Madness in Herodotus.pdf
Transcript of Madness in Herodotus.pdf
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
1/328
http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz
ResearchSpace@Auckland
Copyright Statement
The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (NewZealand).
This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the
provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use:
Any use you make of these documents or images must be forresearch or private study purposes only, and you may not make
them available to any other person.
Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the
author's right to be identified as the author of this thesis, and due
acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate.
You will obtain the author's permission before publishing any
material from their thesis.
To request permissions please use the Feedback form on our webpage.
http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/feedback
General copyright and disclaimer
In addition to the above conditions, authors give their consent for thedigital copy of their work to be used subject to the conditions specified on
the Library Thesis Consent Formand Deposit Licence.
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
2/328
Madness in Context in the Historiesof Herodotus
!"#$%#& ()")**% +%,-./
! 01)-#- -2"3#00)4 #/ 52&5#&&3)/0 .5 01) 6)72#6)3)/0- 5.6 01) 4)$6)) .5
+.*0.6 .5 81#&.-.91: #/ !/*#)/0 ;6))< =%/$2%$) %/4 =#0)6%026)>
?1) @/#A)6-#0: .5 !2* BCCD
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
3/328
##
Abstract
?1#- 01)-#- #- % -024: .5 01) ,%: E)6.4.02- 2-)- 3%4/)-- #/ 1#- HistoriesF G0 %#3-
0. )H%3#/) 01) *1%/$#/$ /%026) .5 3%4/)-- 4)9)/4#/$ ./ 01) *./0)H0 #/ ,1#*1 E)6.4.02-
2-)- #0F G %&-. )H%3#/) -.3) )H%39&)- .5 3%4/)-- #/ 01) ,.6 01) ?6%$)4#%/-
%/4 01) E#99.*6%0#* *.692- #/ .64)6 0. #&&23#/%0) 01) A%6:#/$ )H%39&)- 56.3 01)
HistoriesF ?1#- 6)72#6)4 *&.-) 6)%4#/$ .5 %&& ,.6 -.
1) 4.)- /.0 1%A) % *.1)6)/0 A#), .5 3%4/)--F J%4/)--> %- E)6.4.02- )39&.:- 01)
*./*)90> #- .50)/ A#.&)/0> "20 /.0 %&,%:- 91:-#*%&&:K #0 3%: ") A)6"%& .6 3%: ") 2-)4 .5 %
9)6-./ ,1. )H96)--)- % A#.&)/0 #4)%F L.3)0#3)- #0 #- % 4#A#/) 92/#-13)/0K -.3)0#3)- #0
-#$/%&- 06%/-$6)--#./ %$%#/-0 4#A#/) &%,F E) %&-. 2-)- 3%4/)-- %- % )6%6: 4)A#*) 0.
1#$1$10 01)3)- .5 01) A%6#.2- logoi> %/4 0. 6)5&)*0 /.0 ./&: 01) -0%0) .5 01) ./) *%&&)4
3%4> "20 01) ./) ,1. #- 2-#/$ 01) 0)63F E#- 2-%$) #- -#3#&%6 #/ -.3) ,%:- 0. )%*1 .5 01)
,.6 01) ?6%$)4#%/- %/4 01) E#99.*6%0#* ,6#0)6-F
G/ *./*&2-#./> 3%4/)-- #- % 4)A#*) ,1#*1 E)6.4.02- 2-)- 0. $..4 )55)*0
4)9)/4#/$ ./ ,1%0 )55)*0 1) ,#-1)- 0. 3% #/ % -9)*#5#* logosF
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
4/328
###
Dedication
?. J23> +%4> 8)//:> (.4/):> ?#3> M-01)6> ?)66: %/4 N2)> %/4 5%3#&: 3)3")6-
.5 01) 5)/) 9)6-2%-#./K %&-. 0. 56#)/4- 0.. /23)6.2- 0. 3)/0#./O 01) 9).9&) ,1. 1%A) 0.
4)%& ,#01 01) 2/4)6-#4) .5 6)-)%6*1 %/4 ,1. %6) %&,%:- 01)6) ,1)/ #0 026/- 0. *2-0%64F G
%996)*#%0) :.2 %&& #33)/-)&: %/4 *.2&4 /.0 1%A) 4./) 01#- ,#01.20 :.26 96%*0#*%& %/4
3.6%& -299.60 #/ %&& 5.63- %/4 1.,)A)6 #0 #- )H96)--)4F
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
5/328
#A
Acknowledgments
G ,.2&4 ,1.-) 1)&9 1%- "))/ *./-0%/0 %/4 #33)%-26%"&)> %/4 ,1.-)
-299.60 1%- "))/ $6)%0&: %996)*#%0)4 016.2$1 )%*1 -0)9 .5 01#- 3%#)20#* 96.*)--F G0 ,%-
./ 1)6 %4A#*) 01%0 G ")$%/ 0. *./-#4)6 3%4/)-- #/ #0- .,/ *./0)H0> %- .99.-)4 0. %
*.1)6)/0 01).6:F G 1%A) 4)9)/4)4 A)6: 32*1 ./ 1)6 %--#-0%/*) %/4 96)-)/*)> 1%A) /)A)6
"))/ %&&.,)4 0. ")*.3) ".6)4 ,#01 3: 6)-)%6*1> %/4 1%A) %&,%:- "))/ )/*.26%$)4 0.
6)A%&2)> 6)*./-#4)6 %/4 6)5#/)F G ,.2&4 %&-. 3: *.S
-29)6A#-.6> 5.6 1#- *./06#"20#./-F
?1%/
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
6/328
A
Table of Contents
Introduction W
Chapter 1:
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O T%3":-)- D
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O T&).3)/)- XY
Chapter 2:
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O !-0:%$)- ZWFWC[FB\ YY
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O ?.3:6#- %/4 T:62- ZWFBWBFBS]\ WCW
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O !3%-#- ZBFW^]F]S_\ WWC
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O T1%6#&)- Z]FW_XFW\ WBX
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O L*:&)- Z_F^[F]S_\ W]X
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O ;6)) YF^^FWK .6%*&)> YFW_CF]\ WX^
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O ?#3.4)32- ZYFWBXFW\ W^]
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O Q.3)/ .5 !6$.- Z[F]_FWSB\ W^[
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O !3.391%6)02- Z[FXXFB\ WYX
J%4/)-- #/ T./0)H0O !6#-0.4)32- Z[F^WF]\ W[B
Chapter 3:
E.3)6 W[X
Chapter 4:
?1) ()&)A%/*) .5 ?6%$)4: BX[
Chapter 5:
?1) E#99.*6%0#* Q6#0)6- B[C
Conclusion ]CD
Bibliography ]C[
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
7/328
A#
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
8/328
!"#$%&'(#)%"
!"#$%$&'()!"#$%&"'#+#" &," -.#(& (&"/ .0 1'#$/"+0 ,.(&$#2 &$3+#%( &," 3#.&.04 $-
,.(&$#.5+6 +55$'0&( +( 3" 70$3 &,"89 :$#0 +#$'0% ;#""7?(/"+7.04
!+6.5+#0+(('(@ /+#& $- &," A$#.+0 ,"B+/$6.( C+6&,$'4, !"#$%$&'( 5,$(" &$ 3#.&" .0 &,"
D$0.+0 %.+6"5&E@ ," 3+( 6+&"# "B.6"% -$# /$6.&.5+6 #"+($0( +0% %."% +#$'0% ;FG := H9 D0 &,"
/#$"8@ ," 5+66( ,.( ,.4,62 I+6'+J6" +55$'0& $- &," K"#(.+0 3+#( +4+.0(& >#""5" +
L/#"("0&+&.$0 $- .0M'.#2) C E9 N,.( .( &," (&+#&.04 /$.0& $- ,.( 3$#79
N," +55$'0& $- &," 3+#( .( 0$&@ ,$3"I"#@ &," J"?+66 +0% "0%?+66 $- ,.( 3$#7@ +6&,$'4, .&
5$8/#.("( + 6+#4" /+#& $- .& +0% /#$I.%"( + (+0% $- '0.-.5+&.$09!"#$%$&'() 6.&"#+#2 (&26" 4#"3 $'& $- +0 "0I.#$08"0& 3,"#" $#+6 /#"("0&+&.$0 $-
+#&.(&.5 3$#7( 3+( &," 8+.0 -$#8 $- +0(8.&&.04 &,"8 &$ + 3.%"# +'%."05"9 D0 +%%.&.$0 &$
&,.(@ &," /#"I+.6.04 6.&"#+#2 5'6&'#" 3+( 6+#4"62 $- &," (&$#2&"66.04 7.0%@ .0 3,.5, &," "/.5
/$" $- !$8"# +0% $&,"#( 3+( $- .88"+('#+J6" .0-6'"05"O9 P$ 3,"0 !"#$%$&'( J"4+0
3#.&.04 ,.(&$#2@ ," %.% ($ '0%"# &," .0-6'"05" $- +0 $#+6 6.&"#+#2 J+574#$'0% 3,.5, %.% 0$&
0"5"((+#.62 %"+6 .0 -+5&'+6 "I"0&( C+6&,$'4, .& 3+( 5$05".I"% &,+& &,"2 8.4,& ,+I" J""0
J+("% $0 +5&'+6 "I"0&( 6$04 /+(&E9 D& .( &,"#"-$#" 0$& ('#/#.(.04 &,+& !"#$%$&'( (,$'6%
+##+04" ,.( +55$'0&( .0 &"#8( $- J6$57(@ $# (%)%"@ 3,.5, ,+% + 8"+('#" $- '0.&2 .0
(&$#26.0"@ +0% 3,.5, 8.4,& &,"0 J" #"+% $'& &$ +0 +'%."05" +( ("6-?5$0&+.0"% '0.&( $-
3$#7F9 Q" (,$'6% +6($ +55"/& &,+& &," 3+2 &," #"('6&( $- !"#$%$&'() .0M'.#2 3"#" $-&"0
/#"("0&"% +( +0 .0&"#"(&.04 (&$#2 .( &," #"('6& $- &,.( J+574#$'0%@ +0% ,.( (&$#2&"66.04
J+574#$'0% +6($ +--"5&( &," 3+2 ," %"6.I"#( ,.( 3$#7@ 8+7.04 '(" $- #,"&$#.5+6 %"I.5"(@
%#+8+&.5 (/""5,"( +0% /+2.04 +&&"0&.$0 &$ 5,+#+5&"#.(+&.$0@ -$# "B+8/6"9 N$ "B/"5& &,"
.00$I+&$# $- + 0"3 (&26" .88"%.+&"62 &$ 3#.&" &," 3+2 3" #"+% ,.(&$#2 0$3@ 5"0&'#."(
+-&"# !"#$%$&'( &$$7 &," -.#(& (&"/@ .( &$ '0-+.#62 .8/$(" $'# $30 5'6&'#+6 +0% ($5.+6(&+0%+#%( '/$0 +0$&,"# 5'6&'#"@ ($5."&2 +0% &.8"9
H>$'6% CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
9/328
O
D0 ,.( /#$"8@ !"#$%$&'( 56"+#62 (&+&"( &,+& ," 3.(,"( &$ /#"("#I" &," L&,.04( 3,.5,
,+//"0"% J2 &," +4"052 $- /"$/6") C E +( 3"66 +( &," L4#"+&+0% +8+].04 %""%() C E $- &," >#""7( +0% J+#J+#.+0(9
!" (,$3( -#$8 &," (&+#& $- ,.( 3$#7@ &,"0@ &,+& ," 3.66 0$& 5$0-.0" ,.( 3$#7 &$ >#""7(
+6$0"@ +0% &,.( (&+05" /#"?-.4'#"( 8+02 %.(5'((.$0( $0 $&,"# /"$/6"(@ /"#($0+6.&."(@
/$6.&.5(@ 5'6&'#"(@ 4"$4#+/,2@ +0.8+6( +0% 5'(&$8(;9 Z( >$'6% 0$&"(@ L"0M'.#2) -$#
!"#$%$&'( L8"+0& 8+02 &,.04(\+8$04 &,"8 +0% +J$I" +66 /"#,+/( +I"6 +0% &," +5&.I"
/'#('.& $- %+&+)T9 !"#$%$&'( (""7(@ $0 &," 3,$6"@ &$ (,$3 3,+& ," ,+( 6"+#0& +0% (""0
-.#(&,+0%X ($8"&.8"( ," %.(5'(("( $# 4.I"( +0 $/.0.$0 $0 + -.0%.04@ $# (""7( &$ /#$I" &,"
'&, $- -.0%.04( 3,.5, +#" 5$0$I"#(.+6X ," $-&"0 $--"#( 8$#" &,+0 $0" I"#(.$0 $- "I"0&(
$# +0 +55$'0&@ +0% %$"( 0$& +63+2( (+2 3,.5, I"#(.$0 ," -+I$'#(W9 D0 +0 "--$#& &$ 4"& &$
