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High-performancegeosynthetics
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GEOfabrics manufactures
needlepunched geotextiles and
the Protexia range of multi-layer
geocomposites, including geocuspate
products, using virtually any type of
geosynthetic material.
GEOfabrics’ geotextiles were conceived
with optimum performance in mind
i.e. maximum performance for
minimum weight. Rather than offering
products with specific unit weights,
individual grades are manufactured to
achieve performance-related values.
When designing with a geotextile it is
the mechanical and hydraulic
properties that are the most important,
not weight, to achieve value
engineering – the least material to
perform the design function(s).
With a standard width of 6m,
GEOfabrics’ non-woven, needlepunched
geotextiles are the widest made in the
UK. This wide width means fewer
overlaps are necessary so the products
are not only quick to install but provide
contractors with more efficient coverage
for a given area.
The main characteristics that prompt
engineers to specify GEOfabrics’
products time and again are their
robustness – any damage to a geotextile
is more likely to be generated during
installation, not in service – and their
proven ability to provide sustained
protection, separation and filtration in
the harshest conditions.
Whether it’s as a filter beneath rock
armour on the Atlantic coast or as a
protector at the base of a deep landfill
sitting in toxic leachate. GEOfabrics’
products have a long track record of
unrivalled performance.
Products
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 3
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PRODUCTS
The HPS range
of geotextiles
The HPS products are produced
from high-performance (HP), staple,
polypropylene fibre. In addition to
the inherent chemical and biological
resistance associated with polypropylene,
the polymer contains 1% carbon blackto protect the long-chain molecules from
degradation by ultra-violet light.
Using a unique manufacturing technique,
GEOfabrics manufacture all their
geotextiles with equal strength in both
machine and transverse directions.
The best indicator of mechanical
performance for these textile types is
CBR puncture resistance and the
number in the HPS grade name is its
CBR value e.g. HPS7 has a CBR
puncture value of 7kN.
Geotextiles with specific unit weights
are available if weight is preferred to
performance-related criteria.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS4
Each HPS grade is made with a fi bre density
to achieve a speci fi c puncture resistance level
e.g. HPS7 is formulated to provide 7kN CBR.
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PRODUCTS
Protexia
geocomposites
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 5
SEPARATION
Geotextiles prevent intermixing of imported and
indigenous soils. But it’s also important that a
separator is robust enough to resist tearing/puncture.Grades from the HPS and MPS ranges are renowned
for their inherently high damage resistance.
FILTRATION
Wave action and turbulence place great pressure on a
geotextilefi lter to retain soil particles yet still allow the
free passage of water and thus avoid the build-up of
ydrostatic pressure. Excellent and sustained permeability
characteristics come as standard with GEOfabrics’fi lters.
REINFORCEMENT
Generally provided by geogrids or high-strength
textiles and used to reinforce both cohesive
and granular fi lls.
PROTECTION
High puncture resistance, extensibility and
tensile strength are necessary for a geotextile
used to protect more vulnerable materials,
such as containment liners.
DRAINAGE
The drainage function – the capacity to collect and convey
liquids and gases – is rarely used in isolation as the
working life of a drain is likely to be short lived without the
presence of afi lter to prevent the ingress of soil particles.
Thick geotextiles possess a level of in-planefl ow capacity
and can therefore drain through, and along, their length.
BARRIER
Low-permeability membranes which are
expected to resist the passage of water,
leachates and gases. These need to be welded
at overlaps to achieve continuity.
The functions associated with geosynthetics
The six functions associated with geosynthetics. A Protexia geocomposite can provideall of these functions in a single product but three or four are typical.
Adhesives are used to
bondfl ame-sensitivecomponents.
Flame bonding is used to
create composites from two,three or more components.
Drainage composites
using cuspated cores are
used in gas protection
systems, cut-off walls
around contaminated
land, at the rear of
bridge abutments and
retaining walls, and
around buried structures.
Geocomposites are multi-layered
combinations of geosynthetics.
These combinations give benefits over
individual layers by enhancing functions,
increasing interface friction angles and
increasing the speed of installation.
With careful design they can provide
drainage, protection, reinforcement,
filtration and barrier functions and
replace expensive and scarce mineral
resources.
