Project- A Report onMaha-gram (to move rural area to e-government)Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirementsof the degree ofBachelor of Engineeringby Mr. Sopan Rathod Mrs. Archana kharat Mrs. Pushpa AhireSupervisor: Prof. Sumit Bhattacharye

Department of Computer EngineeringMGMs College Of Engineering And Technology,KamotheNavi Mumbai. Academic Year (2014-2015) Declaration

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

(Signature) (Signature)(Signature)Sopan Rathod Archana kharat Pushpa Ahire

Acknowledgement

No project is ever complete without the guidance of those experts who have already treaded this path before and acquired mastery over it. So, we would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have aided us in visualizing this project.We express our deep gratitude to our project guide; Prof. Sumit Bhattacharye (Computer Dept), MGMs CET for his technical support and warm encouragement in this project work. . We also thank him for sharing with us, his vast knowledge of industry trends and helping us identify the driving technologies of the future.We also thank Dr. Santosh K. Narayankhedkar, Principal, MGMs CET for his support through various channels in the project work. His constant encouraging words have provided us a boost in the planning phase of this project work.We wish to extend our sincere appreciation to all the staff members of Computer Engineering department, MGMs CET for their invaluable insights and tips during the project phase. Their contributions have been so vital that we find it difficult to acknowledge each of them individually.

Introduction Maha-gram is a unique project that to move Maharashtras rural area position in e-Governance initiatives in the country. It integrates the front-end and back-end Grampanchayat making it the first of its kind on this scale by any state government in India.The Maha-gram Mission Mode Project holds great promise for the rural masses as it aims at streamlining the delivery of government services to them through Gram Panchayats. Maha-grams function at the Village, intermediate (Block) and District level. Through Maha-gram G2C services provided at Gram Panchayat.

Under Maha-gram Project, all the 33 Zilla Parishads, 351 Panchayat Samitis and 27900 Grampanchayats in Maharashtra are are equipped with Desktop computer, Printer cum Scanner machine and internet connections to enable improved service delivery. These front end service delivery centres have been names as Maha-gram in Maharashtra.

As Aadhaar card number and Ration card number is linked to a bank account, instead of cash we can use bank account to withdraw cash, pay bills, cash transfer etc. Corruption, a major issue in India can be solved by this approach as we use the card for every transaction that we make, so it is easy to find the persons who transact in large amounts or who transact or spend more than their income. By this, illegal transactions can be controlled and corruption can be easily controlled.

Aap ka paisa, aapke haath (your money in your hands) by using ration card subsidy directly transfer to their own account coined by maha-gram to the Direct Cash Transfer scheme which would be rolled out in phases, initially covering 43 districts Food, fertilizers, and fuel have been kept out of its purview at this time. The DBT scheme aims at cutting a subsidy bill of 1,64,000 corers apart from other benefits like better delivery, accurate targeting, broader choice, reducing delays and corruption.

The key features of the Maha-gram Kendras are:

The Maha-gram Kendras across Maharashtra have been designated as CSCs (Common Service Centres), . These will offer Panchayat as well as other CSC services. Like CSCs, these Maha-gram Kendras are also eligible to offer B2C services Due to greater reach of the Maha-gram Kendras, the operators are being appointed as Banking Correspondents ( BCs) to facilitate financial inclusion in the state

Literature SurveyLiterature survey is the most important step in software development process. Before developing the tool it is necessary to determine the time factor, economy n company strength. Once these things r satisfied, ten next steps is to determine which operating system and language can be used for developing the tool. Once the programmers start building the tool the programmers need lot of external support. This support can be obtained from senior programmers, from book or from websites. Before building the system the above consideration r taken into account for developing the proposed system.2.1 Data MiningGenerally, data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information - information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.The Scope of Data MiningData mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database for example, finding linked products in gigabytes of store scanner data and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore. Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, or intelligently probing it to find exactly where the value resides. Given databases of sufficient size and quality, data mining technology can generate new business opportunities by providing these capabilities: Automated prediction of trends and behaviors. Data mining automates the process of finding predictive information in large databases. Questions that traditionally required extensive hands-on analysis can now be answered directly from the data quickly. A typical example of a predictive problem is targeted marketing. Data mining