&," #"+($0 3,2 5"#&+.0 "I"0&( $55'##"%@ ," 4$"( J+57 + 6$& -'#&,"# &,+0 &," .88"%.+&"
&.8" $- ('5, +0 "I"0& &$ 5,+#& &," +5&.$0( $- /"$/6" 3,.5, J"4+0 &," 5,+.0 $- "I"0&(U9
Q,"#" ,.( $30 70$36"%4" .( 8$#" 6.8.&"%@ ," #"5$#%( 3,+& ,.( ($'#5"( #"/$#&@ +0% 0$&"(
&,+& ," %$"( 0$& +63+2( J"6."I" 3,+& &,"2 (+2@ J'& .( '0%"# $J6.4+&.$0 CE &$ #"5$#%
.& 0"I"#&,"6"((X &,.( /#.05./6"@ ," 0$&"(@ .( '" $- ,.( "0&.#" +55$'0&
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
10/328
F
Q,"0 D -.#(& "B+8.0"% &," 3+2 !"#$%$&'( '("( 8+%0"(( .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#@ D &,$'4,&
.& '("-'6 &$ "B/6$#" 3,"&,"# &," I+#.$'( L&2/"() $- 8+%0"(( 5$'6% J" -$#8'6+&"% .0&$ +
'0.-."% 5$%" 3,.5, 5$'6% J" 5+66"% !"#$%$&'() &,"$#2 $- 8+%0"((9 _0-$#&'0+&"62@ &,.(
'0.-."% &,"$#2 5$'6% 0$& J" /#"(("%9 N," 8$#" D 6$$7"% +& &," .0(&+05"( $- 8+%0"(( +0%
."% &$ -.& &,"8 .0&$ + 8$%"6 $- &2/"(@ &," 8$#" &," 8$%"6 ,+% &$ "B/+0%@ '0&.6 .& 3+(
"I.%"0& &,+& &," 8$%"6 D ,+% (&+#&"% 3.&, 3+( 0$& -6"B.J6" "0$'4,9 Z& &,+& /$.0& D ,+% &$
#"?&,.07 82 +//#$+5,@ +0% -.0+662 %"5.%"% &,+& 3,.6" + '0.-."% 5$%" %.% 0$& #"-6"5&
!"#$%$&'() '(" $- 8+%0"((@ + %.I"#(" 5$%" %.%9 D& 3+( &,"0 &,+& D J"4+0 &$ "B+8.0" &,"
.0(&+05"( $- 8+%0"(( .0 &,".# $30 5$0&"B&@ .0 &,".# $30 (%)%"@ +0% -#$8 &,"#" J"4+0 &$
8+7" ($8" ("0(" $- &," '("( $- 8+%0"(( .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#9:"5+'(" !"#$%$&'( &"0%( &$ %"+6 .0 (%)%"@ 3,.5, +#" &,"0 6.07"% &$ "+5, $&,"# J2 +
5"#&+.0 5$0&.0'.&2 $- &,"8" $# &$/.5 $- %.(5'((.$0@ ,.( '(" $- 8+%0"(( .0 5$0&"B& J"5$8"(
I"#2 %.I"#("HH9 Z& 8$(& 3" 5+0 $062 (+2 &,+& 8+%0"(( I"#2 $-&"0 ,+( +0 "6"8"0& $-
I.$6"05" .0 .&@ $-&"0 "0$'4, &,+& .& (,$'6% J" J$#0" .0 8.0% "I"0 .-@ +& &.8"(@ D %$ 0$&
(/"5.-.5+662 /$.0& .& $'& 3,"0 %.(5'((.04 +0 "B+8/6"9 :'& %"(/.&" &,.( L4"0"#+6 #'6")@
!"#$%$&'( (&.66 "8/6$2( I+#.$'( -$#8( $- I.$6"05"9 P$8"&.8"( 8+%0"(( 8+0.-"(&( .&("6-
.0 /,2(.5+6 I.$6"05"@ +( .& %$"( .0 &," 5+("( $- =+8J2("( +0% =6"$8"0"(X ($8"&.8"(
8+%0"(( .( '("% $- /"$/6" 3,$ +#" I.$6"0& .0 &,".# I"#J+6 "B/#"((.$0 $# "B/#"(( + I.$6"0&
&,$'4,&@ +( .( &," 5+(" 3.&, Z(&2+4"(9 D0 &,.( 3+2 8+%0"(( (""8( &$ J" '("% +( +0
+J'(.I" &"#8 $- &," /"#($0 3,$ (/"+7( I.$6"0&62@ $# .( (.8/62 '("% .0 +#4'8"0&9
D0 ($8" (%)%"@ !"#$%$&'( 5+66( 8+%0"(( +0 .660"((@ +@ J'& .0 $&,"#
"B+8/6"( ," %$"( 0$&X .0 ($8" 5+("( 8+%0"(( .( 56"+#62 (,$30 &$ J" %.I.0" /'0.(,8"0&
-$# +0(4#"((.$0 $- -%.%"@ #"6.4.$'( $# ($5.+69 D0 &," 5+(" $- P526"( &," P52&,.+0@
,$3"I"#@ ,.( L8+%0"(() .0 J"5$8.04 +0 .0.&.+&" $- A.$02('( .( 0$& + /'0.(,8"0& -#$8 &,"
4$%( J'& .( &," #"+($0 -$# ,.( /'0.(,8"0& J2 %"+&,@ J"5+'(" L8+%0"(() .&("6- .( ++0(4#"((.$0 $- P52&,.+0 5'(&$89 V+%0"(( .( +6($ '("% J2 !"#$%$&'( &$ (,$3 +0
"(5+6+&.$0 $- "8$&.$0@ ('5, +( &," "0I2 $- N.8$%"8'(X ($8"&.8"( 8+%0"(( +6($ (,$3( +
6+57 $- '0%"#(&+0%.04 $0 &," /+#& $- &," $0" 3,$ 5+66( +0$&,"# 8+%@ +( .( &," 5+(" 3,"0
HHZ( A"3+6% 0$&"( CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
11/328
;
&," K"#(.+0( 5+66 &," >#""7( 8+% +& V+#+&,$0 +0% Z#&"8.(.'89 Q.0" 8+2 5+'("
8+%0"((@ J'& +55$#%.04 &$ Z8+(.(@ &," 7.04 $- 142/&@ ($ 5+0 $I"#3$#79
N,"(" I+#2.04 -$#8( $- 8+%0"(( $55'# J"5+'(" .0 &,".# $30 (%)%#&,"2 +#"
8+0./'6+&"% J2 !"#$%$&'( &$ ("#I" + /'#/$("9 `-&"0 &," '(" $- 8+%0"(( (.8/62
"8/,+(.("( &,"8"( 3,.5, ,+I" +6#"+%2 J""0 #'00.04 &,#$'4, &," (%)%#@ $# "8/,+(.("( +
&,"8" 3,.5, .( &$ J"5$8" .8/$#&+0& .0 &," (%)%#9 P$@ -$# "B+8/6"@ 3,.6" !+#/+4'( 8+2
5+66 Z(&2+4"( 8+% J"5+'(" $- &," 6+&&"#)( I.$6"0& $#%"# &$ 7.66 ,.( 4#+0%($0@ !+#/+4'() '("
$- 8+%0"(( &$ %"(5#.J" Z(&2+4"( ,.4,6.4,&( &," 5$8/6"&" &'#0+#$'0% $- !+#/+4'()
5,+#+5&"#S -#$8 &," 8$(& '(&3$#&,2 K"#(.+0 Z(&2+4"( 70$3( &$ + 8+0 3,$ %.($J"2( +0
$#%"#9 N,.( %.($J"%."05" J"5$8"( + &,"8" .0 &," (%)%#+0% .( &," '6&.8+&" 5+'(" $-Z(&2+4"() %$30-+669 P$ !"#$%$&'( 5+0 '(" 8+%0"(( &$ "8/,+(.(" ,.4,/$.0&( .0 + (&$#2 +(
3"669
D0 +%%.&.$0 &$ &," I+#2.04 7.0%( $- 8+%0"(( #"-6"5&.04 &,"8"( .0 &,".# $30 (%)%"@
8+%0"(( .&("6- ,+( I+#2.04 .8/$#&+05" +0% '(" .0 %.--"#"0& (%)%"9 V+%0"(( .0 &," (&$#2 $-
=+8J2("(@ -$# .0(&+05"@ .( + -$5'( $- &," (&$#2 $062 J"5+'(" .& J"5$8"( + 8$$& /$.0& $-
3,.5, !"#$%$&'( 3+0&( &$ /#$I" &," '&,@ +( ," %$"( $- $&,"# /$.0&( $- .0&"#"(& .0 ,.(
.0M'.#."(9 D0 &," (&$#2 $- =6"$8"0"(@ 8+%0"(( .( $062 $- .0&"#"(& &$ !"#$%$&'( 3,"0 ,"
5$8"( &$ &," %.(5'((.$0 $- =6"$8"0"() %"+&,@ +0% 3.(,"( &$ 6+2 $'& &," /$((.J6" #"+($0(
-$# 3,2 =6"$8"0"( 3"0& 8+% +0% %."% .0 ('5, + -+(,.$09 D0 &," (&$#2 $- P526"(@
L8+%0"(() .( &," "6"8"0& 3,.5, 5+/( &3$ (&$#."( $- ,$3 P52&,.+0( /'0.(, &,$(" 3,$
+%$/& 0$0?P52&,.+0 5'(&$8(9 A.$02(.+5 L8+%0"(() .( "I"0 3$#(" &,+0 $&,"# 5'(&$8( &$
+%$/& J"5+'(" &," P52&,.+0( #"I.6" .& /+#&.5'6+#629 ^.0+662@ 8+%0"(( 8+2 0$& J" + -$5'( $-
+ (%)%#+& +66S .0 &," %.(5'((.$0 $- ,$3 V"6+8/'( $J&+.0"% [$.0& 7.04(,./ $- Z#4$(@
8+%0"(( .( &," 8"+0( &$ ,.( "0%9 N," 3$8"0 $- Z#4$( 4$ 8+%@ +0% V"6+8/'( 5+0 5'#"
&,"8X ," '("( &," 4#$3.04 0""% $- &," 5'#" &$ ("5'#" &," 7.04(,./9 !"#$%$&'( %$"( 0$&+63+2( /6+2 3.&, &," '(" $- 8+%0"((9
A'" &$ &," 6"04&, +0% .8/$#&+05" $- &," +55$'0&(@ +( 8"0 3,$ 4$ 8+% +0% +#"
(+.% &$ J" ($ J2 !"#$%$&'( #+&,"# &,+0 J2 +0$&,"# 5,+#+5&"# .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#@ D J"4.0 3.&,
=+8J2("( +0% =6"$8"0"( .0 =,+/&"# H9 =,+/&"# O -$66$3( $0 3.&, +55$'0&( $- $&,"#
.0(&+05"( $- 8+%0"(( +( .& .( '("% J2 !"#$%$&'(9
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
12/328
T
D0 $#%"# &$ -'#&,"# "6'5.%+&" &," 3+2 !"#$%$&'( '("( 8+%0"((@ +( 3"66 +(
5$0(.%"#.04 ($8" $- &," /$((.J6" .0-6'"05"( $0 ,.( '(" $- 8+%0"((@ D ,+I" .056'%"% +
5,+/&"# "+5, $0 8+%0"(( .0 !$8"#@ &," +4"%.+0( +0% &," !.//$5#+&.5 3#.&"#(9
P.8.6+#.&."( &$ &," 3+2 &,"(" 3#.&"#( /"#5".I" 8+%0"(( 5+0 J" (""0 .0 !"#$%$&'()
!"#$%&"'#@ ('5, +( &," I.$6"05" $- J+&&6" 8+%0"(( (""0 .0 !$8"#@ &," '(" $- 8+%0"(( +( +
%.I.0" /'0.(,8"0& .0 +4"%2@ +0% &," /"#5"/&.$0 $- 8+%0"(( +( +0 .660"((@ $# .660"((?
#"6+&"%@ .0 &," !.//$5#+&.5 3#.&.04(9 D& .( %.--.5'6& &$ (+2 3,"&,"# !"#$%$&'( LJ$##$3"%)
&,".# /"#5"/&.$0( $- 8+%0"(( -$# ,.( $30 3$#7@ +0% D %$ 0$& +&&"8/& &$ +%%#"(( &,.(
M'"(&.$0@ J'& 3,+& 8+2 J" (+.% .( &,+& .0 &," 6.&"#+#2 "0I.#$08"0& $- &," &.8"@ !"#$%$&'()
/$#+2+6 $- 8+%0"(( .( ,+( (.8.6+#.&."( &$ +66 &,#"" 4"0#"(9P$8" "6"8"0&( $- "+5, 4"0#" +#" '("-'6 .0 "B/6+.0.04@ $# -'#&,"# "B/6+.0.04 +
/+#&.5'6+# +(/"5& $- 8+%0"(( +( !"#$%$&'( '("( .&@ +0% D ,+I" "0%"+I$'#"% &$ 7""/ &,"
-$5'( $0 !"#$%$&'() 3$#79 ^$# &,.( #"+($0 D ,+I" (&+#&"% 3.&, !"#$%$&'()!"#$%&"'#
J"-$#" %.(5'((.04 !$8"# .0 =,+/&"# F@ +4"%2 .0 =,+/&"# ; +0% &," !.//$5#+&.5 5$#/'( .0
=,+/&"# T9 D ,+I" ("/+#+&"% &,"(" +'&,$#( .0&$ &,".# $30 5,+/&"#(@ #+&,"# &,+0 .0&"4#+&.04
&,"8 3.&, &," !"#$%$&"+0 5,+/&"#( J"5+'(" &,"2 +#" 3$#&,2 $- +&&"0&.$0 .0 &,".# $30
#.4,&@ +0% 3$'6% ,+I" 6$(& .8/+5& .0 -$$&0$&"(X .0 +%%.&.$0 &$ &,.(@ &,"2 &"0%"% &$ I." 3.&,
&," !"#$%$&"+0 /+((+4"( .- &,"2 3"#" .0 &," 8+.0 &"B&@ +( D .0.&.+662 +##+04"% &,"89
D ,+I" "0%"+I$'#"% &$ J" 5$0(.(&"0& 3.&, 82 '(" $- (/"66.04 /+#&.5'6+# 0+8"(9 ^$#
&," 8$(& /+#& D '(" &," Y+&.0.("% -$#8(@ J'& .0 ($8" .0(&+05"( D ,+I" +0(6.&"#+&"% &,"
>#""7 -$#8(9 Z66 +0(6+&.$0(@ >#""7 +0% $&,"#3.("@ +#" 82 $309
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
13/328
W
+,-.#/$ 0"/
1-&"/22 )" +%"#/3#4 +-5672/2
=+8J2("() 8+%0"(( .( &," 8$(& "B&"0(.I"62 %"(5#.J"% 8+%0"(( .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#@ +0% +( +
#"('6& .& .( I"#2 &"8/&.04 &$ &,.07 &,+& &,.( %"(5#./&.$0 (,$'6% 5$0&+.0 56'"(@ $# J" +
/+#+%.48 -$# "I"#2 $&,"# $55'##"05" $- 8+%0"(( .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#9 _0-$#&'0+&"62 &,.( .( +
%+04"#$'(62 ("%'5&.I"@ +0% '6&.8+&"62 '0-#'.&-'6@ /+&, &$ &+7"9 Q,.6" =+8J2("( &'#0( $'&&$ J" $'# /#.8" "B+8/6" -$# 8+%0"(( +( .0I$6I.04 +0(4#"((.$0( +4+.0(& 5'(&$8@ 3"
5+00$& -#""62 +0(-"# &,.( /#.05./6" &$ +66 $&,"# .0(&+05"( $- 8+%0"((9
`- #'6"#( C+0% /+#&.5'6+#62 1+(&"#0 #'6"#(E 3,$8 3" ,+I" "05$'0&"#"% /#.$# &$
=+8J2("(@ + -"3 %"8$0(+&" M'+6.&."( 3,.5, 5$'6% J" 5$0(.%"#"% 8+%HO+0% 8+%0"((
