Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

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Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America
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Transcript of Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Page 1: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Main

Characteristics of

AnthropologyAncient Middle America

Page 2: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

–archaeology

–physical or biological anthropology(bioanthropology)

–socio / cultural anthropology

–linguistic anthropology

The Fields of General Anthropology

Page 3: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

The Fields of General Anthropology

–archaeology

–physical or biological anthropology(bioanthropology)

–socio / cultural anthropology

–linguistic anthropology

Page 4: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

Texas A & M

Page 5: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

Texas A & M

Page 6: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

123

4

The main fieldsof general anthropology

Page 7: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• culture as a primary concept

• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure

• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

Page 8: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• culture as a primary concept

• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure

• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

Page 9: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• “culture”

– learned– shared– transmitted from generation to

generation– based on symbols– integrated

Main Characteristics

Page 10: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• “culture”

• is not inherited

(i.e., is not biological)

• is not “instinct”

Main Characteristics

Page 11: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• “cultures”

• are integrated

• interact and change

Main Characteristics

Ruth Fulton Benedict 1887-1948

Patterns of Culture1934

Page 12: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

The Concept of Culture

• Microculture

– a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions

– local cultures

Page 13: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

The Concept of Culture

• Microculture

– a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions

– local cultures

Page 14: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations

– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”

•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”

– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals

The Concept of Culture

Page 15: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations

– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”

•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”

– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals

The Concept of Culture

Page 16: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=73293&section=homepage

Page 17: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_MNXX.html

Page 18: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_MNXX.html

Page 19: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.
Page 20: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations

– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”

•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”

– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals

The Concept of Culture

Page 21: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People

by George Gmelch

1985

Compare . . .

Page 22: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations

– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”

•sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”

– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Basques– e.g., Kurds– e.g., Australian Aboriginals

The Concept of Culture

Page 23: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory

Mark KurlanskyThe Basque History of the World.NY: Penguin Books, 1999.(ISBN: 0140298517)

Compare . . .

Page 24: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations

– Aztec– Maya– Zapotec– Mixtec– Otomi– Tarascan– Yaqui– Tarahumara . . .

The Concept of Culture

Page 25: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Microculture

– a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions

– local cultures

The Concept of Culture

• Macroculture

a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture

Page 26: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• macrocultures can include groups across nations

– e.g., Basques

– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)

– e.g., ? Al Qaeda

The Concept of Culture

Page 27: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• culture as a primary concept

• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure

• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

Compare . . .

Page 28: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• comparative method

– as a major approach to the study of human behavior

– the comparative method compares things

Main Characteristics

Compare . . .

Page 29: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• comparative method– One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan

(University of Chicago)

“Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison”

American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)

Main Characteristics

Compare . . .

Page 30: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• comparative method– One form of comparative method was pioneered by Fred Eggan

(University of Chicago)

“Social anthropology and the method of controlled comparison”

American Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)

Main Characteristics

Compare . . .

Page 31: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• comparative method– Other methods . . .

compare things regionally

in an attempt to understand process

Main Characteristics

Compare . . .

Page 32: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• comparative method– Other methods . . .

compare things regionally

in an attempt to understand process

Main Characteristics

Compare . . .

Page 33: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization

maize – Mexico

wheat – Turkey

rice – China

manioc – Brazil

millet – Africa

Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .

Page 34: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization

maize – Mexico

wheat – Turkey

rice – China

manioc – Brazil

millet – Africa

Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .

Page 35: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization

maize – Mexico

wheat – Turkey

rice – China

manioc – Brazil

millet – Africa

Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .

Page 36: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• the comparative method compares things, for e.g., process of domestication / civilization

maize – Mexico

wheat – Turkey

rice – China

manioc – Brazil

millet – Africa

Main CharacteristicsCompare . . .

Page 37: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342.

rice

7,000 ybp

manioc

4,200 ybp

maize

4,200 ybp

wheat

10,500 ybp

millet

4,000 ybp

Compare . . .

