Mag CrElec Issue 3 [28-6-11]
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Transcript of Mag CrElec Issue 3 [28-6-11]
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8/6/2019 Mag CrElec Issue 3 [28-6-11]
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The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording on the
body surface of the electrical activity generated byheart. It was originally observed by Waller in 1889
using his pet bulldog as the signal source and the
capillary electrometer as the recording device. In
1903, Einthoven enhanced the technology by
employing the string galvanometer as the recording
device and using human subjects with a variety of
cardiac abnormalities. Einthoven is chiefly
responsible for introducing some concepts still in use
today, including the labelling of the various waves,
defining some of the standard recording sites using
the arms and legs, and developing the first theoretical
construct whereby the heart is modelled as a single
time varying dipole. We also owe the EKG acronym
to Einthovens native Dutch language, where the root
word cardio is spelled with a k. In order to record anECG waveform, a differential recording between two
points on the body are made. Traditionally, each
differential recording is referred to as a lead.
Einthoven defined three leads numbered with the
Roman numerals I, II, and III. They are defined as
where RA = right arm, LA = left arm, and LL = left
leg. Because the body is assumed to be purely
resistive at ECG frequencies, the four limbs can be
thought of as wires attached to the torso.
The evolution of the ECG proceeded for 30 years
when F.N. Wilson added concepts of a unipolar
recording. He created a reference point by tying the
three limbs together and averaging their potentials so
that individual recording sites on the limbs or chest
surface would be differentially recorded with the
same reference point. He erroneously thought that the
central terminal was a true zero potential. However,
from the mid-1930s until today, the 12 leads
composed of the 3 limb leads, 3 leads in which the
limb potentials are referenced to a modified Wilson
terminal (the augmented leads), and 6 leads placed
across the front of the chest and referenced to the
Wilson terminal form the basis of the standard 12-
lead ECG. These sites are historically based, have a
built-in redundancy, and are not optimal for allcardiac events. The voltage difference from any two
sites will record an ECG, but it is these standardized
sites with the massive 90-year collection of empirical
observations that have firmly established their role as
The ECG is one of the oldest instrument-
bound measurements in medicine. It hasfaithfully followed the progression of
instrumentation technology. Its most recent
evolutionary step, to the microprocessor based
system, has allowed patients to wear their
computer monitor or has provided an
enhanced, high resolution ECG that has
opened new vistas of ECG analysis and
interpretation.
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Cant find me copying
The answer to the problem was
"log(1+x)". A student copied the answer
from the student next to him, but didn'twant to make it obvious that he was
cheating, so he changed the answer
slightly, to "timber (1+x)".
the standard. The ECG signals are typically in the
range of 2 mV and require a recording bandwidth
of 0.05 to 150 Hz
The heart has four chambers; the upper two
chambers are called the atria, and the lower two
chambers are called the ventricles. The atria are thin-walled, low-pressure pumps that receive blood from
the venous circulation. Located in the top right
atrium are a group of cells that act as the primary
pacemaker of the heart. Through a complex change
of ionic concentration across the cell membranes (the
current source), an extracellular potential field is
established which then excites neighbouring cells, and
a cell-to-cell propagation of electrical events occurs.Because the body acts as a purely resistive medium,
these potential fields extend to the body surface. The
character of the body surface waves depends on the
amount of tissue activating at one time and the
relative speed and direction of the activation
wavefront. Therefore, the pacemaker potentials that
are generated by a small tissue mass are not seen on
the ECG.
As the activation wavefront encounters the increased
mass of atrial muscle, the initiation of electricalactivity is observed on the body surface, and the first
ECG wave of the cardiac cycle is seen. This is the P
wave, representing activation of the atria. Conduction
of the cardiac impulse proceeds from the atria through
a series of specialized cardiac cells (the A-V node and
the His-Purkinje system) which again are too small in
total mass to generate a signal large enough to be seen
on the standard ECG.