,+( J""0 '("% $- ($8" $- &,"8 +( 3"66HF@ 3,"&,"# J2 ($8"$0" "6(" $# J2 &," #'6"# ,.8("6-
.0 &," %"8$0(+&.$0 $- + /#.05./6"H;9 N$ %+&"@ Z(&2+4"( +0% =2#'( ,+I" J""0 5+66"% 8+%
J2 ($8"$0" "6("@ 3,.6" &," 142/&.+0 7.04@ Z8+(.(@ /$.0&( $'& &,+& ," %$"(0)& 3+0& &$ 4$
8+% -#$8 $I"#3$#7X +0% +6&,$'4, 3" 8.4,&@ -$# "B+8/6"@ "B/"5& =+0%+'6"( +0% =2#'( &$
4$ 8+% -#$8 &,".# +0(4#"((.$0( $- 5'(&$8@ &,"2 %$ 0$&9 N$ J" 5+66"% 8+% J2 ($8"$0"
.0 &," &"B& .( 0$& M'.&" &," (+8" +( J".04 5+66"% 8+% J2 &," +'&,$# $- &," 0+##+&.I"@ ($ 0$&
$062 .( =+8J2("( $'# -.#(& L+'&,$#?6"4.&.8.("%) 8+%8+0@ J'& ," .( +6($ &," -.#(& .0(&+05"
$- ($8"$0" L8+%) 3,$(" 8+%0"(( 5$0&.0'"( $I"# + /"#.$% $- &.8" +0% .( %.(5'(("% +(
('5,9
N," (,$57?I+6'" /#$I.%"% J2 &," 8+%0"(( .0 &," =+8J2("( (%)%#+6($ ("&( ,.8
+/+#& -#$8 $&,"# K"#(.+0 7.04(9 Z( #"+%"#(a&," +'%."05"@ 3" ,+I" 5$8" +5#$(( 7.04( +0%#'6"#( J"-$#"@ 8+02 $- 3,$8 +#" %"(/$&.5 +0% &2#+00.5+6@ ('5, +( =+0%+'6"(@ =#$"('(@
Z(&2+4"( +0% =2#'(9 Z0$&,"# L&2#+00.5+6 %"(/$&) 8.4,& J"5$8" /+# -$# &," 5$'#(" .- '("%
&$$ $-&"0 .0 &," 0+##+&.I"HT@ J'& =+8J2("( ,+( &,.( %.(&.05&.$0S ," .( 0$& $062 + &2#+00.5+6
HO=+0%+'6"(@ H9HG9O?FX Z(&2+4"(@ H9HG
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
14/328
U
%"(/$& +0% 7.04X ," .( +6($ + ./0$0"HW9 N,.( ("#I"( &$ 8+7" =+8J2("( + 8"8$#+J6"
7.04 .0 + 0+##+&.I" 3,.5, 3.66 5$I"# &," 6.I"( $- 8+02 7.04(@ 3,$ ,+I"@ +( :#+&& ,+(
0$&"%@ + 4#"+& %"+6 .0 5$88$0 .0 &,".# /$#+2+6(HU9
=+8J2("() 8+%0"(( .( #"+($0+J62 (.8/6" .0 .&("6-@ J'& .( 5$8/6.5+&"% J2 8+02
&,"8"( 3,.5, 5$0I"#4" .0 &," (%)%#9 Z( 3.66 J" (""0 .0 $&,"# 5+("( $- 8+%0"((@
!"#$%$&'( &"0%( &$ '(" =+8J2("() 8+% "/.($%"( &$ ,.4,6.4,& I+#.$'( &,"8"( -$'0% 0$&
['(& .0 &," 6.-" $- =+8J2("( J'& .0 :$$7( O +0% F +6($9 N,"(" &,"8"( 3.66 J" %"+6& 3.&,@
J'& &," 8$(& .8/$#&+0& +(/"5& $- =+8J2("() 8+%0"(( .( !"#$%$&'() +&&.&'%" &$3+#%( .&
+0% '(" $- .& .0 &," 5$0&"B&S 3" 8'(& +63+2( J"+# .0 8.0% &,+& =+8J2("() (28/&$8( $-
8+%0"((@ ,.( %.(#"4+#% -$# -%.%#+0% (+5#"% 8+&&"#(@ 8+2 $062 J" 56"+# (28/&$8( $-8+%0"(( .0 &,.( /+#&.5'6+# (%)%#@ J"5+'(" .& .( ,"#" &,+& !"#$%$&'() ($'#5"( 5+66 =+8J2("(
8+% +0% !"#$%$&'( 6.(&( &," +5&.$0( 3,.5, /#$I" &,.(9 `&,"#( 3,$ %.(#"4+#% ('5, 8+&&"#(
.0 "B+5&62 &," (+8" 3+2 +#" 0$& 5+66"% 8+%H
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
15/328
#""7 +0% &,"Z&&.5 /"$/6" 8'(& ,+I" 6"+#0& + 0"3 6+04'+4"9H9HRO9H?; !"#$%$&'( 6.(&( 0'8"#$'( +&.J'&"( 3,.5, /#$I" &," #"($'#5"( $- :+J26$09O9;9O@ !"#$%$&'( 6.(&( ($8" $- &," &,.04( &," 142/&.+0 /#."(&( (+2 +J$'& #"6.4.$'( 8+&&"#( 3,.5, &,"2 3"#"
&," -.#(& &$ "(&+J6.(,@ +0% +%%( &,+& L($ &,"(" 8"0 %"8$0(+&"% &,+& &," 8+[$#.&2 $- &,.04( 3"#" .0 -+5& &,.(3+2) @ (""8.0462 5$0+(&.04 &,.( "I.%"05"3.&, &,+& -$# &,".# (&+&"8"0& +J$'& &," -.#(& 142/&.+0 7.04 C $$$E9O9T9H?O@ !" %"8$0(+&"( &," "I.%"05" -$# ,.( #"+($0 -$# ('//$#&.04 &," /#."(&() (&+&"8"0& .0 O9;9F@ &,+& .0&,$(" +05."0& &.8"( /+#&( $- 142/& 3"#" '0%"# 3+&"#9O9OG?OU@ !"#$%$&'( 6.(&( &,#"" >#""7 &,"$#."( +( &$ &," 0+&'#" $- &," l.6" -6$$%( +0% 1&"(.+0 3.0%( C3,.5,," J#.04( '/ .0.&.+662 .0 O9HR9H?FEX ," %.(/#$I"( &," -.#(& .0 O9OG9H?F@ &," &,.#% .0 O9OO9H?;@ +0% &," ("5$0%@8"0&.$0"% .0 O9OH9H@ .( (5$#0"% .0 O9OF9H +( J".04 &$$ (.662 &$ +#4'" +J$'&9 !" &,"0 4.I"( ,.( $30 $/.0.$0.0 O9O;9H?O +0% "B/+0%( $0 &," "I.%"05" -$# &,.( .0 O9OT9H?O9OU9H9O9FF9O?;@ !"#$%$&'( 4.I"( ,.( ('//$#& -$# 1&"+#5,'() 5$056'(.$0 5$05"#0.04 &," l.6"9O9;F9H?;T9F@ !"#$%$&'( 56+.8( &," 142/&.+0( +#" #.4,& +J$'& !"#+56"() J".04 $0" $- &," N3"6I" >$%(CO9;F9H?;E +0% %"(5#.J"( + 6"04&,2 .0M'.#2 3,.5, /#$I"( &,+& &,"#" 3"#" &3$ &2/"( $- !"#+56"( CO9;;9H?TE9!" &,"0 %.(/#$I"( + (&$#2 &," >#""7( &"66 +J$'& !"#+56"( .0 142/& CO9;T9H?FE9O9T
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
18/328
HH
N," /#$$-( $- =+8J2("() 8+%0"((@ 3,.5, -$66$3 &," .0$%'5&$#2 ,2/$&,"(.( $-
&," 142/&.+0(@ "B&"0% -#$8 F9FG9H &$ F9FU9F@ +0% "05$8/+((S &," 8'#%"# $- P8"#%.(@ &,"
8'#%"# $- ,.( (.(&"#?3.-"@ &3$ 8+##.+4"( &$ (.(&"#(@ &," /$((.J6" 8'#%"# $- +0 ,".# +& &,"
(+8" &.8" +( ,.( (.(&"#)( 8'#%"#@ &," 8'#%"# $- K#"B+(/"() ($0@ J'#2.04 K"#(.+0( +6.I"@
&," +&&"8/&"% 8'#%"# $- =#$"('(@ &," "B"5'&.$0 $- &," +&&"0%+0&( 3,$ 7"/& =#$"('( +6.I"@
$/"0.04 &," &$8J( $- &," %"+% +& V"8/,.( +0% .0(/"5&.04 &," 5$#/("(@ 4$.04 .0&$
!"/,+"(&'() (+05&'+#2 +0% 8+7.04 -'0 $- &," (&+&'"@ "0&"#.04 &," (+05&'+#2 $- &," =+J.#.
C(.5&62 -$#J.%%"0 "B5"/& &$ /#."(&(E +0% J'#0.04 &," (&+&'"(9 Z66 .0 +66@ &,"(" .&"8( +#"
/.6"% '/ +( "I.%"05" -$# =+8J2("() J".04 8+%9 !"#$%$&'( ,.8("6- 5$056'%"( +& F9F
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
19/328
HO
8(#)%"2 -"& 93.:-"-#)%"2
N," +5&.$0( $0 &," L/#$$-?6.(&) $- =+8J2("() 8+%0"(( ($8"&.8"( .0&"#"(& !"#$%$&'( .0
&,".# $30 #.4,&@ /+#&.5'6+#62 &,$(" .0I$6I.04 + +0(4#"((.$0 $- -%.%#OU9 N," -.#(& 6.(&
.&"8( +&+5& !"#$%$&'() .0&"#"(& 8$#" &,+0 &," 6+(& $0"(@ ($ ," "B/+0%( $0 &,"89 N,.( .(
/$((.J62 J"5+'(" &," -.#(& +0(4#"((.$0( +#" &,$(" .0 3,.5, =+8J2("( 7.66( ,.( 56$("(&
(.J6.04( +0% $&,"#3.(" 5$88.&( $'+4"( +4+.0(& &,$(" 56$(" &$ ,.8X &," +5&.$0( +#" &,"
8$(& (,$57.04 +0% L"I.%"0&.+6) J"5+'(" $- &,.( -+5&9
:"-$#" &," /#$$-( +#" $--"#"%@ ,$3"I"#@ &,"#" +#" + 0'8J"# $- $&,"# +5&.$0( 3,.5,
J"+# 5$0(.%"#+&.$0 +( + 6"+%?'/ &$ &," /#$$-?6.(&@ +0% $0"( 3,.5, +6($ ('//$#& %.--"#.04&,"8"( .0 &," (%)%#+( 8'5, +( &,$(" .0 &," 6.(&9
D0 F9H9;?T =+8J2("( .( /$#+2"% +( + 8+0 (&"//.04 $0&$ &," #$+% &$ &2#+002 C$#
8$0+#5,2 +( `&+0"( "B/#"(("( .& .0 F9
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
20/328
HF
%"(.#" &$ (""7 .& +0% .&( $//$(.&"@ 6."(@ +0% #"+5&.04 C6+#4"62 $'& $- /#$/$#&.$0E &$ 3,+& ,"
,"+#(FHe 3.66 J" #"/"+&"%@ $-&"0 6"(( ('J&62 &,+0 ,"#"@ .0 &," =+8J2("( (%)%#9 N,.(
"--"5&.I"62 8+7"( =+8J2("( 6$$7 /#$4#"((.I"62 3$#(" +0% 3$#("9 N," &,"8" $- '&,
&"66.04@ /+#&.5'6+#62 +8$04 &," K"#(.+0(@ +6($ 5$0&.0'"( .0 &," #"(& $- &,"!"#$%&"'#X .& .(
0$& 5$0-.0"% &$ &," =+8J2("( (%)%#+6$0"FO9
D0 +%%.&.$0 &$ &,"(" &,"8"(@ 3" 8+2 +6($ 0$&" +0$&,"# L(""% &,"8") /6+0&"% +& &,"
J"4.00.04 $- &," (%)%#@ &,+& $- 5,.6%#"0FF9 N," 0+##+&.I" .0 F9H9O?; .( J+("% +#$'0%
%+'4,&"#( $- &," 142/&.+0 7.04( Z8+(.( +0% Z/#."(9 Z( 3.66 J" (""0@ +6&,$'4, &,.( /+#&
&,+0 ,.( /#"%"5"(($#)(\E) N,.( .( (.8.6+# &$ =$#5"66+)( CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
21/328
H;
$- &," 0+##+&.I" .( 0$& /+#& $- &," /#$$-?6.(&@ &,"8"( -$# 3,.5, &," -$'0%+&.$0 .( J".04 6+.%
#.4,& -#$8 &," (&+#& 3.66 J" ('//$#&"% J2 +5&.$0( .0 &," /#$$-?6.(&9
:2 5$0+(&@ =+8J2("() J",+I.$'# .0 F9HF9H?; J$#%"#( $0 &," 8.6%9 !.( %"6"4+&.$0
$--"#.04 + '5" ! #&$ &," 142/&.+0( .0 V"8/,.( .( 8"&
3.&, (6+'4,&"# CF9HF9OE@ J'& &,+& =+8J2("( 8+7"( ('5, +( $--"# .( (.04'6+#62 /"+5"+J6" -$#
+ K"#(.+0 7.04F;9 !" .( "I"0 %"(5#.J"% +( CF9HF9;E@ +6&,$'4,@ +( ," .(
#"5".I.04 .J'&" +& &," &.8"@ &,.( 8+2 6$(" ($8" $- .&( .8/+5&X +66 &," (+8"@ 3,"0 ,"
#"5".I"( + 8$0"&+#2 .J'&" 3,.5, .( 0$& '/ &$ ,.( (&+0%+#%(@ ," (.8/62 &,#$3( &," L/$57"&
8$0"2) &$ &," $$/( #+&,"# &,+0 $I"#?#"+5&.04 +( .( ,.( 3$0&FT9 N,.( 8"66$3 (&+&" ($$0
%.(+//"+#(S .0 F9H;9H?F9HT9; ," .( J+57 &$ 6$$7.04 &2#+00.5+6@ 3,.6" ," &+'0&( &," -+66"0
K(+88"0.&'(FW9 N,.( .( J",+I.$'# &2/.5+6 $- &," K"#(.+0 7.04(@ ,$3"I"#X +( 2"& ," .( 0$&
8'5, %.--"#"0& -#$8 =2#'(@ A+#.'( +0% b"#B"(FU9
N," "+&8"0& $- Z8+(.() 5$#/(" .( + %.--"#"0& 8+&&"# CF9HW9HE@ J'& =+8J2("(
3$'6% 0$& J" &," $062 K"#(.+0 7.04 &$ +0(4#"(( 5'(&$8F
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
22/328
HT
$0 &," 5$#/(" -$# &," .0('6& /+.% ,.8 +& F9H9;?T J2 J#.04.04 .& $'& $- &," &$8J +0% ,+I.04
.& 3,.//"%@ 4$+%"% +0% &," ,+.#( /'66"%@ +8$04 $&,"# .0('6&( CF9HW9HEFR9 N,.( %.(#"4+#%
-$# &," 4"0"#+6 #"(/"5& -$# 5$#/("( .( 8+%" 8$#" "8/,+&.5 J2 &," -+5& &,+& .& .( Z8+(.()
5$#/("@ &," 7.04 '0%"# 3,$8 142/& &,#.I"% +0% 3,$ 3+( &," ('J["5& $- + 6"04&,2@
6+'%+&$#2 (%)%#.0 :$$7 O9 N," 5$00"5&.$0 J"&3""0 Z8+(.( +( &," +%I.("# $0 ,$3 &$
+I$.% 8+%0"(( CO9HUF9F?;E +0% =+8J2("( +( &," 8+%8+0 .( #"+($0+J62 ('/"#-.5.+6@