Page 38: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.

Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.

Neolithic

Chapter 14

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed.

“Food Production”

A Biocultural Revolution

Page 39: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.

Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.

Neolithic

Tehuacán

Page 40: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.

maize

4,200 ybp

Compare . . .

Page 41: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title

Page 42: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title

Page 43: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.

Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.

Neolithic

Page 44: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Early Neolithic sites

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 349.

Compare . . .

Page 45: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 333.

Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production.

Neolithic

Page 46: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

MehrgarhOne of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern Asia, Pakistan

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 352.

Compare . . .

Page 47: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Sentinels.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 48: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Out_of_Past.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 49: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Collapse.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 50: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fall_Maya.html#title

Page 51: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• culture as a primary concept

• comparative methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior development and structure

• holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

Page 52: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

The Fields of General Anthropology

–archaeology

–physical or biological anthropology(bioanthropology)

–socio / cultural anthropology

–linguistic anthropology

Page 53: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html

123

4

The main fieldsof general anthropology

Page 54: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.
Page 55: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

holism

Page 56: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

holism

Page 57: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

difficult terms

Page 58: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• ethnography

– scientific description of cultures

(“a portrait of a people”)

Glossary

Page 59: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

• ethno – graphy

– graph from the Greek, meaning

something “written” or “drawn”

Page 60: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• ethnology

– comparative study of cultures

Glossary

Page 61: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• ethology

–scientific study of the social behavior of animals,

especially in their natural environments

–note that there is no n in ethology

Glossary

Page 62: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Main Characteristics

• one more characteristic of anthropology is important . . .

1.culture as a primary concept

2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior

3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology

Page 63: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

1.culture as a primary concept

2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior

3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

4. fieldwork as a primary research technique

(“participant observation”)

Page 64: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

1.culture as a primary concept

2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior

3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

4. fieldwork as a primary research technique

(“participant observation”)

Page 65: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

1.culture as a primary concept

2.comparative method as major approach to the study of human behavior

3.holism or the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal of anthropology

Main Characteristics

4. fieldwork as a primary research technique

(“participant observation”)

= approach

= tool

Page 66: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

Other important terms include . . .

Page 67: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

ethnocentrism

– judging other cultures by the

standards of one’s own culture rather

than by the standards of that

particular culture

Glossary

Page 68: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

cultural relativism

– the perspective that each culture

must be understood in terms of the

values and ideas of that culture and

should not be judged by the

standards of another

Glossary

Page 69: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

cultural relativism

Glossary

• absolute cultural relativism

• critical cultural relativism

Page 70: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

cultural relativism

Glossary

• absolute cultural relativism

• critical cultural relativism

Page 71: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

absolute cultural relativism

– the perspective that says a person

from one culture should not question

the rightness or wrongness of

behavior or ideas in other cultures

because that would be ethnocentric

Glossary

Page 72: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

absolute cultural relativism

– World War II Holocaust

– arranged “underage” marriage

– female genital mutilations

– withholding of medical treatment of

children for religious reasons

– polygyny. . . .

Glossary

Page 73: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

absolute cultural relativism

– World War II Holocaust

– arranged “underage” marriage

– female genital mutilations

– withholding of medical treatment of

children for religious reasons

– polygyny. . . .

Page 74: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

absolute cultural relativism

– World War II Holocaust

– arranged “underage” marriage

– female genital mutilations

– withholding of medical treatment of

children for religious reasons

– polygyny. . . .

Page 75: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

absolute cultural relativism

– World War II Holocaust

– arranged “underage” marriage

– female genital mutilations

– withholding of medical treatment of

children for religious reasons

– polygyny. . . .

Page 76: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.examiner.com/a-1567034~Father_renews_call_to_dismiss_homicide_charge.html

Page 77: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.wuwm.com/programs/news/view_news.php?articleid=2242

Page 78: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

absolute cultural relativism

– World War II Holocaust

– arranged “underage” marriage

– female genital mutilations

– withholding of medical treatment of

children for religious reasons

– polygyny. . . .

