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CHAPTERI
INTRODUCTION
Introduction says, Stress has become so familiar word that experts from medical, HRD,
management fields and yoga experts give much stress on defining stress and managing stress.
Indeed, stress has been woven into the fabric of life today. It starts from birth and if ignored ends
only with death. No person in this universe is free from some amount of stress. In fact, anything
hat makes us tense, angry or frustrated is stress. Dr. Hans Seyle, the noted experts on the stress
says, Stress, like relatively, is a scientific concept, which has suffered from the mixed blessing
of being too little understood.
Stress is common in all strata of society and all age groups though the intensity,
magnitude and visual symptoms differ from individual. A certain amount of stress is, however,
desirable individual; to give required stimulation to overcome obstacles that may prevent a
person in achieving his ultimate goal. At times, we even invite mild stress to avoid boredom and
development some motivation for a given activity.Dr. G. Wilkinson in his paper in the British
Medical Association Publication has defined stress through the following equation:
Levels of stress = Environmental stressor + stress Response + Significance of Event
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Chapter -II
PROFILE OF THE COMPANY
A public limited company by the promoters, Mr. Padam J .challani chairman &CEO
and Mr. Prakash chand Jain, vice chairman, who have been in the business in Tamil Nadu
for more than two and half decades. SARA V ANA GLOBAL ENERGY LIMITED
(formerly saravana insulators Limited) was established in the year 2003 by acquiring the total
assets of Mrs. Seshasayee industries Limited, a former reputed company, supplying High voltage
insulators, for transmission / distribution lines and railway electrification etc., The promoters
revamped, modernized and expanded and established the entire activities in P.N.Kuppam, to
produce High Alumina Porcelain Insulators required for power equipments, Power Grid (PGCIL)
having 1200 MT per month and the production operations were of Solid Core, Post Insulators
and Bushings for supplying up to 765kY to all Electricity Boards like, TNEB, MSEB, APSEB,
MPEB, KPTCIL, KSEB,
APTRANSCO etc. and others through insulators manufacturers.
THE PRODUCT RANGE COVERS THE FOLLOWING ITEMS.
~ Solid Core Long Rod Insulators up 765KY. Hollow Bushings, SF6 Circuit Breakers,
CTs/CYTs and lightning arrestors. 25KV Solid Core Insulators for Railway Electrification.
Solid core line post insulators
It is a well known fact that former Seshasayee Industries Limited ( SIL) had got a high
reputation with their consultancy and technical know-how from German, French& Italian
expertsfor manufacturing various Alumina Porcelain sophisticated under the guidance
ofMrs.Louis Locatelli who was a renowned European expert in the field.
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Mr.Louis Locatelli trained many of the engineers and also established the high strength
Alumina body in India for manufacture of high strength solid core insulators and high pressure
bushings and the core engineers who are now with Saravana Global Energy Limited in charge of
production, testing, specification etc,. Were all people worked with Mr. Louis Locatelli,
Mr.Mario Audi and other leading ceramic experts and have also undergone Training in European
factories for manufacture of specialty insulators required by the power industry. Besides putting
up a sophisticated Plant with all imported machines and firing kilns, Mr. Louis Locatelli helped
the company at that to have a full fledged Extra High Voltage and Mechanical testing lab which
is also now modernized with updated instrumentation, calibration of equipments etc.
So that the lab can be used for our own development and testing also for external testing
of electrical products to customers like Electricity Boards, Railways, PGCIL and others. The
Global power Research Institute (GPRI) (formerly Saravana EHV Lab)has been accredited by
National Accreditation Board for testing and calibration Laboratories(NABL)as per S/ISO17025-
requirements for Testing of Electrical and Mechanical tests up to 400K v forInsulators, Porcelain
and composite Insulators and Hardware.
It may be noted that the high voltage and extra high voltage product range is at par with
leading insulator manufacturers in India and abroad. There are about 850 employees working in
this company having requisite education, skill and experience in the manufacturing of insulators.