&,$'4,;GX &," 8$(& &,+& 8+2 J" 5$0-.%"0&62 ('44"(&"% .& &,+& Z8+(.() (.5&'#"( $0
8$%"#+&.$0 +#" 0$& +& +66 "I.%"0& .0 =+8J2("() "B5"((.I" I.5.$'(0"(( &$3+#%( Z8+(.()
5$#/("9 l"I"#&,"6"((@ &," 3.(" +0% 8$%"#+&" Z8+(.( %$"( -6+07 &," =+8J2("( (%)%#@
+//"+#.04 .0 O9H
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
23/328
HW
.8/$("% + 0"4+&.I" ['%4"8"0& $0 +5&.$0( 3,.5, 3.66 J" I"#2 (.8.6+# &$ &,$(" .056'%"% .0
&," /#$$-( $- 8+%0"((9
Z& F9OT9H?O 3" ,+I" &," -.#(& .0(&+05" $- !"#$%$&'( 5+66.04 =+8J2("( 8+%X
=+8J2("( #"5".I"( &," #"/$#& 5$05"#0.04 1&,.$/.+ -#$8 &," ^.(,?1+&"#(@ +0% .& 8+7"( ,.8
+04#2 C "F9OT9HE9 !" .88"%.+&"62 ("&( $-- $0 +0 .66?&,$'4,&?$'&
5+8/+.40 3,.5, 3.66 "0% .0 %.(+(&"#9 !"#$%$&'( 6+2( $'& &," $J(&+56"(;OS L!" ("&
$'&\,+I.04 0".&,"# 5$88+0%"% +02 /#"/+#+&.$0 $- -$$%@ 0$# %.% ," 5$0(.%"# &,+& ,"
.0&"0%"% &$ 5+8/+.40 &$ &," -'#&,"(& "%4"( $- &," "+#&,X J"5+'(" ," 3+( 8+% +0% .0(+0"@
3,"0 ," ,"+#% j&," #"/$#&k $- &," ^.(,?1+&"#(@ ," ("& $--@ +0% $- ,.( >#""7 j$$/(k ,"
+//$.0&"% &,$(" 3,$ 3"#" &,"#" &$ #"8+.0 J",.0%@ J'& ," &$$7 &," 3,$6" 6+0%?+#82 3.&,
,.89;F) C% "
142/&9 !+##.($0 COGGGS O;GE /$.0&( $'& 3,.6" &,.( /+((+4" 8+2 ('44"(& &,+& !"#$%$&'( J"6."I"% $062L'0.I"#(+6 -%.%"&$ J" %.I.0") J"5+'(" &," %.(&.04'.(,.04 -+5&$# $- =+8J2("() +5&.$0 .( &,+& .& +0(4#"(("(+4+.0(& &3$ -%.%"@ K"#(.+0 +0% 142/&.+0@ &,.( 8+2 0$& 0"5"((+#.62 J" &," 5+("9 L="#&+.062 &," -+5& &,+&=+8J2("() +5& J#"+5,"% J$&, ,.( $30 +0% &," 142/&.+0() 5'(&$8( 5$8/$'0% ,.( $--"05"@ J'& + (.8.6+##"(/"5& -$# +66 5'(&$8( 5+0 J" (""0 "6("3,"#"9) P$ +6&,$'4, !+#&$4 CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
24/328
HU
" ""
"
"F9OT9H?O9E D0 &,.( .0(&+05" &," L8+%0"(() $- =+8J2("( .( + &$$6
&$ "8/,+(.(" &," +8$'0& $- +04"# ," -""6(@ &," "B"8.&2 $- ,.( +04"#X +6&,$'4,
.( ("/+#+&"% -#$8 J2 + -"3 56+'("(@ &,"
#"/"&.&.$0 $- .%"+( .0 ('5, 56$(" /#$B.8.&2 56"+#62 +(($5.+&"( &," +04"# 3.&, &," 8+%0"((9
D& .( &," +00$'05"8"0& $- &," (/."( C"F9OT9HE@ 70$30 &$ J" &," ^.(,?1+&"#(
CF9HR9H@ F9OG9HE@ 3,.5, 8+7"( =+8J2("( +04#2@ +0% &,.( .( #".&"#+&"% +& F9OT9O C
E 3.&, &,".# -'66 .J" 0+8"@ +-&"# &," .8/'&+&.$0 $- 8+%0"((9 N,.( .( +
#+#" .0(&+05" 3,"#" 8+%0"(( .( M'+6.-."% 3.&, +0$&,"# 0$'0 &$ .0%.5+&" &," "B&"0& $- &,"
"8$&.$0 -"6&;;X &,.( '(" $- L"8$&.$0+662 .0&"0(.-2.04) 8+%0"(( .( 0$& $&,"#3.(" $-&"0 &,"
5+(" .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#9
D& .( (.40.-.5+0& &,+& =+8J2("() +04"# (&"8( 0$& ['(& -#$8 ($8"&,.04 ," ,"+#(@ J'&
+6($ &,+& 3,+& ," ,"+#( ,+( &$ %$ 3.&, '&, +0% 6."(9 !.( +5&.$0( .0 &,.( ("5&.$0 +#" +68$(&
.%"0&.5+6 &$ &,$(" +& F9H9;?T@ 3,"#"@ $0 ,"+#.04 &,+& Z8+(.( ,+( .57"% ,.8@ ," -6."( .0&$ +
#+4" +0% +&&+57( 142/&@ +0% &,"0 6+&"# I"0&( ,.( #+4" $0 Z8+(.() 5$#/(" CF9HW9H?FE9 P$8"$- &," &,"8"( "I.%"0& .0 &," -.#(& /+#+4#+/,( $- :$$7 F +#" #"/"+&"% .0 &,.( /."5"9 N,"
1&,.$/.+0 "05$'0&"# CF9OG9H?F9O;9;E .( -'66 $- /6+2( $0 &," &,"8"( $- '&, +0% 6."(X .0 -+5&
=+8J2("( $#.4.0+662 ("0& &," (/."( &$ 1&,.$/.+ J"5+'(" ," 3+0&"% &$ ("" .- 3,+& 3+( (+.%
+J$'& &," N+J6" $- &," P'0 3+( L'") C"F9HU9OE9 _06.7" =+8J2("(@ &,"
1&,.$/.+0 7.04 5+0 &"66 &," '&, $- &," 8"0 3,$ 5$8" &$ ("" ,.8S L2$' ,+I" 5$8"\+(
(/."( $- 82 "8/.#") C$$$ " F9OH9OE;T9
;;P.8.6+#62@ +&
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
25/328
H#""7(@ 3,$ (+2 &,+& 3,.6" =+8J2("(
+0% ,.( 3.-" 3"#" 3+&5,.04 + /'//2 /.&&"% +4+.0(& + 6.$0 5'J@ &," 6.$0 5'J 3+( 3.00.04
'0&.6 &," /'//2)( J#$&,"# J#$7" .&( 5,+.0 +0% 5+8" &$ -.4,& +6$04(.%"@ 3,"#"'/$0 &," &3$
$I"#5+8" &," 6.$0 5'J CF9FO9HE9 =+8J2("( 3+( /6"+("% CF9FO9OE@ J'& ,.( 3.-" 3"/&UF9 `0
.0M'.#.04 3,2@ (," &$6% ,.8 &,+& L(," 3"/& $0 ("".04 &," /'//2 5$8.04 &$ ,"6/ ,.(
J#$&,"# @ +0% J"5+'(" (," #"8"8J"#"% P8"#%.( +0% 3+( +3+#" &,+& &,"#" 3+( 0$?$0" &$
+I"04" ,.89) C "
$E
!"#$%$&'( 4$"( $0 CF9FO9FE@ LJ"5+'(" $- &,.( (/""5,\(," 3+( 7.66"% J2 =+8J2("()
C E9
D& .( 0$ 5$.05.%"05" &,+& &," /'//."( +#" J#$&,"#(X "I"0 .0 &," (&$#2 $- &," (.(&"#)(
%"+&, &," &,"8" $- (.J6.04( $55'#(9 N," &3$ %"+&,(@ -#+.5.%" +0% ($#$#.5.%"@ +#"
5$00"5&"% &$ "+5, $&,"#X &," 8"0&.$0 $- $0" 5+'("( &," $&,"#9 =+8J2("( (""( &," -.4,&
%.--"#"0&62 -#$8 ,.( 3.-"X &$ ,.8@ .& .( /6"+(.04 +0% 0$&,.04 8$#"@ 3,.6" &$ ,"# .& .( +(28J$6 $- &," '&, $- &," 5.#5'8(&+05"(9 Q,"0 5$0-#$0&"% 3.&, &,.( '&,@ =+8J2("(
5+00$& J"+# .& +0% #"+5&( 3.&, I.$6"05"@ +( ," %.% 3,"0 5$0-#$0&"% 3.&, &," '&, J2 &,"
1&,.$/.+0 7.04 CF9OT9HEU;9 D0 5+'&.$'( ,.0%(.4,&@ &," +5&.$0 $- &," /'//."( 5$'6% J" (+.%
&$ J" + -$#"(,+%$3.04 $- &," &+7"$I"# $- &," &3$ V+4. J#$&,"#( .0 F9WH9H?F9
UF
P"" h$0(&+0 CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
37/328
FG
N," ("5$0% (&$#2@ &$6% J2 &," 142/&.+0(@ 3$#7( +6$04 &," (+8" 6.0"(@ J'& %.--"#.04
/+#&.5'6+#( CF9FO9F?;EUTX &," (.(&"#?3.-"@ /#"40+0& &,.( &.8"@ #"8$I"( &," 6"+I"( $- + 6"&&'5"
CE +0% &"66( =+8J2("(@ 3,"0 ," +4#""( &," 6"&&'5" 6$$7( J"&&"# 3.&, &," 6"+I"( $0@
L2$' 3"#" $05" 6.7" &,.( 6"&&'5"@ J'& 2$' ,+I" %"0'%"% &," ,$'(" $- =2#'() C
" "F9FO9;9E
N,.( .66'(+&.$0 8+7"( =+8J2("( ($ +04#2 ," J"+&( ,"#X (," 8.(5+##."( +0% %."(9 Z4+.0@
.& .( &," I".6"% #"-"#"05" &$ P8"#%.() 8'#%"# 3,.5, .##.&+&"( =+8J2("(@ +0% +4+.0 &," &+67
$- -#+.5.%" 5+'("( ($#$#.5.%"9 N," ('44"(&.$0 &,+& =+8J2("( 8+2 ,+I" 7.66"% ,.( $062
,".# +6($ J#.04( .0 &," &,"8" $- 5,.6%#"0 ,"#"UW9
N," 0"B& /+#+4#+/, /#$I.%"( +0 .0&"#8.((.$0 J"&3""0 &," 5$056'(.$0 $- &,"
-+8.6.+6 8'#%"#( +0% 8+##.+4"( +0% &," 0$0?-+8.6.+6 8'#%"#( 3,.5, -$66$39 N,.( (,$#&
/+#+4#+/, #"-"#( J+57 &$ Z/.( J#."-62 CF9FF9HEUUS L=+8J2("( %.% &,"(" 8+% &,.04(@ ".&,"#
J"5+'(" $- &," Z/.( $# "I"0 +0$&,"# #"+($0@ J"5+'(" 8+02 "I.6( +#" 3$0& &$ ,+//"0 &$
/"$/6") C " "
E@ 3,"#"'/$0 !"#$%$&'( #"6+&"( ,$3
=+8J2("( 3+( (+.% &$ ,+I" ,+% "/.6"/(2@ L&," (+5#"% %.("+(")9 !"#" !"#$%$&'( 5$8J.0"(
&," &3$ L"B/6+0+&.$0() -$# =+8J2("() 8+%0"((9 !.( /#$$-?6.(& .( 4.I.04 &," "I.%"05" -$#
&," (&+&"8"0& $- &," 142/&.+0( CF9FG9HE@ &,+& =+8J2("( 3"0& 8+% +-&"# ,.( 3$'0%.04 $-
&," Z/.(@ J'& !"#$%$&'( .( 8$(&62 .0&"#"(&"% .0 /#$I.04 &," 8+%0"(( #+&,"# &,+0
%.(5'((.04 3,2 .& ,+//"0"%@ +0% &,.( 6+57 $- .0&"#"(& .0 &," L3,2) .( %"8$0(+&"% J2 &,"
(,$#& "+&8"0& ," 4.I"( .& +0% &," I+4'" &"#8( .0 3,.5, ," +66$3( &," M'"(&.$0 &$ #"(&U
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
38/328
FH
5+(" -$# &," +--.#8+&.$0 $- =+8J2("() 8+%0"((UR9 N,+& &,.( "B/6+0+&.$0 ,+//"0( &$ J"
/,2(.5+6 8"+0( I"#2 6.&&6" .0 &"#8( $- ,.( J"6."- .0 .& +( $//$("% &$ &," #"6.4.$'( 5+'("9 !"
.(@ ,$3"I"#@ 5$I"#.04 &3$ +(/"5&( 3,.5, 8+2 J" ('//$("% &$ J" -+5&$#( .0 &," 8+%0"((@
+0% .- &,"#" 3+( 0$ #"6.4.$'( 5+'(" C$# .- /"$/6" 3"#" #"6'5&+0& &$ J"6."I" &,+& 5+'("E@
3"66@ &,"#" 8.4,& ,+I" J""0 + /,2(.5+6 5+'("@ +0%@ +( ," (+2(@ LP$ #"+662 .& 3+( 0$& +& +66
'00+&'#+6@ 3,"0 &," J$%2 3+( .66 3.&, + ("I"#" %.("+("@ &,+& &," 8.0% 3+( 0$& ($'0%) C
$E !"#$%$&'( .( 0$& 0"55"((+#.62 5$05"#0"% &$ 5$8" %$30 .0 -+I$'#
$- $0" 5+'(" $# +0$&,"#@ J"5+'(" &,+& .( 0$& 3,"#" ,.( .0&"#"(& 6."( .0 &,.( 5+("9 !" 3+0&(
&$ /#$I" &,+& =+8J2("( 3+( 8+%X ," .( I+4'" +J$'& &," #"+($0 J'& .(@ $0 &," $&,"# ,+0%@
#"+($0+J62 ('#" &,+& &,"#" 3+(#%.'#"+($0@ 3,+&"I"# .& 3+(
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
39/328
FO
(.(&"#9 D& .( 0$& '06.7"62 &,+& J2 #"?'(.04 &," I"#J ,"#"@ +6J".& .0 + (6.4,&62 %.--"#"0& 3+2
C/"#,+/( +( + /'0E@ !"#$%$&'( 8"+0( &$ "5,$ &," .%"+ $- 5'(&$8+#2 8+&&"#( ,"#" +6($9
!$3"I"# &," J.44"(& 0"3 .(('" .0$%'5"% .0 &,.( /+#+4#+/, .( &," .%"+ $-
+0%
+0% &,"#"-$#" =+8J2("() L(+5#"% %.("+(") +( +0 "B/6+0+&$#2 -+5&$# .0 ,.(
8+%0"((
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
40/328
FF
"(/"5.+662999.0 &," #"6+&.$0 $- /,2(.5+6 .66?,"+6&, +0% 8"0&+6 3"66?J".049
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
41/328
F;
"/.6"/(2 .( -$66$3"% J2 ,.( ("6-?3$'0%.04 +0% 0"5#$&.].04 $- ,.( &,.4, CF9W;9F@ F9WW9OE@
&," 5+'(" $- ,.( %"+&,
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
42/328
FT
,+I" + ($0 6.7" &," $0" =2#'( 6"-& J",.0% CF9F;9TERG9 =+8J2("( .( /6"+("% CE 3,"0