GEOfabrics operates a state-of-the-art
manufacturing capability that is able to
produce an infinite number of composites,
up to 6m wide, using geotextiles,
geomembranes, geogrids and drainage
cores such as nets, band drains and
cuspated (egg-box-style) sheets.
These are bonded using heat or
adhesives to form composites with two,three or more components which are
often project specific to solve installation
and service-life objectives.
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APPLICATIONS
Railways – permanent way
and civil engineering
GEOfabrics’ geotextiles possess excellent
damage resistance due to their ability
to extend under load and adapt to
the ballast profile without puncture.
To do this and still provide the
separation and filtration functions
makes them ideal to perform under
dynamic loading conditions.
Protexia geocomposites utilise the
same geotextiles bonded to geonets
and geogrids to further enhance
track performance over poor soils.
These products can be deployed to
prevent subgrade erosion and ballast
contamination for a longer,
maintenance-free period.
Lining for gabions and
rock fi ll to stabilise an
embankment.
Installing a Protexia composite beneath track
ballast to extend the maintenance interval.
Geotextile used in conjunction with steel
mesh and soil nails to stabilise a cut slope.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 7
Geofabrics Limited
Link-up Certificate No: 7927
Supply of materials – geotextiles
Supply of general civil
engineering materials
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The Company’s laboratory provides
cylinder-testing facilities so that
contractors can con fi rm the cost
effectiveness of a particular geotextile/
drainage stone combination in
the context of the Environmental
Agency’s standard – A methodology
for cylinder testing of protectors for
geomembranes on land fi ll sites.
This means that a contractor can,
on one hand, elect to use a relatively
inexpensive crushed stone with a
substantial geotextile protector, or a
more expensive, rounded stone with a
less substantial protector.
There is, at the time of publishing, only
one other UKAS accredited laboratory
offering this service in the UK.
APPLICATIONS
Landfi ll
engineering A Protexia GPT composite drain
comprises a geotextile protector,
pre-selected by the landfill contractor
to work with a particular grade of stone.
Longitudinal band drains are incorporated
within the textile at regular centres across
the roll width – typically 1.0m or 0.5m.
The result is a membrane protection layer
that can also collect and convey leachate,
surface water and methane.
The GPT products are typically used to
line cell side-slopes for leachate drainage
and beneath caps for gas drainage.
They are also used to reduce pore
water pressure beneath liners placed
on new slopes, where seepage is a
known problem, and also collecting
run off on caps.
Basal cell liner protection and side-wall
drainage using Protexia GPT geocomposites.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 9
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If containment is the chosen solution
then capping, cut-off walls and
collection of gases and liquids become
as important with contaminated
land as with engineered landfills.
Protexia geocomposites, incorporating
membranes, drainage nets, cuspates
and band drains, can fulfil many of
a project’s requirements in one,
easy-to-install product.
Cuspate-based systems are frequently
used for the venting of methane, radon
and other gases from beneath buildings.
The high air flow capacity of the
Protexia 25mm cuspates makes them
ideally suited for use as part of passive
and active venting systems.
Potential contamination of the underlying
soil prompted the installation of a combined
membrane protection and drainage compositeover a liner at this track-side wash down facility.
Protexia cuspates are used as
part of gas protection systems
to collect and convey gases from
contaminated ground.
APPLICATIONS
Contaminated land and
gas protection
GEOfabrics protection geotextiles can be
manufactured in colours to suit project-speci fi c
requirements. A vivid colour means that the
textiles can not only provide separation and
fi ltrat ion but also act as a warning layer if the
area is excavated at a later date.
Protexia FnF composite drains are based on
two-and three-layer nets with a geotextile fi lter on
either side. They are used extensively below track
ballast, to extend the maintenance cycle, and to
replace aggregate drainage layers in land fi lls and
earthworks.
In many instances, the use of a single composite
enhances the stability of new slopes by removing
the potential slip plane(s) that could otherwise
exist between loose-laid geosynthetics.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS10
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APPLICATIONS
Maritime and
river worksNeedlepunched geotextiles possess
the properties required for coastal
engineering. Good abrasion resistance,
high permeability, fine filtration and
durability allow them to resist installation
stresses associated with placing of rock
armour and then to give the required
performance encountered under wave
and tidal attack.
