Mahesh paddy

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROP ESTABLISHMENT TECHNIQUES IN PADDY KEERTHAN -BA1TAE036 KOMAL -BA1TAE037 LAVANYA-BA1TAE038 MAHESH -BA1TAE039 MANASA -BA1TAE040 MANIKANTA-BA1TAE041

Transcript of Mahesh paddy

Page 1: Mahesh paddy

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROP ESTABLISHMENT

TECHNIQUES IN PADDYKEERTHAN -BA1TAE036KOMAL -BA1TAE037LAVANYA-BA1TAE038MAHESH -BA1TAE039MANASA -BA1TAE040MANIKANTA-BA1TAE041

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What is crop establishment?

• It is a sequence of events that includes seeding,seed germination,seedling emergence and development to the stage where the seedling could be expected to grown to maturity.• It is a complex interaction.

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Crop establishment techniques

Crops can be established using • dry seed• pre germinated seed ‐• seedlings. Planting technique depends on: • Locality• Soil type• Crop ecosystem Crops can be direct seeded by:• Hand broadcast

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• Dibbling• Line sowing • Drilled using a machine in both wet and dry

soil.• Transplanted crops can be established

manually, either in rows or randomly, or by machine.

• Direct seeded crops tend to mature faster than transplanted crops but often face more competition from weeds.

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Broadcasting seedlings

• In some irrigation areas especially in China, 12 15day old seedlings are broadcast into ‐standing water. This can be done manually or by machine. The seedlings are established in bubble trays with sand or loam at seeding rate of 30 40kg/ha. ‐

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Dry broadcast seediing

• In many rainfed and deep water ecosystems, dry seed is still manually broadcast onto the soil surface and then incorporated by plowing or harrowing while the soil is still dry.

• This is a very inefficient way to establish a rice crop with a lot of seed lost to birds and rodent and heavy completion from weeds.

• Seeding rates are normally very high, 150 250kg ‐/ha, and yields are generally quite low at 1 1.5t/ha. ‐

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Wet broadcasting seeding

• In many irrigated and more reliable rainfed areas, pre‐germinated seed is broadcast into 2 5cm of standing water.‐

• Seeding rates vary from 80 120kg/ha and 1 person can plant 1 ‐ha/day. Standing water levels are normally allowed to recede after seeding and water not added until the seedlings are 1 2 ‐leaf stage.

• For this system to work effectively, fields must be level and have good drainage system.

• Weeds will need to be controlled with 21 days after establishment especially if a pre emergent herbicide has not ‐been applied.

• This can be a very effective system for crop establishment, if there is a shortage of labor at planting, weeds can be managed and water controlled

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Dibble planting and line seeding

• In many upland environments, rice is established using dibbling or line sowing.

• Dry seeds are place into a dry seed bed in lines or at set spacing and then covered for protection.

• Germination occurs after rain and weeds along with soil borne microbes are a major problem.

• Crop rotations may be required to overcome them. Planting rates will vary from 100 200kg/ha.‐

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Dry machine seeding

• In many parts of the world rice is now planted using a seed drill.

• A smooth, level seedbed is necessary to ensure that seeds are not planted at depths greater than 10 to 15 mm.

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• . A benefit of drill seeding is that fertilizer can be applied at the same time as the seed.

• Both manual and mechanical weeding is much easier in machine drilled crops than in ‐broadcast crops.

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Wet machine seeding

• There are seed drills available that can plant into wet and puddled soils.

• The soil surface must be level and the seed bed of even depth.

• These drills meter and deliver pre germinated or ‐dry seed, into a groove or furrow which is then covered by a small amount of sand or fine soil and fertilizer can also be applied at the time of planting.

• This machine takes advantage of soil puddling but can only be used on tractors which have narrow steel wheels.

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Transplanting

• Transplanting is the most common method of crop establishment for rice in Asia. Rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled and transplanted into puddled and leveled fields 15 to 40 days after seeding (DAS). Rice seedlings can either be transplanted manually or by machine.