," ,"+#( &,.(9=+8J2("( L(""7( $'& &," '&,) -#$8 K#"B+(/"(@ 3,$ 5+0 J" '(&"%@ .- +02$0" 5+0@
&$ &"66 ,.8 &," '&,9 K#"B+(/"( %$"( &"66 ,.8 &," '&,@ +0% +( J"-$#" CF9OT9H@ F9FO9O@ FE@
=+8J2("( %$"(0)& 6.7" ,"+#.04 .&9 l$& $062 &,+&@ ," L#".0&"#/#"&() K#"B+(/"() 3$#%( .0 +0
"I"0 8$#" 0"4+&.I" 6.4,& J2 (+2.04 &,+& 3,+& &," K"#(.+0( #"+662 8"+0 .( &,+& ," .(
%"#+04"%9 Z( J"-$#"RH@ =+8J2("( .( M'.&" 3.66.04 &$ J"6."I" ," ,+( J""0 3#$04"%@ .0 &,.(
5+(" "B+44"#+&.04 K#"B+(/"() +0(3"# &$ 8+7" .& 3$#("X ," &+7"( &," $0" 5"0($#.$'(
5$88"0& +0% .40$#"( &," C6+#4"62 5$8/6.8"0&+#2E #"(&RO9 !" .( +6($ M'.57 &$ -.0% 6."( .0
&," K"#(.+0() /#"I.$'( 3$#%(@ +6&,$'4, &," &3$ M'"(&.$0( ," +(7"% 3"#" 0$& 0"5"((+#.62
"0&.#"62 5$8/+#+J6"9 N," J+57 -6+(, (,$3( &,+& 3,"0 ," ,"+#( &," '&, -#$8 =#$"('(@ ,"
.(@ 5$0I"#("62@ /6"+("%RFS ," &+7"( &," 5$8/6.8"0&+#2 +0% .40$#"( &," 5"0($#.$'( (6'# $0
,.( 6+57 $- /#$4"02 CJ'& 3"@ &," +'%."05"@ +#" ('#"62 8"+0& &$ #"5+66 &," J+J2 3,.5, %."%
3.&, .&( 8$&,"# .0 F9FO9;E@ +0% ($ &," J+57?,+0%"% 5$8/6.8"0& .( 6$(& $0 &," 0+#5.((.(&.5
7.04R;9 ^.0+662@ &," %.(5'((.$0 +J$'& &," 5$8/+#.($0 J"&3""0 =2#'( +0% =+8J2("(
("(("( &," -+&,"#a($0 #"6+&.$0(,./@ 3,.5, "5,$"( &,+& $- K#"B+(/"( +0% ,.( ($09
=+8J2("( &,"0 /#$/$("( + &"(& &$ K#"B+(/"( CF9FT9HES Ll$3 -.0% $'& -$# 2$'#("6-
3,"&,"# &," K"#(.+0( +#" &"66.04 &," '&,) C '(
E $# 3,"&,"# &," K"#(.+0( +#" %"#+04"%9 D- =+8J2("( 5+0 ,.& K#"B+(/"()
($0 .0 &," ,"+#& 3.&, +0 +##$3@ &,.( /#$I"( &," K"#(.+0( +#" 3#$04X $- ," 8.(("(@ &,"2 +#"
RGP"" Y+04 CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
43/328
FW
&"66.04 &," '&, +0% ," .( 0$& (+0" CF9FT9OERT9 `0 7.66.04 &," 5,.6% CF9FT9FE@ =+8J2("(
$J("#I"( CE &," 3$'0% +0% 3,"0 ," -.0%( &,+& .& ,.& &," ,"+#&@ L," (+.%@6+'4,.04 +0% "B5"((.I"62 /6"+("%@ &$ &," -+&,"# $- &," J$2 cN,"#" 2$' +#"@ K#"B+(/"(@ .( .&
56"+# &$ 2$' &,+& D +8 0$& .0(+0" J'& &," K"#(.+0( +#" %"#+04"%i Z0% 0$3 &"66 8"@ 3,$
,+I" 2$' (""0 $- 8"0 J"-$#" 0$3 3,$ (,$$&( 3.&, ('5, 4$$% +.8id) C
"
"
" )F9FT9F?;E
K#"B+(/"(@ L("".04 +0 .0(+0" 8+0 +0% -"+#.04 -$# ,.8("6-) C
E@ (+2( &,+& &," 4$% 5$'6%0)& %$
J"&&"#RW9
=+8J2("( ('//$("%62 3+0&( &$ -.0% $'& &," '&, C .( #"/"+&"% ("I"#+6
&.8"(E +J$'& &," K"#(.+0( +0% +J$'& ,.8("6-@ +0% 3+0&( &$ &"+5, K#"B+(/"( &," '&, &$$
CE@ ['(& +( ," %.% 3.&, &," Z/.( J'66 +0% &," /#."(&( CF9OR9OE9 !.( +5&.04 +( +1"#$&
8.##$#( !"#$%$&'() $30 "--$#&( &$ 6+2 $'& &," /#$$-( $- =+8J2("() 8+%0"(( .0 $#%"# &$
RT=+8J2("() (/""5, 5$0-$#8( &$ :#+&&)( +0+62(.( $- 8$0+#5,.5+6 (/""5,"( CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
44/328
FU
/#$I" &," '&, &$ ,.( #"+%"#a+'%."05"9 !" &+7"( 5+#" &$ "B+8.0" &," 3$'0% +0% &$ L-.0%
$'&) CE &," +55'#+52 $- &," (,$& 3,.5, ," &,.07( %"8$0(+&"( L56"+#62) &,+& ,".( .0 &," #.4,& +0% .( (+0"RU9 D#$0.5+662@ K#"B+(/"( %$"( 6"+#0 &," '&,S ," L(""()
=+8J2("( -$# &," 8+%8+0 &,+& ," .(@ "I"0 .- =+8J2("( %$"( 0$&9 N," -+8.6.+6
#"6+&.$0(,./ $- K#"B+(/"( +0% ,.( ($0 .( +6($ ("(("% J2 &," ['B&+/$(.&.$0 $- &," 3$#%(
L-+&,"#) +0% L5,.6%) +( =+8J2("( &'#0( &$ +(7 K#"B+(/"( ,.( $/.0.$0 $- &," (,$$&.04X
!"#$%$&'( %"6.J"#+&"62 '0%"#6.0"( K#"B+(/"() -'0%+8"0&+6 #$6" +( -+&,"# &$ &," 0$3
%"5"+("% ($0@ +0% %$"( 0$& "I"0 5+66 ,.8 J2 0+8"R
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
45/328
F$'6% CHRR;S RFE@ L!"#$%$&'( +0%f"6.4.$0)@ .0 P9 !$#0J6$3"# C"%9E@ C&''D !"#$%&"%)&/+1:C`B-$#%E@ RH?HGW9
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
52/328
;T
3.%"# +//6.5+&.$0( .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#@ ('5, +( 3,+& &2#+0&( +#" 6.7"@ 5,.6%#"0 +0% (.J6.04(
+0% 5'(&$8( +8$04 $&,"# /"$/6"(9 D0 &,.( 3+2 &," 8+%0"(( ('//$#&( .8/$#&+0& 8"((+4"(
.0 +0% $'&(.%" &," (%)%#@ "I"0 .- &," &2/" $- 8+%0"(( .&("6- .( -+.#62 (+.4,&?-$#3+#% +0%
&," /#$$-?6.(& .( .0 +0(3"# &$ &," M'"(&.$0 $- 3,"&,"# =+8J2("( 3+( #"+662 8+% $# 0$&9
D0 $&,"# .0(&+05"( $- 8+%0"(( .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#@ &," $0" 5+66.04 +0$&,"# /"#($0 8+%
$-&"0 %$"( 0$& '0%"#(&+0% 3,2 &," L8+%) /"#($0 .( %$.04 3,+& &,"2 +#" %$.04HHW9 D0
=+8J2("() 5+("@ !"#$%$&'( .0%.5+&"( &,+& ," %$"( 0$& '0%"#(&+0% 3,2 =+8J2("( 3$'6%
5$0+I"0" 5'(&$8 +0% (+5#"% 8+&&"#(9 1I"0 8$#" .0.4'.04 +#" &," ,.0&( 3" 4"& &,+&
E/.6:#'#%$"( 0$& '0%"#(&+0% $# 5+#" + 4#"+& %"+6 +J$'& ,.( $30 5'(&$8(@ +/+#& -#$8 ,.(
-+I$'#"% 6+3@ +0% &," .0%.5+&.$0( &,+& ," /$((.J62 ,+#%62 70$3( "I"0 ,.( $30 8.0%HHU9l$& $062 %$ 3" ,+I" ,.( -.#.04 $- Z8+(.() 5$#/("@ 3,.5, !"#$%$&'( (/"5.-."( +( J".04
+4+.0(& J$&, K"#(.+0 +0% 142/&.+0 5'(&$8 CF9HW9O?;E@ J'& ,.( 8+##.+4"( &$ &3$ $- ,.(
(.(&"#( +#" 0$& 5'(&$8+#2 -$# K"#(.+0( CF9FH9OE@ "I"0 .- &," #$2+6 ['%4"( $--"# =+8J2("( +
3+2 $- %$.04 3,+& ," 3+0&( J"5+'(" &,"2 -"+# &,"8 CF9FH9TE9 l$#8+662@ + K"#(.+0 3$'6%
3+0& &$ ,+I" ($0( CH9HFW9HHH
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
53/328
;W
J2 !"#$%$&'(@ H9HFU9HE &,+& L0$?$0"@ 0$& "I"0 &," 7.04 ,.8("6-@ 7.66( J"5+'(" $- $0"
5,+#4"@ 0$# %$ +02 $- &," $&,"# K"#(.+0( %$ /"#8+0"0& ,+#8 &$ &,".# $30 ,$'(",$6%
("#I+0&( -$# $0" 5,+#4"X J'& .-@ +-&"# 3$#7.04 .& $'&@ ," %.(5$I"#( &,+& &," .0['(&.5"( +#"
8$#" +0% 4#"+&"# &,+0 &," ("#I.5"( #"0%"#"%@ &,"0 ," %"+6( .0 +04"#9) C
"
" $E K#"B+(/"( .( 8"#"62 /+((.04 $0 3,+& &,"
K"#(.+0( (+2@ .0 +0(3"# &$ =+8J2("() .0M'.#2@ 3,"0 ," &"66( ,.8 &,+& &," K"#(.+0( &,.07,.8 #+&,"# $I"#62 -$0% $- 3.0" CF9F;9OEX "I"0 .- &,.( 3"#" +0 $--"05"@ +8$04 &," L("#I.5"(
#"0%"#"%) K#"B+(/"( 8'#%"#"% P8"#%.( +& =+8J2("() #"M'"(& CF9FG9FE9 N,"(" -+5&$#( %$
0$& +//"+# &$ 8+&&"# &$ =+8J2("(@ 3,$ L%"+6( .0 +04"#) 3.&,$'& &," J$&,"# $- #"57$0.04
'/ 3,"&,"# .& .( '62 ['(& $# 0$&@ +0% .( /"#-"5&62 ,+//2 0$& ['(& &$ 7.66 $0 $0" 5,+#4"
CF9OU9F@ F9OR9O@ F9FO9F?;E@ $# $0 + /+6 5,+#4" CF9FT9TE@ J'& ,"#" $0 0$ 5,+#4" +& +66
CF9FT9H?FEHOG9 K#"B+(/"() ($0 .( ($ .00$5"0& + J2(&+0%"# &,+& ," %$"(0)& "I"0 4"& + (/$7"0
#$6"9
=+8J2("(@ .0 +%%.&.$0 &$ 0$& '0%"#(&+0%.04 $# 5+#.04 +J$'& ,.( $30 5'(&$8(@
%$"(0)& +63+2( 70$3 ,.( $30 8.0% I"#2 3"66HOH9 !" &$#8"0&( K(+88"0.&'( CF9H;9H?WE
J'& 5,+04"( ,.( 8.0% C&$$ 6+&" &$ J" $- +02 "--"5&E 3,"0 K(+88"0.&'() "B/6+0+&.$0 -$# ,.(
(&$.5 J",+I.$'# 8+7"( =#$"('( +0% &," $&,"# K"#(.+0( 3""/ +0% 8+7"( ,.8 /.&2 &,"
%"/$("% 7.04 ,.8("6- CF9H;9HG?HHE9 Z6&,$'4, ," .( '(.04 4'.6" .0 ,.( %"+6.04( 3.&, &,"
1&,.$/.+0 7.04@ &," (/."( 0"I"#&,"6"(( #"/$#& &,+& L&," 7.04 $- &," K"#(.+0(@ =+8J2("(@
3.(,.04 &$ J" -#."0%62 )C "
$$$E ,+( ("0& &,"8 CF9OH9HE@ J'& &,.( 3.(, C.- .& 3+( "I"# '" &$ (&+#& 3.&,E.( ($$0 #"/6+5"% 3.&, +04"# CF9OT9HE 3,"0 =+8J2("( 4"&( &," #"/$#& J+579 !" 8+2 3"66
HOGN,"#" .( 0$ #"+6 J+(.( -$# !+#&$4 &$ (+2 CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
54/328
;U
6'(& +-&"# C" F9FH9OE ,.( (.(&"# +0% 3+0& &$ 8+##2 ,"# C
E@ J'& ,+I.04 6.I"% 3.&, ,"# 6$04 "0$'4, -$# ,"# C&,"$#"&.5+662 +& 6"+(&E &$ ,+I"4$&&"0 /#"40+0&@ ," %$"(0)& +//#"5.+&" ,"# $# &," -'6-.68"0& $- ,.( %"(.#" "0$'4, &$
/#"I"0& ,.8 -#$8 7.66.04 ,"# CF9FO9H?;E9 !" +&&"8/&( &$ 7.66 =#$"('(@ J'& &,.( %"(.#"
%$"(0)& 6+(& 6$04 J"-$#" ," 3+0&( &," +%I.("# J+57@ +0% ,.( 5,+04"( $- 8.0% C"I"0 .- &,"2
,+I" 0$& J""0 (/"5.-."%E +#" 5$88$0 70$36"%4" &$ &," +&&"0%+0&( 3,$ %"5.%" &$ ,.%"
=#$"('( +3+2 .0 +0&.5./+&.$0 $- ('5, + 5,+04" CF9FW9;?WE9 ^.0+662@ ," 6+&"# #"/"0&( $-
,+I.04 P8"#%.( 7.66"% CF9W;9OE@ +6&,$'4, &,.( ,+( 8$#" &$ %$ 3.&, ,.( L($J"#.04) &,+0 3.&,
,.( .0+J.6.&2 &$ 70$3 ,.( $30 8.0%9
+-5672/2;pathei mathos
Z0 .0&"#6'%" "0('"(@ %.I.%.04 &," 8+%0"(( $- =+8J2("( -#$8 ,.( 6+&"# L#"5$I"#2)@
+6&,$'4, ($8" $- &," &,"8"( $- &," "+#6."# (%)%#8+2 (&.66 J" (""0 .0 &," 6+&"# $0"9 N,"
.0&"#8.((.$0 5$I"#( &," 5$0(&+0& 4$$% -$#&'0" $- K$625#+&"( +0% Z8+(.() +%I.5" $0 ,$3&$ "I"0 .& $'& C3,.5,@ +( .& .( 0$& -$66$3"% /#$/"#62@ %$"( 0$& 3$#7@ F9FR9H?F9;F9OEX
K$625#+&"() 5+8/+.40 +4+.0(& P+8$( +0% ($8" ,.(&$#2 $- &," P+8.+0( CF9;;9H e F9;R9OE
3,.5, %.I"#4"( .0&$ &," (%)%#$0 K"#.+0%"# CF9TG9H?F9TF9UE +0% #"&'#0( &$ K$625#+&"(
+4+.0(& &," P+8.+0( +0% 8$#" $- &,".# ,.(&$#2 CF9T;9H?F9WG9;E9
Z& F9WH9H &," 0+##+&.I" #"&'#0( &$ =+8J2("( +0% &," #"I$6& $- &," &3$ V+4.