uses data on past promotional mailings to identify the targets most likely to maximize return on investment in future mailings. Other predictive problems include forecasting bankruptcy and other forms of default, and identifying segments of a population likely to respond similarly to given events. Automated discovery of previously unknown patterns. Data mining tools sweep through databases and identify previously hidden patterns in one step. An example of pattern discovery is the analysis of retail sales data to identify seemingly unrelated products that are often purchased together. Other pattern discovery problems include detecting fraudulent credit card transactions and identifying anomalous data that could represent data entry keying errors.The most commonly used techniques in data mining are: Artificial neural networks: Non-linear predictive models that learn through training and resemble biological neural networks in structure. Decision trees: Tree-shaped structures that represent sets of decisions. These decisions generate rules for the classification of a dataset. Specific decision tree methods include Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) . Genetic algorithms: Optimization techniques that use process such as genetic combination, mutation, and natural selection in a design based on the concepts of evolution. Nearest neighbor method: A technique that classifies each record in a dataset based on a combination of the classes of the k record(s) most similar to it in a historical dataset (where k 1). Sometimes called the k-nearest neighbor technique. Rule induction: The extraction of useful if-then rules from data based on statistical significance.

Architecture for Data MiningTo best apply these advanced techniques, they must be fully integrated with a data warehouse as well as flexible interactive business analysis tools. Many data mining tools currently operate outside of the warehouse, requiring extra steps for extracting, importing, and analyzing the data. Furthermore, when new insights require operational implementation, integration with the warehouse simplifies the application of results from data mining. The resulting analytic data warehouse can be applied to improve business processes throughout the organization, in areas such as promotional campaign management, fraud detection, new product rollout, and so on. Figure 1 illustrates an architecture for advanced analysis in a large data warehouse. Figure 2.1 - Integrated Data Mining Architecture

The ideal starting point is a data warehouse containing a combination of internal data tracking all customer contact coupled with external market data about competitor activity. Background information on potential customers also provides an excellent basis for prospecting. This warehouse can be implemented in a variety of relational database systems: Sybase, Oracle, Redbrick, and so on, and should be optimized for flexible and fast data access.

2.2 Data Mining ProductsData mining products are taking the industry by storm. The major database vendors have already taken steps to ensure that their platforms incorporate data mining techniques. Oracle's Data Mining Suite (Darwin) implements classification and regression trees, neural networks, k-nearest neighbors, regression analysis and clustering algorithms. Microsoft's SQL Server also offers data mining functionality through the use of classification trees and clustering algorithms. If you're already working in a statistics environment, you're probably familiar with the data mining algorithm implementations offered by the advanced statistical packages SPSS, SAS, and S-Plus.

2.2.1 Classification:This means getting to know your data. If you can categorize, classify, and/or codify your data, you can place it into chunks that are manageable by a human. Rather than dealing with 3.5 million merchants at a credit card company, if we could classify them into 100 or 150 different classifications that were virtually dead on for each merchant, a few employees could manage the relationships rather than needing a sales and service force to deal with each customer individually. Likewise, at a university, if an alumni group treats its donors according to their classifications, part-time students might be the representatives who work with minor donors and full-time professionals might receive incoming calls from the donors whose names appear on buildings on campus.

2.2.2 Estimation:This process is useful in just about every facet of business. From finance to marketing to Sales, the better you can estimate your expenses, product mix optimization, or potential customer value, the better off you will be. This and the next use are fairly self-evident if you have ever spent a day at a business.

2.2.3 Prediction:Forecasting, like estimation, is ubiquitous in business. Accurate prediction can reduce Inventory levels (costs), optimize sales, blah, blah, blah. If you can predict the future, you will rule the world.

2.3 Affinity Grouping/Market Basket AnalysisThis is a use that marketing loves. Product placement within a store can be set up based on sales maximization when you know what people buy together. There are several schools of thought on how to do it. For example, you know people buy paint and paint brushes together. One, do you make a sale on paint then jack up the prices on brushes, two do you put the paint in aisle 1 and the brushes in aisle 7 hoping that people walking from one to the other will see something else they will need, three do you set cheap stuff on the end of the aisle for everyone to see hoping they will buy it on impulse knowing they will need something else with that impulse buy (chips and dip, charcoal briquettes and lighter fluid, etc). As you can see, knowing what people buy together has serious benefits for the retail world.