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Manual and Mechanical transplanting

• Manual transplanting of rice seedlings into puddled fields is still widely practiced.

• Transplanted crops require less seed, are better able to compete against weeds but require much more labor to establish.

• In areas where labor is becoming a problem, mechanical transplanters are starting to become popular.

• The soil type often determines how soon the seedlings need to be transplanted after final working.

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• In areas where there has been insufficient rain, transplanting may also be undertaken in non flooded soil ‐by using a stick to create the hole to implant the seedling.

• Pulling and transplanting of seedlings is very labor intensive.

• Depending on soil type, one hectare of rice requires 30 to 40 person days to establish.

• Seedlings are normally hand transplanted 20 25 cm apart.‐• The range is normally 15 to 30 cm with 2 3 seedlings ‐

placed in each hill.

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Mechanical transplanting

• In Asia, a number of different transplanters are now being used to establish rice crops.

• Machines range in size from a two row, walk behind ‐ ‐models to eight row, ride on models.‐ ‐

• Land must be well prepared for machine transplanting. • Fields may need to be drained one or two days longer

than they are for hand transplanting to stop seedlings floating.

• Most mechanical transplanters place seedlings in rows either 20 30 cm apart with in row spacing determined by ‐ ‐ground speed or head speed of the transplanter.

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Parachute rice transplanting

• The “parachute rice transplanting technique” involves planting of seedlings in a nursery under flexible plastic trays.

• That trays have tiny holes at the bottom to facilitate movement of water and nutrients from the soil below into soil plugs through capillary action.

• The trays are then taken out for transplantation onto the paddy fields,where the young plants could be thrown out sporadically.

• The heavy base of each young paddy plant ensures that it would not land upside down.

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SRI method

• The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a methodology aimed at increasing the yield of rice produced in farming.

• It is a low water, labor-intensive, method that uses younger seedlings singly spaced and typically hand weeded with special tools.

• It was developed in 1983 by the French Jesuit Father Henri de Laulanié in Madagascar.

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Drum seeding technique

• Drum seeding technique involves direct seeding of pre-germinated paddy seeds in drums made up of fibre material to dispense seeds evenly in lines spaced at 20 cm apart in puddled and levelled fields.

• About 35 to 40 kg paddy seed/ha is soaked overnight in water and allowed to sprout. Care should be taken not to delay sowing as seeds with long shoot growth are not suitable for drum seeding.

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• The sprouted seed is air-dried in shade briefly (<30 minutes) prior to sowing for easy dispensing through the holes in the drum seeder.

• Drums are filled with sprouted seeds (3/4th full) and pulled across the field maintaining a steady speed for evenly sowing.

• Number of drums could vary between 4 and 8 with number of lines sown ranging from 8 to 16 in one pass.

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• However, heavy rainfall immediately after sowing is likely to wash away the newly sown seeds. As the seedlings grow, water level in the field can rise for better weed control.

• Intermittent irrigation is given till the panicle initiation stage.

• Where weed problem is severe, herbicide is applied.

• Line sowing permits operation of modified conoweeder (width between wheels reduced to 15 cm instead of 25 cm) between the rows in the same direction adopted for drum seeding.

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• Drum seeding in one ha area can be completed in 5 to 6 hours time by three persons compared to transplanting operation which requires about 30 to 40 man days.

• This technique can help in saving seed, water, labour requirement apart from improving productivity because of line sowing (spacing of 20 cm between rows) and early maturity of crop (by 7-10 days).

• Drum seeding reduces the cost of cultivation as it does away with the requirement for raising paddy nursery and transplanting thereafter.

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Aerobic rice

• Aerobic rice is a production system in which especially developed “aerobic rice” varieties are grown in well-drained, non-puddled, and nonsaturated soils.

• With appropriate management, the system aims for yields of at least 4-6 tons per hectare.

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Zero tillage DSR

• DSR is an alternative crop establishment method for rice where seeds are sown directly without raising them in a nursery, and can be done in zero-tillage conditions

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