J#$&,"#(9 N,.( ,+//"0"% L3,.6" =+8J2("( 3+( (/"0%.04 &.8" .0 142/& +0% 3+(
%"#+04"%) C$$$ EX $0" $-
&," J#$&,"#(@ =+8J2("() (&"3+#%@ 3+( +3+#" &,+& P8"#%.(@ ($0 $- =2#'(@ 3+( %"+%@ J'&
&,+& &," 70$36"%4" 3+( 0$& 5$88$09 =$?.05.%"0&+662 CF9WH9OE@ ," ,.8("6- ,+% + J#$&,"#
3,$ 6$$7"% 6.7" &," %"+% 8+0@ L&," $0" &,+& =+8J2("( 7.66"%@ "I"0 &,$'4, ," 3+( ,.(
$30 J#$&,"#) C " "!@ +0% 3,$("
0+8" 3+( +6($ P8"#%.(9 P$ K+&.]".&,"(@ &," 8+4'( (&"3+#%@ .0(&+66"% ,.( J#$&,"# $0 &,"
&,#$0" +0% ("0& 8"(("04"#( $'& &$ +00$'05" &,+& LP8"#%.(@ &," ($0 $- =2#'( ,+% &$ J"
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
55/328
;#""7( +0% 142/&.+0(@ &$ L8'6&./62) &," 0'8J"# $- "B+8/6"( +0% &$
%"8$0(+&" &,+& +( 8$#" &,+0 $0" ("& $- /"$/6" ,+% +0"5%$&"( +J$'& &," 8+&&"#@ .& 8'(&
J" '"9 N," 8+% +5&( .0 &," /#$$-?6.(& +6($ ,.4,6.4,&@ +& %.--"#"0& /$.0&(@ I+#.$'( &,"8"(
3,.5, #'0 &,#$'4, &," 0+##+&.I" $0 =+8J2("( J'& 3,.5, +6($ ,+I" + 3.%"# +//6.5+&.$0
&,#$'4,$'& &," #"(& $- &,"!"#$%&"'#9 D0 &,.( 3+2 !"#$%$&'( %#+3( $'# +&&"0&.$0 &$
/+#&.5'6+# &,"8"( .0 3,.5, ," ,+( +0 .0&"#"(&9
H;W:"0+#%"&" CHRWRS
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
65/328
T$#4$ 3+( $062 ".4,& $#
0.0" +& &," &.8" CT9TH9O?FE9 Q,"&,"# &,.( 3$'6% #"-6"5& J+%62 $0 =6"$8"0"( .( %"J+&+J6"@
J"5+'(" ," 3+( +5&.04 -$# &," 4$$% $- P/+#&+@ J'& ," 3+( 0$& /"#,+/( ($04 "0$'4, &$
#"-'(" ,.4,"# ('8( $- 8$0"2@ +0% ,+% &$ J" #"8.0%"% J2 ,.( 2$'04 %+'4,&"# e 3,$(" +4"
HT
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
72/328
WT
+0% ("B 3$'6% 0$#8+662 J" +4+.0(& ,"# e $- 3,+& 3$'6% J" J"(&9 N,.( 8+2 J" + (.40 $-
J'#4"$0.04 3"+70"(( .0 =6"$8"0"(HWG@ &,+& ,.( 2$'04 %+'4,&"# ,+( &$ #"8.0% ,.8 $- ,.(
8$#+6 %'&2@ J'& .& +6($ 5$88"0&( $0 >$#4$)( /#"5$5.$'(0"((X 8+%0"((@ $0 &," $&,"# ,+0%@
.( 0$& +& +66 .0 "I.%"05" ,"#"9
D0 T9W;9O =6"$8"0"( 6"+%( + P/+#&+0 -$#5" ('55"((-'662 .0&$ Z&,"0( &$ J"(."4" &,"
K.(.(+&.% &2#+0&( &,"#"@ +& &," %.I.0" J","(& C+( &," P/+#&+0( &,$'4,&E $- &," K2&,.+ 3,.5,
3+( &,+& &," P/+#&+0( (,$'6% -#"" Z&,"0( CT9WF9HEHWH9 D0 -+5& &," Z658+"$0.%+" '("% &$
/"#('+%" CE &," K2&,.+ 3.&, 8$0"2 CE &$ (+2 &,.( &$ +02 P/+#&+0(
3,$ 5+8" &$ 5$0('6& &," $#+56"9 N,.( 6"% "I"0&'+662 &$ &," .0I+(.$0 $- =6"$8"0"(@ 3,.5,
3+( -$# &," J"0"-.& $- Z&,"0(@ +( !"#$%$&'( /$.0&( $'& (,$#&62 +-&"# CT9WW9HE9 l$# 3+( &,.(
&," 6+(& &.8" =6"$8"0"( 3+( .0I$6I"% .0 Z&,"0.+0 /$3"# ('446"(@ J"5+'(" 0$& 6$04
+-&"#3+#%( ," 3+( +(7"% J2 ,.( -#."0% D(+4$#+( &$ ,"6/ ("04&,"0 D(+4$#+() 3"+7"#
/$6.&.5+6 /$(.&.$0 CT9UG9HE9 Z& D(+4$#+() .0(&.4+&.$0@ =6"$8"0"( ("0& + 8"((+4" &$ &,"
"--"5& &,+& &," $//$(.04 /+#&2 3+( '0%"# + 5'#(" CT9UG9OE9 Z& &," (+8" &.8" CT9UG9HE
!"#$%$&'( 8"0&.$0( &,+& (.05" ,"6/.04 3.&, &," &2#+0& (.&'+&.$0@ =6"$8"0"( +0% D(+4$#+(
,+% J""0 -#."0%(@ +0% L," ,"6% =6"$8"0"( #"(/$0(.J6" -$# 5$0%'5&.04 +0 +--+.# 3.&,
D(+4$#+() 3.-"9) C
$E
N,.( /+((+4" .( +0 $%% 8.B $- 4$$% +0% .88$#+6X =6"$8"0"( 3+( 4.I"0
!"#$%$&'() (&+8/ $- +//#$I+6 J2 &," 5$88"0& &,+& ,.( "+#6."# .0I+(.$0 3+( -$# &," 4$$%
$- Z&,"0(@ J'& ,.( 8"%%6.04 .0 +0$&,"# 5.&2)( /$6.&.5(@ +6&,$'4, .& 3+( -$# &," 4$$% +0% +&
&," .0(&.4+&.$0 $- ,.( -#."0%@ .( "%4.04 &$3+#%( .88$#+69 !.( +--+.# 3.&, D(+4$#+() 3.-" .(
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e &," '6&.8+&" +5& $- 5$##'/&.$09)HWHs""0 CHRRWS HG;?HGTE /$.0&( $'& &,+& L=6"$8"0"( J#.04( -#""%$8 &$ Z&,"0( J2 "B/"66.04 &," K.(.(+&.%(@+0% &,+& +5&.$0 .( 5+66"% + L6.J"#+&.$0) J2 !"#$%$&'( 8$#" &,+0 $05" CT9WT9T +0% U#""7 5$88'0.&29)
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
73/328
WW
5"#&+.062 .88$#+6HWO9 :'& 0$0" $- &,"(" .88$#+6 +5&.$0(@ 3,+&"I"# &," %"4#"" $-
.88$#+6.&2 3+( 5$0(.%"#"% &$ J"HWF@ +#" 5+66"% 8+% $# 4.I" +02 5+'(" &$ +(('8" &,+& &,"2
8+2 J" 8+%9
=6"$8"0"( &,"0 "0&"#"% Z&,"0( 3.&, + (8+66 +#82 +0% "B/"66"% ("I"0 ,'0%#"% $-
&,"(" L5'#("%) Z&,"0.+0 -+8.6."(@ ."% &$ %.(($6I" &," 5$'05.6 +0% "0%"% '/ J".04
J"(."4"% .0 &," Z5#$/$6.( -$# &3$ %+2( J'& 3+( +66$3"% &$ 4$ $0 &," &,.#% CT9UO9H?OE9
N,.( -'6-.66"% +0 $8"0 ," ,+% #"5".I"% 3,.6" &,"#"9 L^$# 3,"0 ," 3"0& '/ &$ &,"
+5#$/$6.(@ .0&"0%.04 &$ (".]" .&) C
E ," 3"0& &$ &," &"8/6" &$ +%%#"(( &," 4$%X J'& &," /#."(&"(( &$6% ,.8@
J"-$#" ," 5$'6% "0&"#@ &$ L4$ J+57 +4+.0 +0% %$0)& "0&"# &," &"8/6"@ -$# .& .( 0$& 6+3-'6 -$#
A$#.+0( &$ 4$ &,"#"z) C
"T9UO9FE9 =6"$8"0"( $J["5&"% &,+& ," 3+( +0 Z5,+"+0
#+&,"# &,+0 + A$#.+0HW;+0%@ L0$& $J("#I.04 &," $8"0@ J$&, 8+%" &," +&&"8/& +0% &,"0 3+(
"B/"66"% 3.&, &," P/+#&+0() C
"T9UO9;EHWT9
N,.( "/.($%" 8+2 (""8@ $0 &," ('#-+5"@ &$ J" + /#.8" "B+8/6" $- #"6.4.$'(
+0(4#"((.$0@ J'& $0 56$("# (5#'&.02 &," "--"5& .( #+&,"# 8$#" J6'##"%9 D& .( '" &,+&
=6"$8"0"( %$"( 0$& +//"+# &$ &,.07 &,+& &," /#$,.J.&.$0 $- "0&"#.04 &," &"8/6" +//6."( &$
,.89 :'& 3,+&@ "B+5&62@ %$"( +//62 &$i Z//62.04 &," #'6" $- 0"+#"(&
/#"I.$'( #"-"#"05"@ 3" (,$'6% (+2 &,+& =6"$8"0"( 3"0& &,#$'4, &," &"8/6" %$$#( CT9UO9FE
&$ +%%#"(( &," 4$%9 N," -$66$3.04 56+'(" %$"( 0$& +((.(& J2 #"-"##.04 &$ =6"$8"0"( J".04
HWO1I+0( CHRRHS ORE ('44"(&( &,+& LJ"$"/,"#" .( +0 +55'(+&$#2 8$#("6 $- 4$((./@ 0$&@ &$ J" ('#"@ 3.&,$'&8$#+6 5$00$&+&.$0(@ 3,.5, /"$/6" ('44"(&"% +( &," #"+($0 -$# &," 56+.8 D(+4$#+( ,+% '/$0 =6"$8"0"(9) `0
&," $&,"# ,+0%@ .- 3" 5$0(.%"# &,+& =6"$8"0"( ,+( ($8" 5,+#+5&"#.(&.5( $- + K"#(.+0 7.04@ &,.( ($#& $-J",+I.$'# .( %"8$0(+&"% J2 =+8J2("( +0% b"#B"( CF9FH9H?W@ R9HG#.--.&,( CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
74/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
75/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
76/328
WR
C E J+57 .0 P/+#&+@ "I"0 &,$'4, ," ,.8("6- 3+( L$- &," .0-"#.$#
,$'(") C$$$ E $- 7.04(9`05" +4+.0@ &," $J["5& ,"#" .( 0$& &$ (,$3 =6"$8"0"( +( 8+% J'& &$ %"8$0(+&"
&," .00"# /$3"# ('446"( $- &," P/+#&+0 7.04(@ +0% $'# "8/+&,2 .( /#$J+J62 4$.04 &$ J"
-$# =6"$8"0"( .0 &,.( .0(&+05"@ 3,$ .( +5&.04 .0 + 8+00"# 5+65'6+&"% &$ /#$&"5& P/+#&+
C+0% >#""5" .0 4"0"#+6E -#$8 &," K"#(.+0( 8+7.04 +66.+05"( $0 &,".# J+57 %$$#(&"/9 !.(
8.((.$0 .( (&28."% J2 A"8+#+&'() (6+0%"# C+6&,$'4, ," +55$8/6.(,"( ,.( $J["5& 3,"0 ,"
4$"( + ("5$0% &.8"@ W9UF9OEHUG9
Z-&"# +0 "B5'#('( $0 P/+#&+0 5'(&$8(@ %3"66.04 /+#&.5'6+#62 $0 &," 7.04() #$6" +0%
/#.I.6"4"( CW9TO9H?W9WGE@ &," 0+##+&.I" #"('8"( +& W9WH9H9 !"#$%$&'( ,.8("6- (+2( &,+&
=6"$8"0"( 3+( +& Z"4.0+ L3$#7.04 -$# &," 5$88$0 4$$% $- >#""5") !
E@ &,"#"J2 +#4'.04 .0 =6"$8"0"() -+I$'# .0 &,.( ("5&.$09
A"8+#+&'(@ $0 &," $&,"# ,+0%@ .( (+.% &$ J" (6+0%"#.04 =6"$8"0"( L.0%'64.04 .0 ["+6$'(2
+0% "0I2) C ##+&,"# &,+0 $'& $- 5+#" -$# Z"4.0+9
=6"$8"0"( %"5.%"% &$ $I"#&,#$3 A"8+#+&'( C6.&"#+662 L#"8$I" A"8+#+&'( -#$8 &,"
7.04(,./@ "W9WH9HE9
_/ &$ &,.( /$.0&@ 3" 5+0 ("" &,+& &," $062 .0(&+05"( 3,"#" =6"$8"0"( %.(/6+2(
+02&,.04 5$8/+#+J6" &$ &," 8+% +5&( $- =+8J2("( .( .0 ,.( (".].04 $- &," Z&,"0.+0
+5#$/$6.(@ %"(/.&" J".04 3+#0"% J2 &," /#."(&"(( 0$& &$ %$ ($@ +0% .0 ,.( +&&+57.04 &,"
Z&,"0.+0( +4+.0 J"5+'(" ," 3+( $--"0%"%9 N,"(" +5&( +#" 0$& 5+66"% 8+%9 P".].04 &,"
+5#$/$6.(@ 3,"0 3+#0"% +4+.0(& .&@ .( &," ($#& $- +5& 3,.5, 5$'6% 6"+% &$ /'0.(,8"0&X +0%
J"5+'(" !"#$%$&'( ,+( +6#"+%2 /#.8"% &," #"+%"#a+'%."05" +& T9;O9H@ 3" 8+2 3"66 J"
%.(/$("% &$ &,.07 &,+& =6"$8"0"( 3.66 4$ 8+% -#$8 &,.( +0(4#"((.$09 :'& &,.( %$"( 0$&
$55'#@ $# +& 6"+(& 0$& 2"&@ +0% .0 -+5& .( 0$& "I"0 8"0&.$0"% 6+&"# +( + #"+($0 -$# ,.(8+%0"(( .0 &," 6.(& $- #"+($0(9
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
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
77/328
UG
D/5-$-#'2 -"& +:/%5/"/2
!"#$%$&'( 4.I"( .& +( ,.( $/.0.$0 &,+& =6"$8"0"() 8+%0"(( +0% %"+&, 3+( +
/"0+6&2 ," /+.% &$ A"8+#+&'( CW9
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
78/328
UH
('55"((-'6@ "B/"%.&.$0 &$ Z"4.0+ CW9WT9HEHUF9 Y"$&25,.%+( 3+( ,+//2 &$ %$ &,.(@ J"5+'("
A"8+#+&'(@ .0 +0 +5&.$0 3,.5, +#4'"( -$# Z#.(&$0)( /+&"#0.&2@ ,+% (&$6"0 Y"$&25,.%+()
J"$&,"% J#.%"@ K"#5+6'(@ +0% %$0" Y"$&25,.%+( $'& $- + 3.-" CW9WT9OE9 Y"$&25,.%+(
&,"#"-$#" &$$7 ,.( $+&, +4+.0(& A"8+#+&'( C"W9WT9FE@ +( =6"$8"0"( 3.(,"%@
(+2.04 &,+& A"8+#+&'( 3+( 0$& &," #.4,&-'6 7.04 (.05" ," 3+( 0$& &," ($0 $- Z#.(&$0@
$--"#.04 +( /#$$- $- &,.( Z#.(&$0)( 3$#%( J"-$#" &," "/,$#( 3,"0 ," ,"+#% $- ,.( ($0)(
J.#&,@ +0% /#$%'5.04 &," "/,$#( &,"8("6I"(9 P.05" &,"#" 3"#" M'+##"6( +J$'& &," 8+&&"#@
&," P/+#&.+&"( %"5.%"% &$ /'& &," M'"(&.$0 L.( A"8+#+&'( &," ($0 $- Z#.(&$0) &$ &," A"6/,.5
$#+56" CW9WW9HE9 N,.( 3+( +66 &$ &," /'#/$(" -$# =6"$8"0"(@ 3,$ 8+%" -#."0%( 3.&, &,"
8$(& /$3"#-'6 8+0 .0 A"6/,.@ =$J$0@ +0% ,+% ,.8 /"#('+%" CE &," K2&,.+ &$
(+2 3,+& =6"$8"0"( 3+0&"% ,"# &$ (+2 CW9WW9OE HU;9 P$@ 3,"0 +(7"%@ &," K2&,.+ L4+I" .& +(
,"# 5$0(.%"#"% $/.0.$0 &,+& A"8+#+&'( 3+( 0$& &," ($0 $- Z#.(&$0) C
E9
N,.( K2&,.+ .( &," $062 $0" 3,$ L['%4"() CE@ $# L4.I"( ,"# 5$0(.%"#"%
$/.0.$0)9 N,.( 8+2 J" (.40.-.5+0&9 =$J$0 ('//$("%62 /"#('+%"% ,"# L&$ (+2) 3,+&
=6"$8"0"( 3+0&"% ,"# L&$ (+2)@ J'& (," L4.I"( ,"# $/.0.$0)9 D %$ 0$& 3+0& &$ /'(, &,.(
&$$ -+#@ J'& 8$(& $&,"# '("( $- .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#.0I$6I" + /"#($0+6 ['%48"0& J+("%
