconstruction
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Applying the right treatment
. . . To the right pavement
. . . At the right time
Philosophy of Pavement Preservation
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Improved Pavement Condition
Preventive maintenance helps to preserve a
pavement and extend its performance
Overall condition of network improves
Fair, Poor, and Failed Pavements are
reconstructed and returned to a high pavement
condition
Excellent and Good Pavements are kept in high
condition
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Cost Savings
Most persuasive argument for
shifting to preventive maintenance
strategies
Forms of cost savings
Less expensive treatments
Longer pavement life
Reduction of user delay costs
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Preventive maintenance:
(minimum)
Rehabilitation:
(intermediate)
Reconstruction:
(maximum)
Cost Comparison of Options
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Anticipated benefits
Higher customer satisfaction
Improved strategies and techniques
Improved pavement condition
Cost savings
Increased safety
Stability
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What is Pavement Management ?
Systematic method for routinely collecting,
storing, and retrieving decision-making data
needed to make maximum use of limited
amount
It also creates a set of steps or computer
routines for quickly accessing the data to
arrive at educated decisions.
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Distress
Identification
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What pavement characteristics indicate pavement condition?
Visible performance indicators
Functional indicators
Structural indicators
Non-Visible defects
Environmental effects on materials
Load-related damage
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What techniques are used to assess pavement condition?
Visual distress surveys
Roughness surveys
Friction surveys
Drainage evaluation
Shoulder surveys
Deflection testing
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Data Collection Platforms
Video – distress, roughness
Laser - distress, roughness
Friction
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Sample and test (destructive)
essential to evaluate causes of
distress
Test in-place (non-destructive)
Important to delineate uniform
sections
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Subgrade Support From soils sampling/lab
testing
In-situ - DCP, Field CBR
From deflection testing
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Material Properties Bound layers
Thickness
Strength
Durability - reactive aggregate,
stripping
Granular base
Gradation
Quality
Subgrade
Index properties
Resilient modulus
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HWD
GPR
Non-Destructive Testing
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Why Non-Destructive Pavement Testing?
Measure structural condition in place
High production rate:
more information = better decisions
Identify rehabilitation needs
Knowledge-based selection of actions
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Successful GPR Applications for Pavements
Thickness of Pavement Layers
Pavement Rehabilitation studies (identifying changes in structure)
Defects in Base (Wet areas)
Defects in Hot Mix layers (stripping, trapped moisture)
Identifying areas of segregation and poor joint density
Deterioration in asphalt covered bridge decks
Base wash-outs (<3 ft down)
Limited success on concrete pavements
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Findings…
Distresses
Materials Properties
Subgrade, bases, surface
Structural Properties
Deflection response
Layer thickness
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Pavement Distress Categories
Load
Climate
Other
Construction
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Load Related Distresses
Fatigue Cracking
Potholes
Rutting
Edge Cracking
Shoving
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Climate Related Distresses
Block Cracking
Joint Reflective Cracking
Thermal Cracking
Weathering/Raveling
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Preservation Candidates
Preservation treatments
must be applied when:
Pavements are in good
condition
Corrective actions
required on only a small
area of the total
pavement
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Pavements are not
candidates for
preservation:
Pavements in poor
condition
Substantial repairs
required
Structural deficiencies
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Time or Traffic
Pavem
en
t C
on
dit
ion
In
dex
100
0
Preventive Preservation Candidates
These Pavements are not Preservation Candidates
Critical PCI
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Rehabilitation
Alternatives
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When to Rehabilitate?
Rough road,
Excessive pavement distress,
Loss of skid resistance,
Excessive maintenance needs,
Inadequate structure for planned
use.
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Rehabilitation Alternatives
Thick overlay with paving fabric,
Thin overlay,
Cold in place recycle (CIR),
Full depth reclamation.
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Paving Fabrics
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Paving Fabric Basics
Keeps water out of the base and
subgrade
Provides support to retard reflection of
existing cracks and distresses
Controls evaporation over the long-
term, keeping uniform moisture content
in the subgrade.
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How does it work?
AC Overlay
Existing AC
Pavement
Base or
Subgrade
Fabric
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Selection Considerations
Can provide strength up to
equivalent of 1.0 inch of AC (if
pavement is stable and fabric is
properly installed)
Cost of fabric (based on DOT
studies) is about the same as 0.5
inches of AC
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Application Considerations
Not suitable for severely
distressed pavements.
Generally not suitable
where there is inadequate
base/subgrade support.
Do not use where free
water problems exist.
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Construction Considerations
Minimum overlay
thickness when using
a fabric is 1.5 inches.
Major contributor to
failure is lack of tack
and/or uniformity of
tack coat application.
Read manufacturer’s
literature for detailed
instructions.
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3/8 inch
1/4 inch
1/2 inch
Overlay 1.5”
What is a “Thin” HMA Overlay?
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Why Thin Hot Mix Overlays?
Restores Serviceability
Low Initial Cost & Life Cycle Cost
Minimal Road User
Delays/Impacts
Adds Structure
Reduces Noise
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Treatment
Fog seal
Slurry seal
Chip seal
Thin HMA O’lay
Life, years
1 - 2
3 - 5
4 - 7
10 - 15
Cost ($/yd2)
0.25 - 0.35
0.85 - 1.00
0.90 - 1.20
2.50 - 3.50
Cost Comparison of Pavement Treatments
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Thin Overlays: Rules of Thumb
Pre-level rutted areas
Minimum lift thickness is 1 1/2”
Roll while mix is hot (>185ºF)
Minimum of 3 passes
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Milling Machine Crusher
Mixer-Paver
Introduction to Cold In-Place Recycling
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Advantages
Reduced cost of construction
Conservation of aggregate and binders
Preservation of existing pavement
geometrics
Hauling Costs Minimized
Minimal Air Quality Problems
Conservation of energy
Less user delay
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Significant Structural
Improvements
Most Pavement Distress
Treated
Ride Quality Improved
Advantages for the Road
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Cold In-Place Recycling Train Milling Machine
Paver
Emulsion
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Emulsion Tanker
Recycler
Single Machine
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View before Recycling
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View after Recycling
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Final Considerations
Availability of Equipment
Availability of Experienced Contractor
First cost
Life cycle cost
CIR?
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Full Depth Reclamation
Construction Methods
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Definition
Recycling method where all of
asphalt pavement section and a
predetermined amount of underlying
materials are treated to produce a
stabilized base course.
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Advantages
Pavement structure (especially poor base)
improved without significantly affecting
pavement geometry,
Eliminates ruts, rough areas, and potholes
and restores desired profile,
Eliminates alligator, transverse, longitudinal
and reflection cracking,
Provides a uniform pavement structure.
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Advantages (continued)
Frost susceptibility may be improved,
Low production cost,
Conservation of materials and energy,
No air quality problems.
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Common Recycling Additives
Emulsified Asphalts (MS and
SS)
Portland Cement
Lime
Fly Ash
Calcium Chloride
Foamed Asphalt
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Main Steps
Pulverize existing pavement,
Introduce additive and mix,
Shape the mixed material,
Compact,
Apply a wearing course.