Lot of interest is being shown by leading switch gear manufacturers in India and abroad ikeABB,
Crompton Greaves, Areva, Siemens, L &T,BHEL and others for supply of bushings, solid core
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Post insulators etc. (have their confidence of the quality level and specification of the products
which are being produced in the factory
with background of the operating people and facilities and infrastructure created by the
Management to supply various products required-by utilities and power equipments
manufacturers).
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
The conversion of Raw Materials into a finished goods is proves as Known as manufacturing
process.
Raw Material
Ball Mill
Plunger
Filter Press
Pug Mill
PED
Shopping
Drying
Finishing
Glazing
Kiln
Cutting
Assembling
Testing
Packing
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Despatch
Raw Material:
There are different types of Raw Material
.:. HI Alumina
.:. HKC Clay
.:. TA Ball Clay
.:. Feldspar
.:. BGP Clay
.:. DM Clay
.:. NC II Clay
.:. Steatite
BALL MILL
Ball mill is a machine, which is used to grind or mix the raw material in a proper
composition. It rotates horizontally with a constant speed and it is also gear system. It takes 6
Hrs for grinding the raw material.
BLUNGER:
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It is a tank which is present below the ground surface where scrap is poured and water is
added it. It resemble like a fan like structure which consist of blade. A fan rotates for several
hours to form the slip. The segmentation is settled in the blunger and only the slip is transferred
to the filter press.
FILTER PRESS:
Filter press is a machine which is used to remove the water from the slurry by applying
pressure with help of hydraulic system, and the pressure increased and the water removed
through the nylon cloth due to increased pressure. This operation goes nearly 3-4 hrs to bring a
cake formation.
PUG MILL:
It is a fabrication machine which is used to bring the filter cake into desired shape with
the required dimension. The vacuum condition must be maintained inside the PUG mill in order
to avoid breakage; air is converted from low pressure to high pressure. The unloaded cake is
rotated to become noodles like structure. Finally we get the desired shape.
DRIER (PED): PUG ELECTRIC
It is the process in drying section where the PUG gets dried by using electric supply
approximately 500 voltages is applied. Then it is allowed to drying for 40 hrs (approximately)
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for evaporating moisture content by potential difference created in it. The time. Taken for the
process of drying varies for different shapes and sizes.
SHAPING:
There are two types of shaping system followed
A. Manual
B. CNC Program
A) Manual
It is used on individual person to can design the PUG with the help of temp plate.
B) CNC Program
It is systematic process and set to the program after work down the design on
automatically.
THERMIC FLUID HEATER:
After shaping, the PUG has to be taken to drying process and bring to required moisture
content of 0.5% (approximately) in it.
The temperature inside the drier must be increased day to day (l00 -
0210
.)orp ihTya 1p eptep Th w sec FINISHING BOOTHThis section where the surface of the PUG has to be shined.
GLAZING AREA:
A. Dipping
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B. Monogram
A.Dipping
Here, The PUG pieces are dipped in the suitable coloring agent (liquid state) which is
stored in large rectangular tray where the surface of the PUG gets required colour whichever
colour wants.
B.Monogram
It is the place where the stickers are pasted on the surface of the PUG.
The stickers giving the information about manufacturing date, company logo and serial number.
KILN:
It is a systematic process. There are two types of kiln.
Shuttle Kiln
Tunnel Kiln
In SGEL it used on shuttle Kiln. It is used to heat on 3 days the designed pieces at a very
high temperature of above 1230 c to 1250 c. After 2 days attaining the maximum temperature,
the cooling has to be done. At the end of the cooling, the temperature is maintained at room
temperature 35 c to 45 c the time taken to complete the process be varying for different
material.
SORTING:
After Kiln process it will check insulator piece come to correct shape.
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CUTTING:
Insulator unwanted top and bottom part can be cut and removed them.