2.4 Clustering/Target MarketingTarget marketing saves millions of dollars in wasted coupons, promotions, etc. If you send your promo to only the most likely to accept the offer, use the coupon, or buy your product, you will be much better served. If you sell acne medication, sending coupons to people over sixty is usually a waste of your marketing dollars. If, however, you can cluster your customers and know which households have a 75% chance of having a teenager, you are pushing your marketing on a group most likely to buy your product.

Motivation and Approach3.1 Problem DefinationWe present work assumes that all user local instance repositories have content-based descriptors referring to the subjects, however, a large volume of documents existing on the web may not have such content-based descriptors. For this problem, in Section 4.2, strategies like ontology mapping and text classification/clustering were suggested. These strategies will be investigated in future work to solve this problem. The investigation will extend the applicability of the ontology model to the majority of the existing web documents and increase the contribution and significance of the present work.

Exiting System

Maha-online

MahaOnline is a unique project that propels Maharashtras position in e-Governance initiatives in the country. It integrates the front-end citizen portal with back-end DigiGOV making it the first of its kind on this scale by any state government in India.Citizens in 10,483 rural and 1336 urban localities are being provided various online services through Common Service Centres of MahaOnline. It include 7/12 extract, Birth and Death Certificate, No-objection certificate, Solvency Certificate etc.

Advantages:

1) Maha-eseva is work on the zila parishad (District )level and tahsils (taluka) level that save your time and money.2) Maha-Eseva Kendra provide various important certificate by common service center. 3) Maha-eseva Kendra provide various job related application filling option such as MPSC and other job related form.4) Time saving process .5) Online payment mode.

Drawback:

1) Electricity : There is load shedding problem in rural Maharashtra. To overcome this challenge we have hired local manpower, Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE) on work basis rather than time basis, so the VLE completes the work as and when the electricity is available.2) Internet Connectivity : There was internet connectivity issue inrural Maharashtra. So to get internet connectivity at GP level we have negotiated with various ISPs and most of the GPs got internet connectivity. We have formed the group of nearby GPs and all these GPs worked from one location with good net connectivity, thus all GPs started working.3) Quality of Technical Manpower: We have conducted various trainings to groom VLEs and invested heavily on the same and generated local employment in rural Maharashtra with social responsibility.4) It work on high level such as zilla parishad and tahshil but it required document from low level that via document required from lower level is more

ePanchayat SANGRAM- Sanganakiya Gramin MaharashtraThe three tiers of panchayat system are spread across the state of Maharashtra and the e-panchayat services being proposed need to be made available for the employees/users and citizens across the state. The deployment envisages coverage of 33 ZilhaParishads, 351 Panchayat Samities and 27896 Gram Panchayats to bridge the digital divide and further socio-economic opportunities for its citizens.Objective:1. Enabling panchayats to better deliver its mandated services to the Citizens through IT.2. Improving internal management processes and decision making in Panchayat.3. Enabling panchayat to use IT for electronic tagging and tracking of funds transferred to Panchayats, including rapid bank transfer of funds, tracking fund transfers to, expenditures of the Panchayats.4. Digitization of the documents maintained at Panchayats as well creating the database in order to support e-governance of Panchayats.

Core Subsidy Management System (CSMS)

