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![Page 1: Magnetostratigraphy Wout Krijgsman & Cor Langereis Paleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk Department of Earth Sciences Utrecht University.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062404/5518b600550346991f8b5131/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Magnetostratigraphy
Wout Krijgsman & Cor Langereis
Paleomagnetic Laboratory
Fort Hoofddijk
Department of Earth Sciences
Utrecht University
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MagnetostratigraphyPossibilities, pitfalls and applications
Cor Langereis, Wout KrijgsmanPaleomagnetic Laboratory Fort Hoofddijk
Dept. of Earth Sciences, Utrecht
University
Giovanni MuttoniDept. of Earth Sciences, University of
Milan
Manfred MenningGeoforschungs Zentrum Potsdam,
Germany
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Magnetostratigraphya dipole reversing at irregular times
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Origin of reversals
MantleConvection time scale ~100 MyrReversal frequency, superchrons
Solid inner coreDiffusion time scale 3-5 kyrStabilises geodynamo process
Kuang & Bloxham, 1997
Liquid outer coreConvection time scale 300-500 yrGeodynamo action: Secular variation, excursions, reversals
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Barcode: may give unique solutions- but of an essentially BINARY nature- and can be distorted in the rock record
Sediments (DSDP) & biostratigraphy
Marine magnetic anomalies
Lavas & K/Ar dating
?
GPTS: Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale
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Magnetostratigraphy part of integrated stratigraphy
Biostratigraphy: first-order chronology
- taxonomy, reworking, diachrony, ages
Magnetostratigraphy: globally synchonous
barcode
- depends on good paleomagnetic signal &
recording
Cyclostratigraphy: astronomical dating, fine-
tuning
- astronomical solutions (> 20 Ma)
- interpretation of phase relations
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Integrated stratigraphy
Biostratigraphy
- first-order chronology
Magnetostratigraphy
- globally synchonous barcode
Cyclostratigraphy
- fine-tuning & astronomical dating
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Geomagnetic time scales
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K/Ar dating of lavas Cox et al., 1964
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Magneto-bio-stratigraphy
Opdyke et al., 1966
- Advent of deep-sea cores: inclination only- Biostratigraphy (faunal zones) for dating
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Marine magnetic anomalies
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Marine magnetic anomalies
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Marine magnetic anomalies
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Pit
man a
nd H
eir
tzle
r,
19
66
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MarineMagneticAnomalies
DeepSeaCores
vs.
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Continental drift
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Developing the GPTS
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Paleomagnetism
DRM vs. CRM:
- inclination error
- delayed NRM acquisition
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Accuracy of recording reversals
Watkins, 1968
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Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale(GPTS)
or …
Geomagnetic Instability Time Scale(GITS)
‘reversal excursions’
Polarity zones (subchrons) or excursions (cryptochrons) ?
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Magnetostratigraphic resolution
Laj & Channell (2007) proposed:
Resolution depends on:- sampling resolution (easy … just take more samples)- sediments: sedimentation rate & suitable recording medium- diagenesis, lock-in depth, overprints, etc., etc.
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Magnetostratigraphic resolution
Nomenclature OK …but for practical (integrated) stratigraphy and constraints on chronostratigraphy ?
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World crustal age
Marine magnetic anomalies
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Triassic magnetostratigraph… beyond the sea floor record
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Even older:
magneto-stratigraphy ?