ASSEMBLING:
It can assemble the metal parts are fixed with the help of cement like injection type at the top and
bottom part of the insulator.
TESTING:
It has five types of testing
Tensile testing
Bending testing
Hot water temperature testing
Cold water temperature testing
~ Curing chamber
A) Tensile testing
We can know how much length the ceramic material can able to expand.
B) Bending testing
It can withstand how much bending force acting on it.
C) Hot water temperature testing
It can with stand up to what extent of higher temperature.
D) Cold water temperature testing
It can with stand up to what extent oflow temperature.
E) Curing chamber
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It is a chamber into which the ceramics placed for particular period of Time with a continuous
spraying of cold water or stream on it on order to check whether any properties of the materials
can change.
PACKING:
After finishing the testing process. Finally the insulator is packed within the wooden box.
DISPATCH YARD:
After packing products are kept ready for dispatch.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION:
The work Stress is derived from the Latin term Stringers which means to draw tight.
Same define stress as the non. Specific response of the body to any demands made on it. when
the demands on an individuals exceed his capacity and adjustment resources stress occurs.
MEANING:
Stress is the general term applied to the pressure people feel in life. Stress on individuals
ranges from personal day to day life to their orgal activities. Stress is a costly business expense
that affects both employee health and company profit.
DEFINITION:
Hans Selyedefines stress as An adoptive response to the external situation that results
in physical, psychological and/or behavioural deviation for organizational participants.
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This stress is a mental, emotional or physical reaction resulting from an individuals
response to environmental pressure and similar stimuli. It refers to pressures people feel in life.
Hans Selye, the father of stress, believes that stress is the spice of life and absence of stress is
death. Different persons respond to stress full situations in different ways.
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STRESS
Nervousness Instability
EmotionalInstability
Excessiveuse of
Alchocol ordrugs
Feelings ofInability
Cope
Unco-operativeAttitude
Seepingproblem
absenteeism
Chronicworry
Inability ofRelax
High bloodprocessing
DigestiveProblem
SYMPTOMS OF STRESS:
The source of stress come
from are called stressors. The stressors, or the so called
antecedents of stress come from both inside our body and mind and outside of ourselves. The
stressors thus fall logically into for categories viz., environmental, organizational, group and
individual stressors. These are summarized in figure that thinking of stressors in various
categories will help us become more aware of stress in our lives. These are now discussed on by
one.
CAUSES OF STRESS:
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS
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Environmental factors do affect organization and thus have impact on stress also. The
environmental stressors to which an employees responds mainly include things such as fact
technological change, family demands and obligations, economic and financial conditions, race,
caste, class ethnic identity and transfer of late the phenomenal rate of social and technical change
has had its great impact on peoples life style which is carried over into their jobs. To mention
while medical science has increased the life span of the people by eradicating the life claiming
threats of many dreaded diseases on the one hand, the modern living style caught up in the rush,
mobile, urbanized and crowed has deteriorated the wellness and increased the potential for stress
on the job, on the other.
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ORGANISATIONAL STRESSORS
Stressors occur not only outside the organization, but within it also organizational
stressors can be categorized into policies and strategies, structure and design, processors and
working conditions organizational changes to meet challenges are usually accompanied by
stressors.
GROUP STRESS
People are usually members of various formal and informal groups. The department or
section to which are belongs, for example is formal group. Group bears tremendous influence on
individual members behavior. The group therefore can also be a potential source of stress.
The group stressors can be categorized into three types.
i) Lack of group CohesivenessFamous Hawthorne studies have made it clear that cohesiveness or togetherness
provides. Satisfaction to be employees. Lack of cohesiveness creates conflict which serves a
potential stressors for the employees.
ii) Lack of Social SupportWe all as the members of groups look for from co-members in times of both happiness
and sorrow. If we get this social support, we are much better off. If such a support is lacking
for an individual member. The same can also cause stress.