Page 79: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.dailytexanonline.com/news/2004/03/26/StateLocal/Polygamists.Might.Be.Building.In.Texas-642621.shtml

Page 80: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7333004.stm

Page 81: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7431848.stm

Page 82: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.presstelegram.com/Stories/0,1413,204%257E23187%257E2235392,00.html

Page 83: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

cultural relativism

Glossary

• absolute cultural relativism

• critical cultural relativism

Page 84: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

critical cultural relativism

– offers an alternative view that poses

questions about cultural practices

and ideas in terms of who accepts

them and why, and who they might

be harming or helping

Glossary

Page 85: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Glossary

cultural relativism– Aztec human heart sacrifice

– cannibalism

– selling children

– eating insects

– eating dogs

– stealing peoples’ land and property

– infant cranial deformation

– . . .

Page 86: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Multiple Cultural Worlds

people live in

multiple cultural worlds

Page 87: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

multiple cultural worlds• class

• race

• ethnicity

• gender

• age

• institutions

Page 88: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo, Nan)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 89: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 90: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title

Page 91: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html

Pozas, Ricardo. 1952. Juan Pérez Jolote. México: Colección Popular, Fondo de Cultura Económica (FCE).

Film: Juan Perez Jolote (1975)

Juan the Chamula: An Ethnological Recreation of the Life of a Mexican Indian. 1962. University of California Press.

Page 92: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Compare . . .

Between Two Cultures:The Life of an American-Mexican, As Told to John J. Poggie, Jr.

Gonzales, Ramón, and John J. Poggie. 1973.

University of Arizona Press.

Page 93: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth4616/video/A_Mamani.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 94: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

This was earlier advocated by:

Oscar Lewis

Bronislow Malinowski

Edward Sapir(“Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis)

Margaret Mead

Page 95: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Nan

Sharon GmelchNan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised Edition.Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1991.(ISBN: 0881336025)

Compare . . .

Page 96: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 97: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Oscar Lewis

Compare . . .

Page 98: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Life_Chances.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 99: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 100: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

1930 Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A

Study of Folk LifeChicago: University of Chicago Press

1941 Folk Culture of YucatanChicago: University of Chicago Press

Robert Redfield

Compare . . .

Page 101: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Lewis - Refield debate

• Robert Redfield– Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life

• Oscar Lewis– Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied

Compare . . .

Page 102: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html#title

Page 103: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Excavations.html#title

Page 104: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Teotihuacan.html#title

Page 105: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title

Page 106: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title

Page 107: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#InisBeag

John C. MessengerInis Beag: Isle of Ireland.Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1983.(ISBN: 0881330515)

Inis Beag

Gaelic: "Little Island"

Compare . . .

Page 108: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 109: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

• Valley of Mexico• Soconusco• El Bajío• Huasteca• Yucatán. . .

Page 110: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Copan.html#title

Page 111: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matehuac.html#title

Page 112: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Tehuacán Valley, Puebla, Mexico

Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432.

maize

4,200 ybp

Compare . . .

Page 113: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“Classics" in Anthropology

1930 Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A

Study of Folk LifeChicago: University of Chicago Press

1941 Folk Culture of YucatanChicago: University of Chicago Press

Robert Redfield

Page 114: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

. . Man of Aran

(77 min, 1934, B&W)

– Robert J. Flaherty,– Colman “Tiger” King,– Maggie Dirrane, and – Michael Dirrane

Compare . . .

Page 115: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 116: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

some areas are “officially”

anthropological

“cultural areas” . . .

Page 117: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/atlas.htm

Compare . . .

Page 118: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“Mesoamerica”(cultural)

“Middle America”(geological)

Page 119: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title

Parman, Susan.

Europe in the Anthropological Imagination.

Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.

Compare . . .