The government in order to leverage technology solutions and in particular the Aadhaar i.e. the Unique Identification (UID) programme for this purpose, constituted a task force on Direct Transfer of Subsidies on Kerosene, LPG & Fertilizer headed by Nandan Nilekani (Chairperson of UID Authority). The task force proposed the Solution Architecture (Core Subsidy Management System (CSMS)) to achieve a fully electronic back-office process for direct transfer of subsidy. The system would automate all business processes related to direct subsidy transfer and can be customized according to the business rules. At the very core of the system would be: Aadhaar Integration, ERP Integration and Integration with nodal bank and payments gateway. The money will be directly transferred into bank accounts of beneficiaries. LPG and kerosene subsidies, pension payments, scholarships and employment guarantee scheme payments as well as benefits under other government welfare programmes will be made directly to beneficiaries. The money can then be used to buy services from the market. For eg- if subsidy on LPG or kerosene is abolished and the government still wants to give the subsidy to the poor, the subsidy portion will be transferred as cash into the banks of the intended beneficiaries. For those who dont have access to bank branches, they rely on Banking Correspondents or BC. It is a poverty reduction measure in which government subsidies and other benefits are given directly to the poor in cash rather than in the form of subsidies.

Challenges:1) Only 400 million Aadhaars issued till date, which leaves 800 million numbers to be issued before April 2014 which seems to be a tall task. 2) About 188,000 villages had banking connectivity in June 2012 whereas India has 700,000 villages

Services: In Maharashtra 2,27,241 rural localities(Grampanchayat) we are aim provided various services through Common Service Centres of Maha-gram. It includes human resource management, marriage certificate, Birth certificate, Death Certificate, income certificate, domicile certificate, ration card subsidy, etc.

3.4 Proposed System Registration and Issuance of Birth Certificate Registration and Issuance of Death Certificate Issuance of Unemployed Certificate Issuance of Below Poverty Line Certificate Issuance of Residential Certificate Issuance of Marriage Certificate Issuance of Old Age Certificate for Niradhar Ration subsidy directly transfer to bank account

Registration and Issuance of Birth CertificateHaving birth certificate is very important because it is an essential document that can be used during verification. It is used as the supporting document when you apply for passport, visa or any such procedure. It is a legal document which act as a proof of your residence and your real name in the place where you born. It is important that before applying for birth certificate, you need to register your child within 21 days to the nearest municipal birth certificate office. Birth certificate can be issued from hospital or from municipal office, both can be convenient.Everybirthshall be registered within 14 daysandevery death shall be registered within 7 days with the Town Panchayat.On registration one copy of an extract ofBirth/Death Registerwillbegivento the party,freeofcost.Ifa certificateofBirth/Deathis required at alaterdatefrom the Town Panchayat, an application in the prescribedformat furnishingtheinformation requiredinthe format like name of the child,father'sname, mother'sname,date and place of birth, etc., inthecaseof birthcertificateand name of the person,father's/husband's name,dateandplaceof death, etc., inthecaseofDeath Certificate shall be furnished.a) Issue of Birth & Death Certificates at citizen service center counter of Maha-gramb) Generation of Reports of Birth, Death, and Still Bornc) Computerized Birth and Death certificates through on lined) Online registration system Registration and Issuance of Death Certificate

When a death occurs, the first and most important document to be completed is the Registration of Death Form or what is commonly referred to as the Death Certificate. Without it, final care and disposition of the deceased cannot take place. In order to be valid, the Death Certificate must be signed by the attending physician or family physician who is familiar with the deceaseds medical history. Most hospitals will not release the remains until the certificate is signed. This can cause delays for the funeral home, particularly on weekends and holidays when the physician is not working.To accurately complete the medical information required on the certificate, the physician may require an autopsy to verify or determine the cause of death. If the death is sudden, unexpected or as a result of foul play, the family cannot overrule the decision. A family may also choose to have an autopsy performed to verify the cause of death or to seek more information about the deceaseds medical history, which might assist his or her offspring.When an autopsy is to be performed, delays are also encountered by the funeral home both in the release of the remains and preparation for viewing. For example, if death occurs in mid-afternoon and a full autopsy is required, the remains may not be released for 24 hours after the death. An additional hour or two over and above the typical time period will then be needed for preparation. This time frame is reduced when a partial or less intrusive autopsy is performed. As a forensic autopsy has priority over an autopsy requested by the family, further delays in the release of the remains beyond the 24-hour period could also be encountered.Once the remains is ready for release from the hospital, the funeral director conducting the removal will be given the original Death Certificate which at this point is usually only partially completed..RegistrationOnce the Death Certificate is in the hands of the funeral director, it then becomes the funeral homes responsibility to complete and register it. Completing the certificate usually entails verifying personal information about the deceased such as age, date of birth, principal residence, employer, et cetera, determining family information, like the names and birth places of the deceaseds mother and father and providing burial information. Shortly after the funeral service the original Death Certificate is registered at the Department of Vital Statistics. Funeral homes are not permitted to give family members copies of the Death Certificate. True copies of the Death Certificate can be obtained from the attending or family physician or in the case of a reportable death, from the Medical Examiner.When a Death Certificate is registered without all of the required information, the Department of Vital Statistics will send a written request to the funeral home for this information. This is a common occurrence as some family members are not aware of or recall certain information, such as their grandparents birth place or grandmothers maiden name and with no other immediate next-of-kin living, there is no one to provide this information. Even when the funeral director indicates this information to be unknown, Vital Statistics will still send out its inquiry.There are times when the information cannot be provided because the family has not determined what they would like to do. For example, the funeral director is required to provide the name of the cemetery in which the deceased was buried along with the date of interment. However, with cremation and the many options available, some families are uncertain as to what to do with the cremated remains and/or decide to delay the interment, thus preventing the funeral home from supplying this information.