The high puncture resistance of the HPS
range allows heavy rock armour to be
place directly on them without the need for
intermediate bedding layers of graded rock.
The GEOfabrics’ design guide is based
upon the results of field trials, conducted
during the construction of the Cardiff
Bay Barrage Scheme, which involved
dropping rocks of various sizes onto
different grades of geotextile to ascertain
the safe working performance of each
grade. The design guide can be found
in Supporting Literature at
www.geofabrics.com.
Bridge abutments and piers.
Groyne construction on
the North Sea coast
Ferry terminal jetty.
Typical detail for a river revetment with a geotextile beneath
rock armour, stone- fi lled mattresses or pre-cast blocks.
The geotextiles can be pre-fabricated into bags to contain
locally-wonfi lls. These can be placed below water.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 11
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Canals, lakes, lagoons,
reed beds and reservoirs
The protection function is used
extensively in water and sludge
containment. It is high puncture
resistance and robustness, not unit weight,
which are important when specifying a
protection layer that could be in contact with sharp inclusions within the subgrade.
The same applies if the liner is to be
covered by ornamental rock, as the point
loads could be more intense.
APPLICATIONS
Liner
protectionReed beds under
construction with geotextile
protection between
soil- fi lled gabions and an
impermeable liner.
Installing a waterproo fi ng liner and the associated
protection on an existing railway bridge.
Installing a waterproo fi ng liner and
the associated protection at a new
canal marina.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS12
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Protexia composites based on cuspated
sheets are used extensively to relieve
pore water pressure around buried
structures and at the rear of walls and
abutments.
The main requirement is for a cuspated
drainage core with a bonded filter to
prevent clogging of the core. These
composites can be placed vertically
against walls or laid horizontally
beneath floor slabs or on top of
structures such as the roofs of reservoirs.
APPLICATIONS
Drainage
around structures
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 13
10mm cup. 20mm cup.12mm stud withgeotextilefi lter.
25mm stud withgeotextilefi lter.
Rolls of cuspated drains ready for installation
over the roof of a buried Victorian reservoir.
Waterproofinginternal basement
wall
Highwayinterceptor drain
Wall,abutment
or buried
structure
Backfi l l
Waterproofi nginternal basement
wall
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GEOfabrics is one of the few
geosynthetics’ manufacturers with
an active research and development
(R&D) program. This investment is
prompted by the pursuit of product
quality and the value placed on
customers’ needs.
Many of the R&D projects, both
past and present, have been
initiated directly by customers or
by GEOfabrics anticipating their
requirements as a result of revisedstandards, new legislation or
financial targets.
Laboratory
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS14
The main laboratory at GEOfabrics
The full-scale rail r ig at GEOfabrics comprises a
4.5m x 1.8m x 0.4m subgrade, seven half-width sleepers and
three PC-driven ram actuators which can be applied up to
12Hz and with a an axle loading up to 120kN. Test duration is
1M cycles (6 days) which equates to fi ve real-time years.
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The ISO 9001 Management System
uses customer feedback, continuous
assessment and independent auditing
to drive both the improvement and
the control required for a professional
manufacturing environment.
The UKAS accreditation involvesindependent auditing to confirm that
test methodology is followed, operators
are suitably trained and equipment is
correctly calibrated.
The majority of GEOfabrics’ products
are CE marked. This demonstrates that
the product meets the construction
products’ directive.
LABORATORY
Research and
development
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
GEOSYNTHETICS 15
The leachate immersion test is thought to be the
only long-term test of its type. The properties
of the geotextile samples are measured on a
regular basis. The test commenced 1995.
The Inclined Plane test rig is used to evaluate
interface fr iction angles between different
geosynthetics and soils.
In-plane gas- fl ow testing rig.
Testing laboratoryNo 1773
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Further literature, in the form ofcase studies, design guides, installationprocedures, product specifi cations
and model specifi cations can bedownloaded from www.geofabrics.comGEOfabrics maintains a comprehensive web site with documentationin pdf format that is freely available to download – no registration isrequired. Some items, such as model specifications & application formsthat users may wish to cut and paste into their own documents, are in Word and Excel format.
Hard copies, if preferred, are available on request, as are samplesof individual products.