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The times they are a-changin’
(Bob Dylan, 1964)
Wout Krijgsman
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Time: dates and rates
Tools:BiostratigraphyMagnetostratigraphyAstrochronologyIsotopic dating
Aims:Marine-continentalParatethys-MediterraneanSynchrony-diachronyEvent stratigraphy
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Geological Time Scale
Gradstein et al. (2004)
GTS2004
Neogene:based on astronomical ages
Paleogene:based on radio-isotopic ages
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Hilgen et al., 2004
Magnetostratigraphy & Cyclostratigraphy
Astronomical Tuning
Climate cycles
Astronomical solutions
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Astronomical Polarity Time Scale (APTS) Astronomical Polarity Time Scale (APTS) for the Mediterranean Neogenefor the Mediterranean Neogene
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Sicily, 2 weeks ago
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Sicily, 2 weeks ago
Sampling, 15 years ago
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Lourens et al., 2004
Cyclostratigraphy & astronomical tuning ... ATNTS in GTS2004
Accurate definition of GSSP (Oued Akrech, Hilgen et al., 2000)
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Biostratigraphy vs. Magnetostratigraphy
Problems:• Taxonomy• Diachrony• Reworking• Ages
Problems:• Correlation• Primary signal
vs. overprint• Ages
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Correlation
Requires
unique pattern fit
Garces et al., 2001
K/Ar age6.16 ± 0.30
Magneto age7.6 ± 0.1
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Ages
GPTS not independent of other dating techniques
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The times they are a-changing’
Ages change with time …
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Astrochronology
Problems:• Cycle recognition• Phase relation• Correlation• Astronomical solution
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Astrochronology: correlation of cyclic variations in the geological record to computed astronomical (age) curves
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Eccentricity from -1200 kyr to -0 kyr (La90)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Age (in kyr)
ecce
ntric
ity
Obliquity from -1200 kyr to -0 kyr (La90)
21.5
22
22.5
23
23.5
24
24.5
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Age (in kyr)
ob
liqu
ity
Precession - Eccentricity -1200 to 0 kyr (La90)
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Age (in kyr)
prec
essi
on /
ecc
entr
icity
Milankovitch cycles
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Sapropel-marl cycles, upper Miocene, Sicily
Precessionminimum
Eccentricityminimum
Gibliscemi, Sicily, Italy
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Partial Unit-Stratotype of the Zanclean stage (Lower Pliocene)
Punta di Maiata, Sicily, Italy
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Precessionminimum
Lignite-marls cycles, Mio-Pliocene, Greece
Ptolemais quarry, Greece
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PONTIANAcc. rate in C3r = 137cm/kyrPeriodicity cycles = 22.7kyr
Sand-marls cycles, Mio-Pliocene, Romania
Putna river section,eastern Carpathians
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Clay-carbonate cycles, Miocene, Spain
Orera section, Spain
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Clay-carbonate cycles, Triassic, USA
Painted desert/Petrified forrest, Arizona
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MioceneAPTS
• Astrochronology for
the Late Miocene
• Sections on Crete
correlated bed-to-
bed to Sicily
Hilgen et al. (1995)
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Messinian evaporitesNorthern Apennines (Italy)
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Messinian Chronology
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Messinian Salinity Crisis
Krijgsman et al. 1999
Evaporites synchronousall over Mediterraneanat ~5.96 Ma
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La93 <> La2004
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Radio-Isotopic dating
Problems:• Technique (K/Ar vs. Ar/Ar) • Error determination• Mineral dating standards
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]Ar[
]Ar[J1ln
λ
1t
39
*40
K
Ar/Ar ratio: mass spectrometer precision depends on e.g. measurement protocol, mass discrimination
J is an irradiation parameter and its accuracy depends on
an accurately known age of a mineral standard.
Decay constant
Error determination
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Mineral dating standards:
Fish Canyon Tuff
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Betic Corridor problem
Magnetostratigraphy Tortonian Salinity Crisis: Fortuna Basin
(Garces et al. 1998; 2001)
K/Ar age of6.16 ± 0.30
Ar/Ar age of7.71 ± 0.11
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Method
Garces et al. (2001) Magnetic age: 7.6 ± 0.1 Ma
Bellon et al. (1983) K/Ar age: 6.16 ± 0.30 Ma
Kuiper et al. (2002) Ar/Ar age: 7.71 ± 0.11 Ma
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40Ar/39Ar vs. astronomical ages
Fan-a1, CreteMiocene, marine
2: 0.01 Ma; N = 443 different irradiations
6.65 6.75 6.85 6.95 7.05 7.15
Age (Ma)
6.94 Ma
Kuiper et al., 2003
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Intercalibration
Isotopic ages and astronomical ages
Morocco / Spain
Kuiper et al., 2008
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Intercalibration
Inter-laboratory calibration
Kuiper et al., 2008 (Science)
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Intercalibration
Isotopic ages and astronomical ages
K/T Boundary Zumaia (Spain): new age of 65.96 Ma
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Mediterranean vs ParatethysLate Miocene -Early Pliocene
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‘Evolution’ of the Time Scales from Eastern Paratethys
10 TIMES longer~3Ma
~0.3Ma
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Carpathians foredeep
Stoica et al., submittted
Pontian Dacian
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Carpathians foredeep
SC
EC
Vasiliev et al., 2004; 2005
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Putna Valley PONTIANAcc. rate in C3r = 137cm/kyrPeriodicity cycles = 22.7kyr
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EasternCarpathians
SouthernCarpathians
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The evolution of Paratethys: The evolution of Paratethys:
the lost sea of Central Eurasiathe lost sea of Central Eurasia
Vici project 2011Vici project 2011
3 PhD / 2 Postdoc positions3 PhD / 2 Postdoc positions