There is a short, relatively isoelectric segment
following the P wave. Once the large muscle mass ofthe ventricles is excited, a rapid and large deflection is
seen on the body surface. The excitation of the
ventricles causes them to contract and provides the
main force for circulating blood to the organs of the
body. This large wave appears to have several
components. The initial downward deflection is the Q
wave, The initial upward deflection is the R wave. In
general, the large ventricular waveform is generically
called the QRS complex regardless of its makeup.
Following the QRS complex is another short
relatively isoelectric segment. After this shortsegment, the ventricles return to their electrical
resting state, and a wave of repolarization is seen as a
low-frequency signal known as the T wave. In some
individuals, a small peak occurs at the end or after the
T wave and is the U wave. Its origin has never been
fully established, but it is believed to be a
repolarization potential.
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The ambulatory or Holter ECG was developed by Dr.
Holter in the early 1960s. The original large-scale
clinical use of this technology was to identify patients
who developed heart block transiently and could be
treated by implanting a cardiac pacemaker. This
required the secondary development of a device that
could rapidly play back the 24 hours of tape recorded
ECG signals and present to the technician or
physician a means of identifying periods of time
where the patients heart rate became abnormally low.
The scanners had the circuitry not only to play backthe ECG at speeds 30 to 60 times real time but also to
detect the beats and display them in a superimposed
mode on a CRT screen. In addition, an audible
tachometer could be used to identify the periods of
low heart rate. With this playback capability came
numerous other observations, such as the
identification of premature ventricular complexes
(PVCs). ECG tapes were recorded before and after
drug administration, and drug efficacy was measured
by the reduction of the number of PVCs. The scanner
technology for detecting and quantifying thesearrhythmias was originally implemented with analog
hardware but soon advanced to computer technology
as it became economically feasible. Very
sophisticated algorithms were developed based on
pattern-recognition techniques and were sometimes
implemented with high-speed specialized numerical
processors as the tape playback speeds became
several hundred times real time. This is a block
diagram of microprocessor-based ECG system. It
includes all the elements of a personal computer class
system, e.g., 80386 processor, 2 Mbytes of RAM,
disk drive, 640480 pixel LCD display, and battery
operable. In addition, it includes a DSP56001 chip
and multiple controllers which are managed with a
real-time multitasking operating system.
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All objects above the absolute zero temperature (0 K)
emit infrared radiation. Hence, an excellent way to
measure thermal variations is to use an infrared
vision device, usually a focal planearray (FPA)infrared camera capable of
detecting radiation in the mid (3 to 5 m) and long (7
to 14 m) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and
LWIR, corresponding to two of the high
transmittance infrared windows. Abnormal
temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an
indication of a potential problem.[3]
In passive thermography, the features of interest are
naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the
background. Passive thermography has many
applications such as surveillance of people on a scene
and medical diagnosis (specifically thermology).
In active thermography, an energy source is required
to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of
interest and the background. The active approach is
necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts
are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings.
The CCD and CMOS sensors used for visible light
cameras are sensitive only to the no thermal part of
the infrared spectrum callednear-infrared(NIR).
Thermal imaging cameras use specialized focal
plane arrays (FPAs) that respond to longer
wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared).
The most common types
are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe and QWIP FPA. The
newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled micro
bolometers as FPA sensors. Their resolution isconsiderably lower than that of optical cameras,
mostly 160x120 or 320x240 pixels, up to 640x512 for
the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras
are much more expensive than their visible-spectrum
counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-
restricted due to the military uses for this technology.
Older bolometers or more sensitive models such as
InSb require cryogenic cooling, usually by aminiature Stirli
ng
cycle refrigerat
or or liquid
nitrogen.
Thermal
images,
or thermograms, are
actually visual
displays of the
amount of
infrared
energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an
object. Because there are multiple sources of the
infrared energy, it is difficult to get an accurate
temperature of an object using this method. A
thermal imaging camera is capable of performing
algorithms to interpret that data and build an
image. Although the image shows the viewer an
approximation of the temperature at which the
object is operating, the camera is actually using
multiple sources of data based on the areas
surrounding the object to determine that value rather
than detecting the actual temperature.