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iii) Interpersonal and Inter group Conflict
The incompatibility in term of needs and values between co-workers / colleagues
usually create interpersonal conflict. Likewise, variance in objectives and goals between
groups leads to inter group conflict.
INDIVIDUAL STRESSORS
Apart from the stressors discussed so far (environmental, organizational and group) there
are also individual factors which serve as stress. There are
i) Role of conflict and AmbiguityIndividual employees have multiple roles to play within as well as outside the
organization such as superior, subordinate, colleague, family community and so on, these
roles are a set of expectations that other members have of an employees.
ii) Personality traitsPersonality affects behavior. Personality traits vary from individual to individual.
iii) Life and carrier changesLifes changes may be slow (getting older) on sudden (the death of a spouse).
Particularly sudden changes have dramatic effect on people. The medical researchers have
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verified that more the person experiences sudden changes; the poorer will be his subsequent
health.
The same is true for career or nature of job and responsibility, underemployment
or over employment etc. can be stressing provoking besides certain situations are peculiar to the
Indian workers which add to tension and stress to them.
Experts on stress management are of the view that a lot of stress in Indian case is
due to demands placed on time and finance from family, relations, friend, community leisure
and relationship the we have in our family and social lives.
CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS
1. ON THE INDIVIDUAL
a) Physical: Headache, indigestion, insomnia, heart trouble
b) Mental: Anxiety, irritability, lack of clear thinking, inability to relax,
frustration, helplessness, loneliness, etc.
c) Behaviour: Excessine smoking or drinking, withdrawal from relationships,
speech disturbances.
2. ON THE ORGANIZATION
Low productivity, poor quality, higher costs, increased absenteeism, low job satisfaction,
accident proneness, poor interpersonal communications.
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TYPES OF STRESS
Stress can be functional, contributing to glow up, or dysfunctional, contributing to
burnout. The first has been called eustress and the second distress.
EUSTRESS
Eustress is the stress of achievement, triumph, and exhilaration
DISTRESS
Distress is the stress of disappointment, inadequacy, defeat and helplessness.
HOW TO MANAGE STRESS
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL:
a) Exercises: Physical and mental exercises helps to reduce emotional imbalance. Physicians
advise walking and other exervises in the morning, regular eating and sleeping habits and yoga
are very helpful.
b) Know yourself: A study should be made to find our ones strength and weakness,
opportunities and threats. A periodical analysis of these factors will provide better understanding
of self and the work around us which helps to reduce stress.
c) Forecasting and preparing: Advance thinking and foresight helps a manager to reduce risk
involved in decision making. Proper allocation of resources is also helpful.
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d) Organise work and time: We need to separate work from home. Break the routine in the
form of a small vacation or picnic. Share problems with spouse and friends.
e) Develop positive attitude: A positive attitude to both life and work does reduce stress. Make
positive use of stress. This helps to develop and correct perspective and to regain control over
the stress causing strategies. Accept things through which your cannot change.
f) Have Faith:Faith in ones deity can reduce stress. The reciting of GAYATRI MANTRA or
merely OM/AUM for those who follow this faith can reduce stress. This mantra is said be the
gist of vedic Philosophy.
g) Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) Technique: This is a dynamic action oriented learning
process where individuals are made to recognize the futility or irrationality of their firm beliefs
and viewpoints and develop rational beliefs and viewpoints.
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ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL:
Like an individual, an org can also help manage stress through various low proactive
interventions, some of these
1. Setting clear objectives:
Organization should set clear objectives for its members. This helps minimize roll
ambiguity which usually filters down the Organization in the form of neuoris.
2. Stress Audit
Pestonjoa has suggested stress audit as one of effective productive intervention to combat
stress, according to him, when an organization decides to have a scientific peep into mental &
physical health status of its backbone group (Executives, the exercise is called stress audit)
3. Counselling:
Counseling is yet another proactive strategy to be used by Organization to deal with
stress. Counseling to employees in the matters like career planning to provide them clarity in
their job rolls, helping them in identifying their strengths & Weakness help them better cope with
stress.
