magnetic levitation in trains
-
Upload
sivakanth-reddy -
Category
Documents
-
view
16 -
download
1
description
Transcript of magnetic levitation in trains
![Page 1: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MAGNETIC LEVITATION IN TRAIN
GUIDED BY:Ms.R.MAHESWARI
SUBMITTED BY:GOPIKA.K
![Page 2: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY AND TYPESMERITS AND DEMERITS PROPULSIONLEVITATIONSTABILITYGUIDANCEEVACUATED TUBESPOWER AND ENERGYCOMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFT AND CONVENTIONAL TRAINSECONOMICSEXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMSSUMMARYREFERENCE
![Page 3: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INTRODUCTIONMaglev is the system of transportation that uses magnetic levitation to suspend ,guide and propel the vehicles using magnets.
First described by Robert Goddard, American Rocket Scientist, 1909 Scientific American.
Later in 1937 & 1941 a series of German patents for maglev trains propelled by linear motors awarded to Hermann Kemper .
In the 1960s in Britain Eric Laithwaite developed a functional maglev train.
![Page 4: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TECHNOLOGYUses monorail track with linear motor
Uses magnets to reach a really high velocity
Floats about 1-10cm above the guideway on a magnetic field.
Propelled by the guideway
Once the train is pulled into the next section the magnetism switches so that the train is pulled on again.
The Electro-magnets run the length of the guideway.
![Page 5: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
There are 2 notable types of maglev technology:-
•Electromagnetic suspension(EMS)
•Electrodynamic suspension(EDS)
TYPES OF MAGLEV TECHNOLOGY
![Page 6: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ELECTROMAGNETIC SUSPENSION
Electromagnets attached to the train
Has ferromagnetic stators on the track and levitate the train.
Has guidance magnets on the sides
A computer changes the amount of current to keep the train 1 cm from the track.
Max speed -438km/hr
Has on-board battery power supply.
![Page 7: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ELECTRODYNAMIC SUSPENSION
Supercooled superconducting magnets under the train.Levitate about 10 cm.
The field in the train due to superconducting magnets(JR-Maglev) or an array of permanent magnets(Inductrack).
The force in the track is created by induced magnetic field in wires or conducting strips in the track.Naturally stable.requires no feedback.
Requires retractable wheels at low speed , max speed – 522km/hr
![Page 8: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MERITS & DEMERITS OF DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES
TECHNOLOGY
MERITS DEMERITS
EMS •Magnetic fields inside & outside the vehicle are less than EDS.•No wheels or secondary propulsion required•Can attain very high speed.(500km/hr).
•Constant monitoring correction of separation between vehicle & guideway using computer systems essential.•Due to inherent instability and corrections ,vibration issues may occur.
EDS •Onboard magnets and large separation enable highest recorded speeds(581km/hr) and heavy load capacity.•Naturally stable and hence no feedback control required.
•Strong magnetic field makes the train inaccessible to passengers with pacemakers or storage media like hard drives and credit cards.•Vehicle must be wheeled for low speed travel.
![Page 9: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
TECHNOLOGY MERITS DEMERITS
INDUCTRACK
SYSTEM (PERMANENT
MAGNET EDS)
•Failsafe suspension-No power required to activate magnets.•Can generate enough force at low speeds to levitate the train.•The train can slow down on its own in case of power failures.•The array of permanent magnets are cost effective than electromagnets.
•Requires wheels when the vehicle is stopped•New technology , still under development , no commercial version or full scale system prototype
![Page 10: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PROPULSION EMS(Linimo) systems provide levitation & propulsion using onboard linear motor.
EDS system and Transrapid systems levitate using onboard magnets & use propulsion coils for propulsion .
Cost of propulsion coils increase over long distances.
![Page 11: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
LEVITATIONIn EDS , levitation coils levitate the train 10cm above the track. Levitates when speed reaches 100km/hr
In EMS , stator & support magnet levitate the train 1cm above the track. Levitates even when train is not moving.
![Page 12: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
STABILITYEMS system rely on active electronic stabilisation..
All EDS systems are moving systems.
Since these vehicles fly,stabilisation of pitch , roll and sway is required
In addition to rotation , surge , sway and or heave can be problematic.
![Page 13: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
GUIDANCESome systems use Null Current system
In EDS when the vehicle is in straight line , no current flows ,
When it moves off the line this creates changing flux ,generating a field that pushes and pulls it back to the line.
Some systems use coils that try to remain in the null flux point between repulsive magnets and reduces eddy current losses.
![Page 14: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
POWER AND ENERGY USAGEEnergy for maglev trains used to accelerate the train.
Also used to make the train levitate and to stabilise the movement.
Main part of the energy used to overcome the air drag.
For very short distances the energy for accelerating is considerable.
But the power used to overcome the air drag increases with cube of velocity and hence dominates at high speed.
![Page 15: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL TRAINS
FEATURE MAGLEV TRAIN CONVENTIONAL TRAIN
Speed Allow higher top speeds since they don’t rely on wheels for propulsion.
Speed is limited by the use of wheels for propulsion.
![Page 16: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Maintenance Require insignificant guideway maintenance.Their electronic vehicle maintenance is minimal Hence more reliable
Rail is subjected to wear & tear due to friction ,increases exponentially with speed.This increases running cost.
All weather operation
Unaffected by snow , severe cold , rain or high winds.Can accelerate & decelate regardless of slickness of guideway
May encounter problems due to degradation of guideway caused by weather conditions.
Efficiency No rolling resistance due to lack of contact between track & vehicle.This improves power efficiency.
Efficiency is affected by rolling resistance due to the contact with the track.
![Page 17: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Weight Weight of magnets in many EMS and EDS is a serious issue.
Does not use magnets
Noise Major source of noise is displaced air.But they are found to more annoying at lower loudness
Though they produce more loudness , they are less annoying than maglev noise , hence have a 5-10 dB bonus
Design Comparisons Maglev design eliminates the need for braking and overhead wires
Design includes braking and overhead wires causing wear
Control systems Requires no signalling systems since the speed is computer control
Has a human operator to slow down or stop the train in time.
![Page 18: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
COMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFTMany maglevs have lift-to-drag ratio that exceed that of aircraft.
But jet transport aircraft take advantage of low air density at high altitudes to reduce drag during cruise.
Airlines cannot come close to the reliability or performance of maglev trains in all weather conditions.
Maglev fares are less susceptible to the volatile price swings in oil markets.
Has significant safety margin as they are designed not to crash into other.
![Page 19: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ECONOMICS
The initial investment is similar to other high speed rail roads. (Maglift is $20-$40 million per mile and I-279 in Pittsburg cost $37 million per mile 17 years ago.)
Operating expenses are half of that of other railroads.
A train is composed of sections that each contain 100 seats, and a train can have between 2 and 10 sections.
The linear generators produce electricity for the cabin of the train.
![Page 20: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS
TESTING TRACKS
120 m test track of General Atomics at San Diego , USA.
Tranrapid , a German maglev company has test track at Emsland , Germany of length 31.5km.
JR-Maglev , Japan has a test track that can reach a speed of 581km/hr.
![Page 21: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SUMMARYThey consume less energy.
Require no engine.
Move faster than normal trains because they are not affected by ground friction; their rights-of-way, meanwhile, cost about the same to build.
Incompatible with existing rail lines, unlike traditional high-speed rail.
Initial cost is very high.
![Page 22: magnetic levitation in trains](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062308/55cf91d1550346f57b910014/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
thank
you
guys