If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than
its surroundings, then power transfer will be taking
Thermography has been a
boon to the every fields of
life. It has been used in
detecting swine flu,
finding enemies in thedark, spotting people in
the sea for rescue, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zerohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InGaAshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgCdTehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbolometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QWIPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HgCdTehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InGaAshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_planehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Different_regions_in_the_infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_coupled_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_windowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_plane_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_visionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero -
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In C we had to code our ownbugs. In C++ we can inherit
them.
HELP!!!
Once a programmer drowned
in the sea. Many Marines
where at that time on the
beach, but the programmerwas shouting "F1!!! F1!!!" andnobody understood it.
place and power will be radiating from warm to cold
following the principle stated in the Second Law ofThermodynamics. So if there is a cool area in the
thermogram, that object will be absorbing the
radiation emitted by the warm object. The ability of
both objects to emit or absorb this radiation is
calledemissivity. Under outdoor environments,
convective cooling from wind may also need to be
considered when trying to get an accurate temperature
reading.
The thermal imaging camera would next employ a
series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is
only able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is
impossible to detect with the human eye, it will build
a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture,
usually in a JPG format.
In order to perform the role of noncontact temperature
recorder, the camera will change the temperature of
the object being viewed with its emissivity setting.
Other algorithms can be used to affect the
measurement, including the transmission ability of
the transmitting medium (usually air) and the
temperature of that transmitting medium. All thesesettings will affect the ultimate output for the
temperature of the object being viewed. This
functionality makes the thermal imaging camera an
excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and
mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By
using the proper camera settings and by being careful
when capturing the image, electrical systems can be
scanned and problems can be found. Faults withsteam traps in steam heating systems are easy to
locate.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics -
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Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component
which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic
field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but hasstuck as the name for this type of microphone, which
uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into
electrical energy.
Condenser microphones require power from a battery
or external source. The resulting audio signal is
stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers
also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than
dynamics, making them well-suited to capturing
subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-
volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone todistort.
A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between
them. In the condenser mic, one of these plates is
made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm.
The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound waves,
changing the distance between the two plates and
therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically,
when the plates are closer together, capacitance
increases and a charge current occurs. When the
plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a
discharge current occurs.
A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to
work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in
the mic or by external phantom power.
Condenser microphones have a flatterfrequency response than dynamics.
A condenser mic works in much the sameway as an electrostatic tweeter (although
obviously in reverse).
http://www.vtunnel.com/index.php/1010110A/25796f2073618b0f7ec004519c6133c00e63170aaace65b0324ac57245d59154a5f12acfb795c3a80503cfbf3c021ab50462dcf1d8f6891aa15215050http://www.vtunnel.com/index.php/1010110A/25796f2073618b0f7ec004519c6133c00e63170aaace65b0324ac57245d59154a5f12acfb795c3a80503cfbf3c021ab50462dcf1d8f6891aa15215050 -
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Anyone who's been through a prolonged power
outage knows that it's an extremely trying experience.
Within an hour of losing electricity, you develop a
healthy appreciation of all the electrical devices you
rely on in life. A couple hours later, you start pacing
around your house. After a few days without lights,
electric heat or TV, your stress level shoots through
the roof.
But in the
grandscheme
of things,
that's
nothing.
If an
outage
hits an
entire
city, and
therearen't
adequate
emergency resources, people may die from exposure,
companies may suffer huge productivity losses and
millions of dollars of food may spoil. If a power
outage hit on a much larger scale, it could shut down
the electronic networks that keep governments and
militaries running. We are utterly dependent on
power, and when it's gone, things get very bad, very
fast.