Issuance of Marriage Certificate

A Marriage Certificate is the proof of registration of a marriage. Needed to prove that you are legally married to someone, for purposes like obtaining a passport, changing your maiden name, etc. 1) Age proof Bride & Bridegroom Age proof: Leaving Certificate/ Passport /Birth Certificate/ Domicile Certificate OR PAN Card.2) Residential Proof of Bride & Bridegroom: Ration Card /Passport/ Election Card/ Light Bill and Telephone Bill of own name.3) Witness Proof: - Ration Card/ Passport/ Election Card/ Driving License/ Govt. Identity Card.4) Wedding Card5) Rs. 100/- Court Fee Stamp6) Photographs of both Bridegroom / Bride.

Issuance of Below Poverty Line Certificate

Below Poverty Lineis aneconomic benchmarkandpoverty thresholdused by thegovernment of Indiato indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. The present criteria are based on a survey conducted in 2002. Going into a survey due for a decade, India's central government is undecided on criteria to identify families below poverty line.Internationally, an income of less than $1.25 per day per head ofpurchasing power parityis defined asextreme poverty. By this estimate, about 32.7% percent of Indians are extremely poor. Income-based poverty lines consider the bare minimum income to provide basic food requirements; it does not account for other essentials such as health care and education

Ration subsidy directly transfer to bank account

The Government's Economic Survey for 2010-11 proposed a scheme of cash transfers, which was followed by an announcement by the finance minister to replace subsidies on goods with cash transfers. The announcement comes as a huge relief for all who believe it will solve all problems of poor delivery, mismanagement, and corruption by government agencies

The government in order to leverage technology solutions and in particular the Aadhaar i.e. the Unique Identification (UID) programme for this purpose, constituted a task force on Direct Transfer of Subsidies on Kerosene, LPG & Fertilizer headed by Nandan Nilekani (Chairperson of UID Authority). The task force proposed the Solution Architecture (Core Subsidy Management System (CSMS)) to achieve a fully electronic back-office process for direct transfer of subsidy. The system would automate all business processes related to direct subsidy transfer and can be customized according to the business rules. At the very core of the system would be: Aadhaar Integration, ERP Integration and Integration with nodal bank and payments gateway. The money will be directly transferred into bank accounts of beneficiaries. LPG and kerosene subsidies, pension payments, scholarships and employment guarantee scheme payments as well as benefits under other government welfare programmes will be made directly to beneficiaries. The money can then be used to buy services from the market. For eg- if subsidy on LPG or kerosene is abolished and the government still wants to give the subsidy to the poor, the subsidy portion will be transferred as cash into the banks of the intended beneficiaries. For those who dont have access to bank branches, they rely on Banking Correspondents or BC. It is a poverty reduction measure in which government subsidies and other benefits are given directly to the poor in cash rather than in the form of subsidies.3.4.2 System Requirements:HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

System: Pentium IV 2.4 GHz. Hard Disk : 40 GB. Floppy Drive: 1.44 Mb. Monitor: 15 VGA Colour. Mouse: Logitech. Ram: 512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Operating system: Windows XP. Coding Language: Java net bean Data Base: Mysql

System Analysis and Design4.1Feasibility StudyThe feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis areEconomic feasibility

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased. Technical feasibility

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system. Operational feasibility The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

4.2 System Analysis After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional specifications and then successful design of the proposed system. Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of the existing running system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead diversion from solution.