$0 .0-$#8+&.$0 3,.5, .( $-&"0 /,2(.5+6@ J'& 8+2 J" + ['%48"0& +#4'"% -#$8 I+#.$'(
-+5&(HUT9 Q,+& D 3.(, &$ ('44"(& ,"#" .( &,+& !"#$%$&'( 8+2 J" ('J&62 (.40+66.04 &,+&@
HUFK+&"#($0 COGGOS UOE (+2( $- &," &,#"" 8"0 &,+& L!"#$%$&'( /$#+2( &," &,#"" 7.04( +( 0"4+&.I"5,+#+5&"#(@ 6.07.04 &,"8 .0 + 5,+.0 $- #"&+6.+&.$0 %#.I"0 J2 &," /"#($0+6 8$&.I"( $- ,+"%@ "0I2 +0% &,"%"(.#" -$# #"I"04" +0% /$3"#9 N," 5$0-6.5& J"&3""0 &,"(" 7.04( 6"% &$ &,".# +5&.04 .0 &,".# $30 .0&"#"(&(#+&,"# &,+0 &," .0&"#"(&( $- &,".# $)
HU;!+##.($0 COGGGS OFTE /$.0&( $'& &,+& =6"$8"0"( ,.8("6- .( +0 +4"0& $- %.I.0" ['(&.5"S LV"0@ +( 3" (+3 .0=,+/&"# ;@ 8+2 J" &," +4"0&( $- %.I.0" #".J'&.$0S\Z( "I.%"05" $- &," /#$/$(.&.$0 &,+& Z#.(&$0)( 5,+05"#"8+#7 L3+( J$'0% &$ 5$8" &$ 6.4,& +0% /'& +0 "0% &$ A"8+#+&'() 7.04(,./)@ !"#$%$&'( +%%'5"( &," ,+"%$- =6"$8"0"( -$# A"8+#+&'( e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
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
79/328
UO
=$J$0 $# 0$&@ &," K2&,.+ 8+%" + ['%48"0& J+("% $0 .0-$#8+&.$0@ +0% &$6% &," '&, +( (,"
(+3 .&@ 3,.5, ,+//"0"% +6($ &$ J" 3,+& =6"$8"0"( 3+0&"% ,"# &$ (+29 N," -+5& &,+&
=$J$0 6+&"# -6"% A"6/,. +0% (," 6$(& ,"# /$(.&.$0 3,"0 &,"(" &,.04( J"5+8" 70$30
CW9WW9FE 8+2 /$.0&@ $0 &," $&,"# ,+0%@ &$ + %"-.0.&" 6." $0 ,"# /+#&X $# .& 8+2 ['(& .0%.5+&"
&," %.(+//#$I+6 ,"6% -$# /#."(&"(("( 3,$@ J2 J".04 /+#&2 &$ J#.J"#2 "I"0 .- (," 3"#"
&"66.04 &," '&,@ 5+66"% &," I"#+5.&2 $- &," 4$%)( $#+56" .0&$ M'"(&.$0HUW9
D0 &"#8( $- =6"$8"0"() 8+%0"((@ ,$3"I"#@ &," +&&"8/& &$ J#.J" &$ K2&,.+@ 3,"&,"#
3,+& (," "0%"% '/ (+2.04 3+( &," '&, $# 0$&@ 3$'6% J" 5$0(.%"#"% "0$'4, &$ ("0% ,.8
8+%@ +( 8$(& $- &," >#""7( 6+&"# &,$'4,&HUU9 P.8.6+#62@ .& %.% 0$& 8+&&"# &,+& =$J$0 3+(
&," J#.J"# $# Y"$&25,.%+( &," +4"0& $- =6"$8"0"() /6$& +0% (6+0%"#X &," -+'6& 3$'6% J"/"#5".I"% &$ 6." 3.&, =6"$8"0"(9 N,.( .8/.$'( +5&.$0 .( 8+%" "I"0 3$#(" J2 &," -+5&
&,+&@ +( + 7.04 $- &," P/+#&+0(@ =6"$8"0"( 3+( +6($ 8"+0& &$ J" + #"6.4.$'( 6"+%"#HU
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
80/328
UF
P$ A"8+#+&'( 3+( %"/$("% CW9WU9HE9 !" 6+&"# 6"-& P/+#&+ -$# A+#.'() 5$'#&@ J'&
J"-$#" %$.04 ($ ," (+5#.-.5"% + J'66 &$ n"'( +0% ("0& -$# ,.( 8$&,"# CW9WU9FE9 Q,"0 (,"
+##.I"% CW9W
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
81/328
U;
+0% 3,"0 &," #"+6 Z#.(&$0 (+3 &,+& (," (3$#" +0 $+&, ," #"+6.("% &,+& &," 8+&&"# 3+(
%.I.0" CW9WR9FE9 N," $062 $&,"# /"#($0 3,$ (3"+#( ('5, +0 $+&, .( Y"$&25,.%+(@ 3,"0 ,"
(3"+#( +4+.0(& A"8+#+&'( J".04 &," ($0 $- Z#.(&$09 D +8 0$& 5"#&+.0 &,+& 3" +#" 8"+0& &$
+(('8" -#$8 &,.( &,+&@ -$# .0(&+05"@ Y"$&25,.%+( .( 62.04 +0% A"8+#+&'() 8$&,"# .( 0$&X
&," #+#" $55'##"05" $- &," I"#J ,"#" .( 8"+0& &$ (.40+6 &," ("#.$'(0"(( $- J$&, &,"
+66"4+&.$0 $- .66"4.&.8+52 +( 3"66 +( &," ("#.$'(0"(( ('##$'0%.04 '&, 3,.5, A"8+#+&'()
8$&,"# 6+&"# &"66(9 N," .#$02 $- &," (.&'+&.$0 6."( .0 &," -+5& &,+& Y"$&25,.%+( J"6."I"( &,+&
Z#.(&$0 .( 0$& A"8+#+&'() -+&,"# e .& .( 4#.(& &$ &," 8.66 &,+& ," ,+( #"+($0 &$ %.(6.7" &,"
8+0 +023+2 e +0% &,+& .& .( I"#2 6.7"62 '"X &," /#$J6"8 .(@ &," 8$&,"# (3"+#(@ ['(& +(
($6"8062 C+0% 3.&, 8$#" +'&,$#.&2E@ &,+& "I"0 .- Z#.(&$0 %.%0)& -+&,"# A"8+#+&'(@ &,"%.I.0" ,"#$ Z(+J+5'( 0"09
^#$8 &,.( (&$#2 .& .( M'.&" 56"+# &,+& !"#$%$&'( 5$0(.%"#( &,+& +& &," I"#2 6"+(&
&,"#" .( &," /$((.J.6.&2 $- A"8+#+&'( ,+I.04 %.I.0" C$# ("8.?%.I.0"E /+#"0&+4"@ +0% ,.(
0+##+&.I" 5$8"( %$30 .0 -+I$'# $- A"8+#+&'( J".04 &," ,"#$)( 5,.6% #+&,"# &,+0
Z#.(&$0)(@ +( .& 3+( %"-.0.&"62 &," ,"#$ 3,$ .( 8"0&.$0"% &$ ,+I" (6"/& 3.&, &," 8$&,"# &,"
0.4,& (," 5$05".I"%@ 3,"#"+( 3" +#" 6"-& &$ +(('8" &,+& Z#.(&$0 8'(& ,+I" +( 3"66 C+0% .0
&," &,#""?%+2 3.0%$3 $- $//$#&'0.&2 ('44"(&"% (.05" &,".# 8+##.+4"E@ +0% Z(+J+5'( .(
0+8"% -.#(& +( A"8+#+&'() -+&,"#@ 3.&, &," /$((.J.6.&2 $- Z#.(&$0 J".04 &," -+&,"# &+57"%
$0 &," "0% $- &," ("0&"05"@ 3.&,$'& ($ 8'5, +( +0 L".&,"#) .0 &," /#"I.$'( ("0&"05" &$
"I"0 $'& &," /#$J+J.6.&29 N,.( /'&( A"8+#+&'( $0 + 6"I"6@ +( :'#7"#& 0$&"(@ L5$8/+#+J6"
$062 &$ !"#+56"() +0% -$# 3,$8 L&," /+&"#0.&2 $- &," ,"#$ .(0)& + J$$J2?/#.]" -$# ,.(
%"/$(.&.$0 J'& #+&,"# "B/#"((.$0 $- $0" $- &," ,.4,"(& 56+.8( +%I+05"%9H
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
82/328
UT
+:/%5/"/2; D/-#,
Z-&"# %"/$(.04 A"8+#+&'(@ =6"$8"0"( 3"0& J+57 &$ Z"4.0+ CW9UF9HE@ L,+I.04 +
&"##.J6" 4#'%4" +4+.0(& &,"8 J"5+'(" $- &," .0('6&) C
E 3,.5, ," ,+% #"5".I"% &," -.#(& &.8"9 N,.( &.8" ," .( 8"& 3.&,
+5M'."(5"05"@ +0% ,+0%( $I"# &"0 8"0 C.056'%.04 &," $#.4.0+662 -#+5&.$'( =#.'(E &$ J"
6$$7"% +-&"# J2 &," Z&,"0.+0( CW9UF9OE9 =6"$8"0"( 5$'6% J" (+.% &$ #"("8J6" =+8J2("()
,"#"@ .0 J".04 ($ +04#2 +& &," Z"4.0"&+0( +0% 5+##2.04 $'& ,.( #"I"04"@ J'& &," +#4'8"0&
.( 0$& ($049 =6"$8"0"( .(@ +-&"# +66@ $062 -'6-.66.04 3,+& ," .0&"0%"% &$ %$ .0 &," -.#(&
/6+5"@ J"-$#" A"8+#+&'( (/$.6"% &," /6+09 !" 8+2 "I"0 #.4,&62 ,$6% + 4#'%4" -$# =#.'()
.0('6&9 N," 8+%0"(( $- =6"$8"0"( .( (&.66 +8J.4'$'( ,"#"H
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
83/328
UW
," 3+( "+4"# &$ &+7" &," 6"+%.04 Z#5+%.+0( &$ &," 5.&2 $- l$0+5#.( &$ 4"& +0 $+&, $'& $-
&,"8 J2 &," 3+&"# $- &," P&2B9) C "
"+$,-$./#$ Z(
>#.--.&,( /$.0&( $'&@ $062 4$%( 5$'6% (3"+# $0 &," P&2BH#.--.&,( CK49 WGE (+2( &,+& &," P&2B .05.%"0& .( L/#$J+J62 + 8$&.- %"(.40"% &$ /.0 $0 ,.8 &,"
+55'(+&.$0 $- %.I.0" 8"4+6$8+0.+)9 :"0+#%"&" CHRWWS HWFE +6($ %.(5'(("( &,.( +(/"5& $- &," P&2BS LD0!$8"# +0% !"(.$% $062 &," 4$%( (3"+# J2 &," P&2B@ +0% +55$#%.04 &$ !"(.$% .- + 4$% (3"+#( -+6("62 c,"6."( J#"+&,6"(( -$# + -'66 2"+#@ 0$# %$"( ," "I"# +//#$+5, +8J#$(.+ +0% 0"5&+#@ J'& 6."( 3.&,$'& J#"+&,.04 +0%(/""5,6"(( .0 J"%@ +0% +0 "I.6 (6'8J"# 5$I"#( ,.8@d +0% +-&"# &,.( c%.("+("d ," (&+2( +3+2 -$# 0.0" 2"+#(8$#" -#$8 &," $&,"# 4$%( CN,"$4$02 UUT?
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
84/328
UU
%"("#I" #+&,"# 8$#" #"(/"5&-'6 "+&8"0&HRH9 !"#$%$&'( 4.I"( 0$ #"+($0 -$# 3,2 "B+5&62
=6"$8"0"( 8.4,& +&&+57 ,.( ('J["5&( .0 &,.( -+(,.$0 C+/+#& -#$8 J".04 8+%@ $- 5$'#("EHROX
=6"$8"0"( .( 0$& (+.% &$ J" +04#2@ 0"5"((+#.62X ," F/#+-#+.% $- &," P/+#&.+&"( +& W9U;9H@
+0% &,.( 8+2 J" &," $062 I+4'" ('44"(&.$0 +( &$ 3,2 =6"$8"0"( +5&( &,.( 3+29 :'&
!"#$%$&'( %$"( 0$& #"+662 0""% &$ 4.I" +0 "B/6+0+&.$09 =+8J2("(@ -$# .0(&+05"@ 7.66"%
K#"B+(/"() ($0 -$# 0$ 8$#" #"+($0 &,+0 &$ /#$I" ,.( (7.66 .0 (,$$&.04HRF9 !" 3+( 0".&,"#
+04#2 0$# +-#+.% $- K#"B+(/"() ($09 =6"$8"0"( 0""%( 0$ $&,"# "B/6+0+&.$0 &,+0 &,+& ," .(
8+%X .0 -+5& ('5, + 6+57 $- "8$&.$0+6 "B/6+0+&.$0 8+7"( ,.8 +//"+# +66 &," 8$#" 8+%9
Q,.6" .0 &," (&$57(@ =6"$8"0"( /"#('+%"% &," $062 4'+#% &$ 4.I" ,.8 + 70.-"@
3.&, 3,.5, ," J"4+0 &$ 8'&.6+&" ,.8("6- -#$8 &," (,.0( '/HR;
9 N,.( 8'&.6+&.$0 .( -'#&,"#%"-.0"%S L^$# 5'&&.04 &," 6"04&, C$- ,.( 6"4(E ," /#$5""%"% -#$8 ,.( (,.0( &$ ,.( &,.4,(@
&,"0 -#$8 &," &,.4,( &$ ,.( ,./( +0% ,.( -6+07(@ '0&.6 ," 4$& &$ ,.( (&$8+5, +0% 3,.6"
8.05.04 &,.( '/ ," %."% .0 ('5, + -+(,.$0999) C
"
"
$$$E9 N,.( %.--"#( -#$8 + L0$#8+6) ('.5.%" .0
!"#$%$&'( $062 .0 &,+& .& .( /#$6$04"% 5$8/+#"% &$ $&,"# /"$/6" 3,$ 5$88.& ('.5.%" I"#2M'.5762HRT9 D& %.--"#( +6($ -#$8 &," 3.66.04 ("6-?8'&.6+&.$0 $- n$/2#'( .0 &,+& n$/2#'()
.0['#."(@ 3,.6" ,$##.J6"@ %.% 0$& 7.66 ,.8X 0$#@ .0%""%@ 3"#" &,"2 .0&"0%"% &$HRW9 n$/2#'()
HRH:"0+#%"&" CHRWRS HWTE (+2( &,+& LN," (5"/" &,+& 8"#"62 (.40.-."% ,.( +'&,$#.&2 J"5+8" .0 ,.( ,+0% +3"+/$0@ 3.&, 3,.5, ," 6.&"#+662 "B+5&"% /'0.(,8"0&)9HRO>#.--.&,( CHR#.--.&,( CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
85/328
U#""7 I"#(.$0( &,'( ("(( =6"$8"0"() .8/."&2@ 3,.6"!"#$%$&'( J6+8"( ,.( I.$6+&.$0 $- &," #$2+6 ('55"((.$0@ +0% &," P/+#&+0 (&$#2 #"-"#( &$ =6"$8"0"()"B/+0(.$0.(& .0&"#"(&(9 N$4"&,"#@ &,"(" &,#"" 8$&.-( "B/6+.0 &," #.(" +0% -+66 $- =6"$8"0"(9)
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
87/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
88/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
89/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
90/328
#""7@ $0 $0" $55+(.$0@ '("( + 3,./@ +0% ," .( =6"$8"0"(@ &," 7.04 $- P/+#&+9)OHH>#.--.&,( CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
91/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
92/328
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
93/328
#.--.&,( 0$&"( &," L(,""# "B&"0& $- &," $I"#6+/) +0% (+2( &,+& LD- $0"
#"["5&( &," /$((.J.6.&2 &,+& &,"(" &3$ 7.04( 3"#" 4"0"&.5 56$0"( %$$8"% -#$8 J.#&, &$
8.8.5 "+5, $&,"#)( J",+I.$'#@ .& .( 56"+# &,+& &,"#" "B.(&( + 5+(" -$# 56+.8.04 &,+& ".&,"#
$0" 7.04)( (&$#2 ,+( J""0 +0(-"##"% &$ &," $&,"#@ $# &,+& J$&, %#+3 $0 + #"/"#&$.#" $-
56+((.5 L3.57"% #'6"#) &+6"(9)OHR Q,+& .( .0&"#"(&.04@ &$ 82 8.0%@ .( 0$& ['(& &,"
(.8.6+#.&."( J'& &," %.--"#"05"( J"&3""0 !"#$%$&'() "+&8"0& $- &3$ /"$/6" 3,$ 5$'6%+//"+# &$ J" 5'& -#$8 &," (+8" 56$&,9 =+8J2("( .( /$#+2"% +( + &2#+0& -#$8 &,"
J"4.00.04@ 3,"0 ," +&&+57( 142/& .0 #"I"04" -$# Z8+(.() .57 CF9H9;?TE@ ,+( + J#."-
8$8"0& $- 4"0"#$(.&2 +& F9HF9H?; +0% /#$5""%(@ -#$8 F9HW9H $03+#%(@ &$ +5& .0 $--"0(.I"
3+2( '0&.6 ," .( -.0+662 5+&"4$#.("% +( L8+%) J2 !"#$%$&'( +& F9FG9H@ 3.&, + 6.(& $- +5&.$0(