An electromagnetic bomb, or e-bomb, is a weapon
designed to take advantage of this dependency. But
instead of simply cutting off power in an area, an e-
bomb would actually destroy most machines that use
electricity. Generators would be useless, cars wouldn't
run, and there would be no chance of making a phone
call. In a matter of seconds, a big enough e-bomb
could thrust an entire city back 200 years or cripple a
military unit.
The U.S. military has been pursuing the idea of an e-
bomb for decades, and many believe it now has such aweapon in its arsenal. On the other end of the scale,
terrorist groups could be building low-tech e-bombs
to inflict massive damage on the United States.
The basic idea of an e-bomb -- or more broadly,
an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) weapon -- is pretty
simple. These sorts of weapons are designed to
overwhelm electrical circuitry with an intenseelectromagnetic field.
If you've read How Radio Works or How
Electromagnets Work, then you know an
electromagnetic field in itself is nothing special. The
radio signals that transmit AM, FM, television and
cell phone calls are all electromagnetic energy, as is
ordinary light, microwaves and x-rays.For our purposes, the most important thing to
understand about electromagnetism is that electric
current generates magnetic fields and changing
magnetic fields can induce electric current. This
page from How Radio Works explains that a simple
radio transmitter generates a magnetic field by
fluctuating electrical current in a circuit. This
magnetic field, in turn, can induce an electrical
current in another conductor, such as a radio receiver
antenna. If the fluctuating electrical signal represents
particular information, the receiver can decode it.A low intensity radio transmission only induces
sufficient electrical current to pass on a signal to a
receiver. But if you greatly increased the intensity of
the signal (the magnetic field), it would induce a
http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/light.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/x-ray.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=e-bomb.htm&url=http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio3.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/x-ray.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/light.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm -
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much larger electrical current. A big enough current
would fry the semiconductor components in the radio,
disintegrating it beyond repair.
Picking up a new radio would be the least of your
concerns, of course. The intense fluctuating magnetic
field could induce a massive current in just about any
other electrically conductive object -- for example
phone lines, power lines and even metal pipes. These
unintentional antennas would pass the current spikeon to any other electrical components down the line
(say, a network of computers hooked up to phone
lines). A big enough surge could burn out
semiconductor devices, melt wiring, fry batteries and
even explode transformers.
This idea dates back to nuclear weapons research
from the 1950s. In 1958, American tests of hydrogen
bombs yielded some surprising results. A test blast
over the Pacific Ocean ended up blowing out
streetlights in parts of Hawaii, hundreds of miles
away. The blast even disrupted radio equipment as far
away as Australia.
Researchers concluded that the electrical disturbance
was due to the Compton effect, theorized by physicist
Arthur Compton in 1925. Compton's assertion was
that photons of electromagnetic energy could knock
loose electrons from atoms with low atomic numbers.
In the 1958 test, researchers concluded, the photons
from the blast's intense gamma radiation knocked a
large number of electrons free from oxygen and
nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere. This flood of
electrons interacted with the Earth's magnetic field to
create a fluctuating electric current, which induced a
powerful magnetic field. The resulting
electromagnetic pulse induced intense electrical
currents in conductive materials over a wide area.
During the cold war, U.S. intelligence feared the
Soviet Union would launch a nuclear missile and
detonate it some 30 miles (50 kilometers) above the
United States, to achieve the same effect on a larger
scale. They feared that the resulting electromagnetic
burst would knock out electrical equipment across the
United States.
Such an attack (from another nation) is still a
possibility, but that is no longer the United States'
main concern. These days, U.S. intelligence is giving
non-nuclear EMP devices, such as e-bombs, much
more attention. These weapons wouldn't affect as
wide an area, because they wouldn't blast photons so
high above the Earth. But they could be used to create
total blackouts on a more local level.
The United States most likely has EMP weapons in its
arsenal, but it's not clear in what form. Much of the
United States' EMP research has involved high power
microwaves (HPMs). Reporters have widelyspeculated that they do exist and that such weapons
could be used in a war with Iraq.