Page 120: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Maya– Chamula– Lancandon– Tzotzil– Tzeltal– Zoque

• Yaqui• Otomi• Tarascan• Mixtec• Zapotec

• Olmec • Toltec• Aztec• Teotihuacanos• Tarahumara

Page 121: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples

Page 122: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples

Page 123: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples

Page 124: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico#History_of_the_indigenous_peoples

63

Page 125: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matext.html#title

Page 126: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Maya– Chamula– Lancandon– Tzotzil– Tzeltal– Zoque

• Yaqui• Otomi• Tarascan• Mixtec• Zapotec

• Olmec • Toltec• Aztec• Teotihuacanos• Tarahumara

aka a “microculture”

Page 127: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Maya– Chamula– Lancandon– Tzotzil– Tzeltal– Zoque

• Yaqui• Otomi• Tarascan• Mixtec• Zapotec

• Olmec • Toltec• Aztec• Teotihuacanos• Tarahumara

Page 128: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Maya_Lords.html#title

Page 129: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title

Page 130: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Appeals.html#title

Page 131: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis” may include:

– one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)

– the family (e.g., Strodtbeck)

– the community– a region– “culture area”– a culture / “subculture”

• Chicanos• “Irish”• “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”)• “Rom” (“Gypsies”)• “Basques”• Catalans

Page 132: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations

– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”

• sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”

– e.g., Kurds (in Turkey)– e.g., Basques

Page 133: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People

by George Gmelch

1985

Compare . . .

Page 134: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Unites of analysis may include ethnic groups within and across nations

– e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa)– e.g., Rom (Gypsies)– e.g., Irish “Travellers”

• sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies”

– e.g., Kurds (in Turkey)– e.g., Basques

Page 135: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory

Mark KurlanskyThe Basque History of the World.

NY: Penguin Books, 1999.(ISBN: 0140298517)

Compare . . .

Page 136: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis”may also include:

– a nation (“national character studies”)

– the item or action itself (including “processes”)

– a “cultural metaphor”

Page 137: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/matext.html#title

Page 138: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths

Elizabeth L. KrauseA Crisis of Births:

Population Politics and Family-Making in ItalyBelmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.

Compare . . .

Page 139: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis”may also include:

– a nation (“national character studies”)

– the item or action itself (including “processes”)

– a “cultural metaphor”

Page 140: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

•demography / population

•gender

•ethnicity

•nationalism

•globalization

•“development”

•social / cultural change

•decision-making

•peasants

•urbanism / urbanization

Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt

•stratification•internal and transnational

migration•“transnationalism”•networks•honor / shame values•patron-client relationships•literacy•“we” vs. “other”•rural / urban continuum

Page 141: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.pbs.org/saf/1406/index.html

Compare . . .

Page 142: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fallacy_of_Diffusionism.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 143: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fifth_World.html#title

Page 144: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Sweat.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 145: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mayacode/

Page 146: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fall_Maya.html#title

Page 147: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Conquistadors.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 148: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/aztec_massacre/aztec_massacre

Page 149: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

“units of analysis”may also include:

– a nation (“national character studies”)

– the item or action itself (including “processes”)

– a “cultural metaphor”

Page 150: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/index.html#text

Compare . . .

Page 151: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Gannon’s

European Cultural Metaphorsinclude

Ch. 12. Irish Conversations

Ch. 17. The Traditional British House

Ch. 21. The Italian Opera

Ch. 22.  Belgian Lace

Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet

Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight

Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight

Compare . . .

Page 152: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Ch. 12. Irish Conversations

Ch. 17. The Traditional British House

Ch. 21. The Italian Opera

Ch. 22.  Belgian Lace

Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet

Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight

Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight

Compare . . .

Gannon’s

European Cultural Metaphorsinclude

Page 153: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Compare . . .

Page 154: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Ch. 12. Irish Conversations

Ch. 17. The Traditional British House

Ch. 21. The Italian Opera

Ch. 22.  Belgian Lace

Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet

Ch. 25. The Spanish Bullfight

Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight

Compare . . .