4.2.1 Analysis ModelWaterfall model Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of software development is divided into separate process phases. The phases in Waterfall model are: Requirement Specifications phase, Software Design, Implementation and Testing & Maintenance. All these phases are cascaded to each other so that second phase is started as and when defined set of goals are achieved for first phase and it is signed off, so the name "Waterfall Model". All the methods and processes undertaken in Waterfall Model are more visible.

Figure 4.1- Waterfall Model

The stages of "The Waterfall Model" are: Requirement Analysis & Definition: All possible requirements of the system to be developed are captured in this phase. Requirements are set of functionalities and constraints that the end-user (who will be using the system) expects from the system. The requirements are gathered from the end-user by consultation, these requirements are analyzed for their validity and the possibility of incorporating the requirements in the system to be development is also studied. Finally, a Requirement Specification document is created which serves the purpose of guideline for the next phase of the model. System & Software Design: Before a starting for actual coding, it is highly important to understand what we are going to create and what it should look like? The requirement specifications from first phase are studied in this phase and system design is prepared. System Design helps in specifying hardware and system requirements and also helps in defining overall system architecture. The system design specifications serve as input for the next phase of the model.

Implementation & Unit Testing: On receiving system design documents, the work is divided in modules/units and actual coding is started. The system is first developed in small programs called units, which are integrated in the next phase. Each unit is developed and tested for its functionality; this is referred to as Unit Testing. Unit testing mainly verifies if the modules/units meet their specifications. Integration & System Testing: As specified above, the system is first divided in units which are developed and tested for their functionalities. These units are integrated into a complete system during Integration phase and tested to check if all modules/units coordinate between each other and the system as a whole behaves as per the specifications. After successfully testing the software, it is delivered to the customer. Operations & Maintenance: This phase of "The Waterfall Model" is virtually never ending phase (Very long). Generally, problems with the system developed (which are not found during the development life cycle) come up after its practical use starts, so the issues related to the system are solved after deployment of the system. Not all the problems come in picture directly but they arise time to time and needs to be solved; hence this process is referred as Maintenance.

4.3 System DesignData Flow Diagram / Use Case Diagram / Flow Diagram: The DFD is also called as bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can be used to represent a system in terms of the input data to the system, various processing carried out on these data, and the output data is generated by the system

The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important modeling tools. It is used to model the system components. These components are the system process, the data used by the process, an external entity that interacts with the system and the information flows in the system.

DFD shows how the information moves through the system and how it is modified by a series of transformations. It is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and the transformations that are applied as data moves from input to output.

DFD is also known as bubble chart. A DFD may be used to represent a system at any level of abstraction. DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information flow and functional detail.

NOTATION

SOURCE OR DESTINATION OF DATA:External sources or destinations, which may be people or organizations or other entities.

DATA SOURCE: Here the data referenced by a process is stored and retrieved. \

PROCESS:People, procedures or devices that produce data. The physical component is not identified.DATA FLOW:Data moves in a specific direction from an origin to a destination. The data flow is a packet of data.

MODELING RULES:There are several common modeling rules when creating DFDs:1. All processes must have at least one data flow in and one data flow out. 2. All processes should modify the incoming data, producing new forms of outgoing data. 3. Each data store must be involved with at least one data flow. 4. Each external entity must be involved with at least one data flow. 5. A data flow must be attached to at least one process.

References:

http://uidai.gov.in/

http://www.npci.org.in/documents/AEPSFAQBank.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_Identification_Authority_of_India

http://emaharashtra.eletsonline.com/2013/epanchayat-mission-mode-project-sangram-sanganakiya-gramin-maharashtra/

Website Referred:

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.economicstimes.com www.thehindu.com

www.youtube.com

www.timesofindia.com