Most likely, the United States' HPM e-bombs aren't
really bombs at all. They're probably more like super
powerful microwave ovens that can generate a
concentrated beam of microwave energy. One
possibility is the HPM device would be mounted to a
cruise missile, disrupting ground targets from above.
This technology is advanced and expensive and sowould be inaccessible to military forces without
considerable resources. But that's only one piece of
the e-bomb story. Using inexpensive supplies and
rudimentary engineering knowledge, a terrorist
organization could easily construct a dangerous e-
bomb device.
The bomb consists of a metal cylinder (called
the armature), which is surrounded by a coil of wire
(the stator winding). The armature cylinder is filled
with high explosive, and a sturdy jacket surrounds theentire device. The stator winding and the armature
cylinder are separated by empty space. The bomb also
has a power source, such as a bank ofcapacitors,
which can be connected to the stator.
Here's the sequence of events when the bomb goes
off:
A switch connects the capacitors to thestator, sending an electrical current through
the wires. This generates an intense
magnetic field. A fuse mechanism ignites the explosive
material. The explosion travels as a wave
through the middle of the armature cylinder.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/diode.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/microwave.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm -
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As the explosion makes its way through thecylinder, the cylinder comes in contact with
the stator winding. This creates a short
circuit, cutting the stator off from its power
supply.
The moving short circuit compresses themagnetic field, generating an intense
electromagnetic burst.
Most likely, this type of weapon would affect a
relatively small area -- nothing on the order of anuclear EMP attack -- but it could do some serious
damage.
The United States is drawn to EMP technologybecause it is potentially non-lethal, but is still highly
destructive. An E-bomb attack would leave buildings
standing and spare lives, but it could destroy a
sizeable military.
There is a range of possible attack scenarios. Low-
level electromagnetic pulses would temporarily jam
electronics systems, more intense pulses would
corrupt important computer data and very powerful
bursts would completely fry electric and electronic
equipment.
In modern warfare, the various levels of attack could
accomplish a number of important combat missions
without racking up many casualties. For example, an
e-bomb could effectively neutralize:
vehicle control systems targeting systems, on the ground and on
missiles and bombs
communications systems navigation systems long and short-range sensor systems
EMP weapons could be especially useful in an
invasion of Iraq, because a pulse might effectively
neutralize underground bunkers. Most of Iraq's
underground bunkers are hard to reach with
conventional bombs and missiles. A nuclear blast
could effectively demolish many of these bunkers, but
this would take a devastating toll on surrounding
areas. An electromagnetic pulse could pass through
the ground, knocking out the bunker's lights,
ventilation systems, communications -- even electric
doors. The bunker would be completelyuninhabitable.
U.S. forces are also highly vulnerable to EMP attack,
however. In recent years, the U.S. military has added
sophisticated electronics to the full range of its
arsenal. This electronic technology is largely built
around consumer-grade semiconductor devices, which
are highly sensitive to any power surge. More
rudimentary vacuum tube technology would actually
stand a better chance of surviving an e-bomb attack.
A widespread EMP attack in any country would
compromise a military's ability to organize itself.
Ground troops might have perfectly functioning non-
electric weapons (like machine guns), but they
wouldn't have the equipment to plan an attack or
locate the enemy. Effectively, an EMP attack could
reduce any military unit into a guerilla-type army.
While EMP weapons are generally considered non-
lethal, they could easily kill people if they were
directed towards particular targets. If an EMP
knocked out a hospital's electricity, for example, anypatient on life support would die immediately. An
EMP weapon could also neutralize vehicles, including
aircraft, causing catastrophic accidents.
In the end, the most far-reaching effect of an e-bomb
could be psychological. A full-scale EMP attack in a
developed country would instantly bring modern life
to a screeching halt. There would be plenty of
survivors, but they would find themselves in a very
different world.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/machine-gun.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/machine-gun.htm -
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RAM
Terminator
Future cop
Bio-
tech
clean-tech
Silicon
High-tech