Gannon’s

European Cultural Metaphorsinclude

Page 155: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.carn.com/IrishTales.htm

Compare . . .

Page 156: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

and the

Units of Analysis

can be combined

Page 157: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths

Elizabeth L. KrauseA Crisis of Births:

Population Politics and Family-Making in ItalyBelmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.

Italy+

demography

Compare . . .

Page 158: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Chamula.html#title

Page 159: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Culture_and_Math.html#title

Page 160: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Kypseli.html#title

Compare . . .

Page 161: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

the three major contemporary debates

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural

Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)

(“learned vs. inherited”)• free will” vs. “power structures”)

Page 162: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/01/AR2008090102087.html

Page 163: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

the three major contemporary debates

Page 164: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

the three major contemporary debates

Page 165: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Ipeace. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

PeaceJusticeSecurityFreedomHonorGod’s will / Allah’s will . . .

the three major contemporary debates

Page 166: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://rawstory.com/news/afp/Bush_says_Iraq_war_about_al_Qaeda_07242007.html

PeaceJusticeSecurityFreedomHonor[God’s will / Allah’s will . . .]

Page 167: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/

Page 168: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/

Page 169: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.aol.com/political-machine/2008/09/02/sarah-palin-iraq-war-gods-plan/

Page 170: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade

The Siege of Antioch, from a medieval miniature painting, during the First Crusade.

Page 171: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_arc

Saint Joan of ArcBurned at the stake by an ecclesiastical court

For leading the French Armey by divine guidance

During the Hundred Years’ War (1337 to 1453)

Page 172: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade

More to the point:

when considering the “whole of history”and the cannons of

critical cultural relativism actions such as Aztec

human sacrifice and cannibalism, Yanomamó female infanticide,

and the likemay not make sense to everyone,but they are more understandable

Page 173: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade

Example:

Some Neandertals were cannibals,as were the Aztecs and others . . .

Did they eat people because of something like a religious belief?

Because they tasted good?

Ideationism

Cultural Materialism

or

Page 174: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

the three major contemporary debates

Page 175: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Ipeace. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

Aztecs must sacrifice and eat humansin order to please the godsin order that the gods allow

the sun to rise each day

the three major contemporary debatesCompare . . .

Page 176: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mendoza_HumanSacrifice.jpg

Human sacrifice as shown in the Codex Magliabechiano

Compare . . .

Page 177: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Ipeace. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

Aztecs sacrificed and ate humansin order to control population sizein order to preserve their property,

and to terrorize their neighborsso they will continue to providegoods and services as tribute

the three major contemporary debatesCompare . . .

Page 178: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mendoza_HumanSacrifice.jpg

A tzompantli, or skull rack, as shown in the post-Conquest Ramirez Codex.

Compare . . .

Page 179: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/17/2034283.htm

Cultural Materialism

Page 180: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

Cultural Materialism

Marvin Harris.

The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture,Updated Edition.

Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2000.

Page 181: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_materialism_%28anthropology%29

Page 182: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.cultural-materialism.org/cultural-materialism/

Page 183: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

the three major contemporary debates

Page 184: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

the three major contemporary debates

Page 185: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

• Biological Determinism vs. Cultural Constructionism

(“nature vs. nurture”)(“learned vs. inherited”)

• Ideationism vs. Cultural Materialism

• Individual Agency vs. Structuralism(“free will” vs. “power structures”)

the three major contemporary debates

Page 186: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030

Page 187: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.wenatcheeworld.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080122/FOOD/373497927/1030/rss1030

Page 188: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.cafepress.com/metalstar.71120928

Page 189: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism

Painting by Francisco Goya of Saint Francis Borgiaperforming an exorcism.

Page 190: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthtribune/news/nation/10948054.htm

Page 191: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/728180.stm

Page 192: Main Characteristics of Anthropology Ancient Middle America.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4272689.stm