Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 5 History and Organization of Law Enforcement.

Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition

Chapter 5Chapter 5

History and OrganizationHistory and Organization

of Law Enforcementof Law Enforcement

Criminal Justice: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, 2/eJohn Randolph Fuller

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.2

A brief history of the police

Police in early England

The form of policing that most directly led to that of modern US policing was England's frankpledge system.



The invention of gin advanced the development of law enforcement by making hard liquor affordable for many people.





Henry Fielding organized the Bow Street Runners, which was more centralized than the watch-and-ward system.





In 1798, the West India Trading Company created London's first professional, salaried police force, the Thames River Police.





In 1829, Sir Robert Peel sponsored the Metropolitan Police Act, the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force.





English policing contributed three features to US policing…

Limited police authority Local control A fragmented system





The 19th century

Policing in the United States

Informal policing began in New York City in 1625.

The city's first professional police force was organized in 1845.



The 19th century


The authority of officers in London rested on discretion granted by the government.

New York City officers had more discretion, with a personal basis for authority.



The 19th century


Chicago's official police force was created around 1855, and reorganized several times until 1913.

Chicago police had four particular orientations toward the law…



The 19th century


Chicago police and courts were highly decentralized.

Chicago police were at the command of local organizations.

Chicago criminal justice institutions developed informal systems of operation.

Chicago criminal justice institutions operated as rackets.



The vigilante tradition was part of American life, especially in the South and West.

The 19th century




Introduction of police professionalism

Reformers & Reform Efforts The Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 The Wickersham Commission & August

Vollmer Orlando Wilson J. Edgar Hoover




Reformers & Reform Efforts

The 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act basically formed a civil service system that dispensed with patronage and administered employment and promotions based on merit rather than political connections.





In 1931, August Vollmer wrote the Wickersham Commission report that affected police reform for the rest of the 20th century. Features of the progressive movement included an emphasis on technology.





Orlando W. Wilson increased police efficiency by assigning officers based on the amount of reported crime and calls for service.





J. Edgar Hoover championed police professionalism and built the FBI into one of the premier law enforcement agencies in the world.



CrossCurrents A brief history of the police Frontier justice

As pioneers flooded into the West seeking land, economic opportunities, or distance from government, the frontier outgrew the ability of the country to formally police it.



Modern police organization

Police department organization varies little.

Most have uniforms, ranks, hierarchical chains of command, and centralized decision-making.



Modern Police Organization

Crucial differences between the police and the military…

Discretion

Visibility

Authority



Modern Police Organization

Problem of Jurisdiction

What has been sacrificed in coordination and efficiency has been gained in responsiveness and accountability

Policing is fragmented More than 18,000 agencies nationwide



Levels of law enforcement

Federal level

State level

Local level




Federal level

Agencies have nationwide jurisdiction, but concentrate on specific crimes.

About 60 federal law enforcement agencies are organized under the… Department of Justice Department of the Treasury Department of Homeland Security



Federal Bureau of Investigation Nationwide jurisdiction to combat federal

crimes. Secret Service

Placed under Homeland Security, its mission has been expanded to include terrorism.


Federal level



There are many variations in agency organization from state to state.

State industry or culture can determine the type of state police agencies.

Many states have bureaus of investigation.


State level



Many states have organized their state law enforcement functions under their highway patrols.

All states have a highway patrol, except for Hawaii.


State level




Local level

Local law enforcement agencies handle most crime.

Most local police forces are operated by municipalities.

About 13,000 local police departments in the United States.

The largest is the New York City Police Department.




Local level



Sheriff's offices are the most common form of county law enforcement in the US, with about 3,100 offices.

Most sheriffs are elected.

Most offices run at least one jail.


Local level



Innovations in Policing

Innovations in policing come from three sources: Social and technological changes Research New ideas.



Innovations in Policing

Social and Technological Changes

Homeland security Less-than-lethal weapons Information technology

DNA databases Crime mapping



Innovations in Policing: Social and Technological Changes

Homeland Security

Role expansion Racial and ethnic profiling Immigration enforcement Personnel shortages




Less-than-lethal Weapons

Weapons that are not intended to kill

Protect police Potential for misuse




Information Technology

DNA databases NDIS CODIS

Crime mapping Geographic maps of where criminal

offenses occur and where suspects and offenders live



Innovations in policing

Innovations from Research

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

Rand Study of Detectives

The DARE program

Project Ceasefire



Innovations in Policing: Research

Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

Examined the effectiveness of police patrol

Decreasing or increasing routine patrols had no effect on crime citizen fear of crime, or community attitudes toward the police.




Rand Study of Detectives

Examined how effective detectives are in solving crimes.

Suggested that a rethinking about the duties of detectives warrants new ways of doing investigative work.




DARE

The Drug Abuse Resistance Education program was started 1983 by the LAPD and Los Angeles schools.

Recent evaluations suggest the program does little to prevent children from using drugs.




Project Ceasefire

Part of the Boston Gun Project

An effort to stem youth violence

Youths were informed that further violence would not be tolerated.



QuestionsQuestions

Why is Miranda v. Arizona important?

How are the police different from the military?

Which level of law enforcement agency handles most of the nation’s crime?

How has the focus on terrorism changed US law enforcement?

Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition Chapter 5 History and Organization of Law Enforcement.

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