4. Spread the message:
Spreading the message about the importance of regular habits of work, leisure, proper
diet, exercise and mental peace among the organizational members helps them better cope with
stress.
5. Fit between person and work:
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Research evidence shows that striking a fit between worker and his/her works
environment serve as one the best strategy to manage stress. This congruence can be attained
linking the worker to the job characteristics, far high internal motivation, high quality
performance, high work satisfaction, and low absenteeism and turn over.
6. Clarity in rolls:
It shows that defining individual rolls through roll efficiency helps them reduce their roll
shared stresses. This is so as a result of an individuals, movement from a reactive. i.e., roll
taking behavior to a proactive i.e. roll-making behavior.
INDIAN METHODS OF MANAGING STRESS
Indian philosolhy consisting of Upanishada, Vedanta, etc. is very helpful in winning
stress. Dr. Sathish Chandra Pandey has given the following Indian model of stress management.
(i) Develop a strong philosophical base of combining different Indian values.(ii) Create awareness among organization members about these values(iii) Develop training programmes for executives and other staff members for their
total personality development based on Indian values, so that they can develop
their own strategies for coping with their organizations stressors.
(iv) There must be compulsory course on Indian philosophy in professionalmanagement course.
(v) Popularizing Indian values among organizational members will be helpful inreducing unnecessary individual and group conflict, power politics and stress in
Indian organization.
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(vi) Stress management programmers for employees must be based on sharingdifferent philosophical values and developing strategies through group learning.
(vii) Organizations must include these training programmers as integral part of theirlife. Occasionally, organizational programmers may not be helpful in the
members through such training programmers. It will work as the best preventive
strategy for stress management at organizational level.
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CHAPTERIV
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES
To know the cause for the stress experienced by the employees in their work
environment.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES
1. To identify the cause of the stress faced by the employees.
2. To find out how the employees manage stress in their work environment.
3. To find out whether the employees stress affects their social behavior
4. To identify whether the employees stress has an impact on their job performance.
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NEED AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1. To evaluate the employees stress management system.
2. To attain the required satisfaction in work environment.
3. To highlight the promotional policy to enhance the employees.
4. To adopt defense mechanism for future oriented.
5. To analyses stress management program.
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CHAPTERV
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a systematically solve the research problem. It may be
understood of study, how research is done of scientifically. The method adopted in collecting
the data analysis and interpretation of data.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is basic frame work which provide guidelines of whole research
methodology.
The choice of the research design depends on depth and extend of data required the cost
and benefits of the research the urgency of the work and time available for completing it.
For this study, exploratory research design is selected and used to define research
problems and to clarify concepts.
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SAMPLE SIZE
The sampling size was limited in number. So we considered 50 samples of the
employees interviewed through direct.
SAMPLING METHOD
In this study RANDOM sampling method adopted.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The questionnaire was found to the most suitable type of research instrument. It is a set
of question presented to respondent for their answer.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTIONS:
The sample were collected through questionnaires method. The data were collected
randomly. The data used in this study are both primary and secondary data where collected from
the various sources like manuals company records and relevant books.
AIDED WORK
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This survey was conducted in Cuddalore, ASIAN PAINTS LTD., for the period of 45
days.
STATISTICAL TOOLS
PERCENTAGE METHOD
The percentage of method was extensively used for analysis and interpretation of data. It
can be generally calculated as follows.
= x 100Number of respondents favourable
Total respondent
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CHAPTERVI
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
1. There may be some bias in the answer of respondents.
2. The primary date have been collected using questionnaire, which has the know problemof respondents not giving factual information about the occurrence of occasions.
3. Some employees even suspected the objective of the study and fair to respond.
4. Through confidentially were provided workers refuse to answer some vital question.
5. The time duration allotted for this study is very short for collective adequate data.
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