+0% #"+($0( &$ /#$I" .& CF9FG9H?F9F
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
94/328
#""7 82&,$/$".+\n"'( "B+5&"% 4#"+& /"0+6&."( -#$8 /#$'% 8"03,$ 3$#7"% "I.6 j09 OW@ K%&D# /-0 B/:#@ OF
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
95/328
G%
1-&"/22 )" +%"#/3#4 82#7-A/2 HIJIKLJMN
N," (%)%#5$05"#0.04 &," %$30-+66 $- Z(&2+4"(@ 7.04 $- &," V"%"(@ +& &," ,+0%(
$- ,.( 4#+0%($0@ =2#'(@ (&+#&( +& H9HGU9H +0% -.0.(,"( +& H9HFG9F9 Z(&2+4"( ,.8("6- .( +
5,+#+5&"# $- 0$&"X D88"#3+,# ('44"(&( &,+& LZ(&2+4"() -+.6.04 .( ,.( "B5"((.I" 5#'"6&2 C,"
.(+"D&%#@ H9HOF9O +0% HFG9HE)OOO9 Q,.6" Z(&2+4"( .( .0%""% 5#'"6@ +0% + I.$6+&$# $- -%.%#
3.&, .&OOFC+( "I.%"05"% J2 $0" "B+8/6" $- (.40+6 .8/$#&+05" .0 &," 0+##+&.I"S ,.( 5$$7.04+0% ("#I.04 &$ !+#/+4'( &," #"8+.0( $- !+#/+4'() $062 ($0@ H9HH
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
96/328
#""7 "2"(@ &$$@ Z(&2+4"(t J",+I.$'# .( &," $//$(.&" $- &," 5$0%'5& 5$0(.%"#"% 0$#8+6
? 3,.5, 8+7"( ,.( 8$&.I" 6$$7 +66 &," 8$#" 5$8/"66.04)OOR9 `&,"# (5,$6+#( ,+I" +6($
5$88"0&"% $0 &,.( '00+&'#+6 +(/"5& $- Z(&2+4"() J",+I.$'#OFG9 1I+0( (+2( &,+& .04 &$"(5+/" ,.( -+&" .( L+ /"5'6.+#62 .##+&.$0+6 "--$#&@ -$# Z(&2+4"( 3+( +0 $6% 8+0 3.&,$'& +
OOWs""0@ CHRRWSFUE9 N,"#" .( + (6.4,& /#$J6"8 3.&, s""0)( &,"$#2S Z(&2+4"() %#"+8( +& H9HGU9H +0%H9HG &'#+'=$ >%& 6(%%0O$"'# /-0 "-1'&"$/-='\t C82 .&+6.5(E9
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
97/328
RG
($0@ +0% V+0%+0"@ &," 8$&,"# $- =2#'(@ 3+( ,.( ,".#\OFH) &,'( "M'+&.04 &,"
L.##+&.$0+6.&2) 3.&, &," +&&"8/&"% 8'#%"# $- ,.( 4#+0%($0 C$# ,.( ,".#)( ($0E9 P5,$6+#(
&"0% &$ 46$(( $I"# &," 8+%0"(( $- Z(&2+4"( +0% 3,+& .& 5$0(.(&( $-X J'& .- &,"2 8+7" +02
8"0&.$0 $- .##+&.$0+6 J",+I.$'#@ &,"2 4"0"#+662 +(($5.+&" .& 3.&, ,.( 7.66.04 $- J6$$% 7.09
Q,.6" &," %"(.#" &$ "B&"#8.0+&" $0")( ,".#( .( .0%""% '00+&'#+6@ .& .( 0$& &," $062 #"+($0
3,2 !+#/+4'( %"(5#.J"( Z(&2+4"( +( 8+%X &," -'66 +0(3"# .( .0 &," 3.%"# 5$0&"B& $-
Z(&2+4"() (/""5, +0% $- &," (%)%# .&("6-9
B-$$)()&/ -"& 1-&"/22
N,"#" .( + (6.4,& /#$J6"8 3.&, (.8/62 (+2.04 &,+& /+##.5.%" "M'+6( 8+%0"((@
J"5+'(" .0 &,"!"#$%&"'#&,.( .( ,+#%62 "I"# &," 5+("9 `&,"# /"$/6"7.66 &,".# #"6+&.I"( $#
+&&"8/& &$@ +0% $062 $0" $- &,"(" .( 5+66"% 8+%9 =+8J2("( ,+( ,.( J#$&,"# 7.66"% +-&"# +
%#"+8 (.8.6+# &$ Z(&2+4"() CF9FG9HE@ 0$& &$ 8"0&.$0 &," 7.66.04 $- ,.( (.(&"#?3.-" +0% &,".#
'0J$#0 J+J2 CF9FO9H?;E@ +0% 3" +#" &$6% &,+& ," .( 8+% +& &," &.8"S +& F9FG9H L&,"
142/&.+0( (+2999," 3"0& 8+%) C $$$E9 !.( 7.66.04 $- ,.( (.J6.04(
+0% 5,.6% +#" &," -.#(& .&"8( .0 &," 6.(& 3,.5, /#$I"( ,.( 8+%0"((OFO9 N,.( .( &," ($6"
"B+8/6" 3,.5, #"6.+J62 %"8$0(+&"( &,+& &$ 7.66 $0")( #"6+&.I"( .( + 8+% &,.04@ "I"0 .- &,"
-"+# &,+& &," #"6+&.I" .0 M'"(&.$0 8+2 %"/$(" &," 8'#%"#"# .( 4"0'.0" +0% 6"4.&.8+&"9
D0 $//$(.&.$0 &$ &," "B+8/6"@ ,$3"I"#@ 3" ,+I" -$'# &.8"( +( 8+02 "B+8/6"( $-
&," 8'#%"# $# +&&"8/&"% 8'#%"# $- + #"6+&.I" C#"8"8J"#.04 &,+& +6&,$'4, P8"#%.(@
=+8J2("() (.(&"# +0% ,"# '0J$#0 5,.6% 3"#" 7.66"%@ =2#'( 3+( 0$&E 3,"#" &," 8'#%"#"# .(
-%$5+66"% 8+%9 P$ 3,.6" .& 8.4,& J" &"8/&.04 &$ ('44"(& $0 &," J+(.( $- &," =+8J2("(
"/.($%" &,+& !"#$%$&'( 8+2 ("" &," 7.66.04 $- $0")( #"6+&.I"( +( 8+%0"((@ .& .( 0$& + I."3
3,.5, .( 5$0(.(&"0&62 /#"(("%OFF
9
OFH1I+0( CHRRHS TFE9
OFOQ,.6" &,.( #"/$#&"% (/""5, 5$'6% J" /"#5".I"% +( %.(&+05.04 !"#$%$&'( -#$8 &," I"#+5.&2 $- &,"(&+&"8"0&@ +55$#%.04 &$ Y+&".0"# CHR
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
98/328
RH
D0 /+#&.+6 ('//$#& $- &," .%"+ &,+& &,$(" 3,$ 3+0& &$ ,+#8 &,".# $30 -+8.62
8"8J"#( +#" 0$& 0$#8+6@ .- 0$& (/"5.-.5+662 8+%@ .0
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
99/328
RO
3+( /"#5".I"% +( ,$##.J6" $# 0$&OF;@ .& 3+( +& 6"+(& L0$& 0$#8+6)9 `0 &," $&,"# ,+0%@ &,.(
7.04 %.% 0$& 7.66 ,.( ($0( C0$# %.% ," +//"+# &$ 3+0& &$ 7.66 &,"8E +0% &,"#"-$#" .( 0$& +0
"B+5& 5$8/+#.($0 3.&, =+8J2("( +0% Z(&2+4"(9
N," 56$("(& "B+8/6"( &$ 3,+& Z(&2+4"( 3.(,"( &$ %$ +#" &," 7.66.04 $- ,.( '0J$#0
5,.6% J2 =+8J2("( CF9FO9;E@ 3,$ .( 8+%@ +0% &," +&&"8/&"% 8'#%"# $- =2/("6'( J2 ,.(
7.0(8"09 `&,"# /"$/6" 7.66 &,".# (.J6.04( $# #"6+&.I"( .0 +%'6&,$$%X &,"(" +#" &," $062
5+("( 3,"#" J+J."( +#" 7.66"% $# &," +&&"8/& .( 8+%"9 N," :+55,.+%+" /6$& &$ 7.66 &,"
0"3J$#0 =2/("6'( .0 T9RO9H J"5+'(" $- &3$ $#+56"( ('44"(&.04 &,+& ," 3$'6% J" +
%+04"# &$ =$#.0&, CT9RO9O?FE9 N," 8"0 5$'6%0)& J#.04 &,"8("6I"( &$ 7.66 =2/("6'( 3,"0
," (8.6"% +& &,"8 CT9RO9FE@ +0% 3"#" 6+&"# -$.6"% J2 Y+J%+@ =2/("6'() 8$&,"#@ -.0%.04$'& &,".# /6+0 +0% ,.%.04 &," J+J2 CT9RO9H?OE ($ &,+& ," 5$'6%0)& J" -$'0%9 N,.( (.&'+&.$0
.( I"#2 6.7" &,+& $- Z(&2+4"(@ 3,$ +-&"# ,+I.04 + %#"+8 +J$'& =2#'( ."( &$ %$ +3+2 3.&,
,.8@ J'& 3,$(" $#%"#( +#" 0$& 5+##."% $'&OFT9 Z(&2+4"( .( 5+66"% 8+%@ J'& &,"(" 8"0 +#"
0$&9 N," %.(5$'#(" $0 =2/("6'( .( /+#& $- + 6+#4"# (/""5, $0 &," ,$##$#( 5$88.&&"% J2
&2#+0&( CT9RO9H?TE@ +0% $05" +4+.0 &," 7.66.04 $- =2/("6'( .( + 7.0% $- ("6-?/#"("#I+&.$0
-$# &," :+55,.+%+"@ +( ," .( &," -.#(& =$#.0&,.+0 &2#+0&9
N," 7.0(8"0 +#" #"6+&"% &$ =2/("6'( J'& +#" 0$& $- &," 56$(" -+8.6.+6 6.07 $-
Z(&2+4"( +0% =2#'(9 N,"2 -""6 5$8/+((.$0 -$# &," ,"6/6"(( J+J2@ +0% &,.( -$.6( &,".# -.#(&
+&&"8/&@ +0% Y+J%+ -$.6( &," ("5$0%9 Z(&2+4"( +0% =+8J2("( -""6 0$ ('5, 5$8/+((.$0@
+0% &,".# 6.07 &$ &," 5,.6% .( 56$("#S #"(/"5&.I"62 4#+0%-+&,"# +0% -+&,"#9 =+8J2("( ,+( 0$
#"+($0 &$ 7.66 ,.( 5,.6% +/+#& -#$8 +04"# +& &," 8$&,"#9 Z(&2+4"( +5&( $'& $- ("6-?
/#"("#I+&.$0@ 3,.5, .( + #"+($0 $- ($#&(@ +0% +( 8'5, $- + #"+($0 +( $&,"# /+##.5.%"(
%"8$0(+&" 3,$ +#" 0$& 5+66"% 8+%@ +6&,$'4, &,"2 5$0%'5& &,".# +&&"8/&( +4+.0(& +%'6&(9
D& .( /$((.J6" &$ /'(, &," .%"+ &,+& Z(&2+4"( .( (/"5.-.5+662 5+66"% 8+% .0 &,.( 5$0&"B&
J"5+'(" $- ,.( 56$(" J6$$%?6.07 &$ =2#'( 5$8J.0"% 3.&, &," ,"6/6"((0"(( $- &," J+J29 P$Z(&2+4"( 8+2 J" &," $062 /+##.5.%" 5+66"% 8+% J"5+'("@ .0 &,.( (%)%#@ !"#$%$&'( 3+0&( &$
"8/,+(.(" &," 56$("0"(( $- &," 4#+0%-+&,"# +0% 4#+0%($0 +0% &," %.(/+#.&2 $- &," /$3"#
('446"9 N,.( .( + /$((.J6" 5+("@ J'& &,"#" .( +0$&,"#@ ($04"#@ (.8/6"# #"+($0 -$#
!+#/+4'( &$ 5+66 Z(&2+4"( 8+%@ 3,.5, 3.66 J" %.(5'(("% .0 &," 0"B& ("5&.$09
OF;YPw CHRROS H#+2 CHRRTS H
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
100/328
RF
`0" $- &," .66$4.5+6.&."( 3.&, 5+66.04 /+##.5.%" 8+%0"(( .0 &,.( 5+(" .( &,+&
!+#/+4'( ,.8("6- .( + J6$$%?#"6+&.I" $- &," J+J29 D0 H9HGR9O@ 3,"0 !+#/+4'() 3.-" +(7(
,.8 3,+& ," 3.66 %$ 3.&, =2#'(@ 3,$8 Z(&2+4"( ,+( $#%"#"% 7.66"% CH9HG
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
101/328
R;
%"($2.04 $0")( $30 #"6+&.I"( +0% #"-'("( &$ %$ ($ OFW9 N,.( &,$'4,& 5+0 $062 6+(& '0&.6
3" #"+%a,"+# &," #"(& $- !+#/+4'() (/""5, +0% #"+6.(" &,+& ," .( 0$& 8$&.I+&"% J2 7.0%0"((
-$# &," 5,.6% +& +66 CH9HGR9;ES LD-@ 3,"0 &,.( 8+0 %."(@ &," &2#+002 /+(("( &$ &,.( %+'4,&"#@
3,$(" ($0 ," 0$3 7.66( J2 8"+0( $- 8"@ .( &,"#" +02&,.04 6"-& -$# 8" +-&"# &,+& $&,"# &,+0
&," 4#"+&"(& $- %+04"#(i P$ &,"0@ -$# 82 $30 (+-"&2 &,.( 5,.6% 8'(& %."@ J'& $0" $- &,"
8"0 $- Z(&2+4"( ,.8("6- 8'(& J" &," 8'#%"#"# +0% 0$& C$0"E $- 8.0"9) C &
"
&"
)
"
$E ^#$8 &,.( (/""5, 3" +#" 56"+#62 (,$30 &,+& &," /"#($0 '//"#8$(& .0 !+#/+4'()
8.0% .( !+#/+4'( ,.8("6-X + 6.&&6" 6+&"# .0 &," 0+##+&.I" =20$ 3.66 (+I" &," J+J2 =2#'(
CH9HHO9H?FEOFU9 D& .( 0$& &," 5,.6%?8'#%"# &,+& J$&,"#( !+#/+4'( .0 /+#&.5'6+#@ +( ," (&+&"(
J6'0&62 &,+& L&,.( 5,.6% 8'(& %.")@ J'& &," -+5& $- ,.( $30 (+-"&2OF
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
102/328
RT
P$ 3,.6" &,"#" .( + 5+(" -$# Z(&2+4"( J".04 5+66"% 8+% -$# ,+I.04 ,.( .0-+0&
4#+0%($0 7.66"%@ .& .( #+&,"# (,+729 ^$#&'0+&"62@ &,"#" +#" $&,"# #"+($0( -$# ,.( J".04
5+66"% 8+%9
1-&"/22 )" +%"#/3#4 82#7-A/2 -"&
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
103/328
RW
+0(4#"(("( +4+.0(& 2$'9) C
9E ^#$8 &," #"/"&.&.$0 $- 3" 4"& &," .8/#"((.$0 &,+&Z(&2+4"( +0% !+#/+4'( C3,$ (/"+7( .0 &," /6'#+6@ /"#,+/( .0%.5+&.04 &," '0.&2 $- ,.(
-$#5"( 3,.5, .( +6($ ('44"(&"% +& H9HHF9F E ,+I" + I"#.&+J6" /$6.5" (&+&" -$#8"% -$# &,"
(.5& /'#/$(" $- /#"I"0&.04 &,.( J+J2 -#$8 5+'(.04 Z(&2+4"( ,+#89 Q" 8+2 -.0% &,.(
"B5"((.I" /+#+0$.+ J"5+'(" $- + 5,.6% ($8"3,+& +8'(.04@ J'& ('5, "8/,+(.( .( 6+.%
/#"5.("62 &$ ,.4,6.4,& Z(&2+4"() $J("((.I" (&+&"O;H9 Z(&2+4"() -"+#@ +6($ 8"0&.$0"% &3.5"
.0 H9HGU9H?O@ .0-$#8( ,.( +5&.$0( #"4+#%.04 =2#'(X &,.( .( &," "8$&.$0 '//"#8$(& .0 ,.(
5,+#+5&"# +& &," &.8" $- =2#'() J.#&,O;O9
N,"0 3" +#" &$6% .0 H9HG#+2 CHRRTS HRFE 0$&"( &,+& Z(&2+4"() %"(.#" -$# 7""/.04 ,.( /$3"# .( L&," 8$&.I" -$# &," 7.04)($--"05")X (," 5$8/+#"( &,.( (&$#2 3.&, &,$(" $- =+0%+'6"( CH9HGU9H -9E@ b"#B"( CR9HG
-
7/26/2019 Madness in Herodotus.pdf
104/328
RU
Z(&2+4"( "B/"5&( &$ J" $J"2"% +0% 6+2( $'& &," 5$0("M'"05"( .- !+#/+4'( L5,$$("(
$&,"#()9 N," /,#+(" .( ('--.5."0&62 +8J.4'$'( &$ 5$I"# 0$& $062 ,.( ('J("M'"0& L5,$$(.04)
0$& &$ 7.66 =2#'( ,.8("6-@ J'& +6($ ,.( L5,$$(.04) $- $&,"#( &$ %$ &," [$J -$# ,.8O;F9
D0 5$0+(&@ =+0%+'6"() (/""5, &$ >24"(@ 3,"0 ," 3+0&( ,.8 &$ +&&"0% &$ + 8+&&"#
&," ("#I+0& .( ($8"3,+& 3+#2 +J$'&@ .( M'.&" ($$&,.049 =+0%+'6"( (+2( &$ >24"( CH9R9HES
L=$'#+4"@ >24"(@ +