Macromolecules Re-testMacromolecules Re-testReviewReview

LSHS Science DepartmentLSHS Science Department

YM 2010

HypothesisHypothesis

HypothesisHypothesis

A testable, possible A testable, possible explanation of an observationexplanation of an observation

Theory Theory

Theory Theory

a well-tested explanation that unifies a a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations.broad range of observations.

(Ex: Theory of Plate Tectonics, Evolution, Cell Theory, Germ (Ex: Theory of Plate Tectonics, Evolution, Cell Theory, Germ Theory, etc.)Theory, etc.)

What is a variable? What is a variable?

What is a variable? What is a variable?

factors that may affect an factors that may affect an experimentexperiment

Why are variables an important Why are variables an important part of an experiment?part of an experiment?

Why are variables an important Why are variables an important part of an experiment?part of an experiment?

Because they are important to test Because they are important to test the affect of changing only one the affect of changing only one variable in order to get accurate variable in order to get accurate

resultsresults

Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment

Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment

Factors that the scientists Factors that the scientists keep the same in the keep the same in the

experimentexperiment

What is a control? What is a control?

What is a control? What is a control?

a set of conditions used for a set of conditions used for comparison purposescomparison purposes

Why are controls an important Why are controls an important part of an experiment?part of an experiment?

Why are controls an important Why are controls an important part of an experiment?part of an experiment?

So we can compare results to So we can compare results to see if the experiment workedsee if the experiment worked

Explain some possible reasons Explain some possible reasons for inconsistent results in an for inconsistent results in an

experiment…… experiment……

Explain some possible reasons Explain some possible reasons for inconsistent results in an for inconsistent results in an

experiment…… experiment…… *didn’t:*didn’t:

-record data correctly-record data correctly-make good observations-make good observations-add correct chemicals-add correct chemicals

GRAPH 1GRAPH 1: Analyze the graph : Analyze the graph below. Explain the data in the below. Explain the data in the graph in complete sentences.graph in complete sentences.

As more oxygen is made, the As more oxygen is made, the amount of enzyme, Catalase, amount of enzyme, Catalase,

increasesincreases

GRAPH 2: GRAPH 2: Analyze the graph below. Explain the data in the Analyze the graph below. Explain the data in the graph in complete sentences.graph in complete sentences.

A researcher investigated two groups of Drosophila (fruit flies). A researcher investigated two groups of Drosophila (fruit flies). Population A was kept in a 0.5-L container. Population B was kept in a Population A was kept in a 0.5-L container. Population B was kept in a

1-L container.1-L container.

1.1. At day 48, there were At day 48, there were 150 flies in Group A 150 flies in Group A and 400 flies in Group and 400 flies in Group B.B.

2. There were more flies 2. There were more flies in Group B because in Group B because they had more space they had more space to reroduce.to reroduce.

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESOrganicOrganic

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESOrganicOrganic

Has the element CarbonHas the element Carbon

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESMonomerMonomer

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESMonomerMonomer

Small, simple units

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESPolymerPolymer

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESPolymerPolymer

Larger units made of Larger units made of monomersmonomers

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESPolymerizationPolymerization

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES Polymerization Polymerization

Process of Process of creating large, creating large,

macromoleculesmacromolecules

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESMacromoleculeMacromolecule

MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULESMacromoleculesMacromolecules

““giant molecules”giant molecules”

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

Monomer:Monomer: Nucleotide Nucleotide (phosphate, sugar & (phosphate, sugar & nitrogen base)nitrogen base)

Polymer:Polymer: Nucleic Acid Nucleic AcidFunction:Function: Store and transmit Store and transmit genetic informationgenetic informationExamples:Examples: DNA & RNA DNA & RNA

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATESMonomer:Monomer: Monosaccharide MonosaccharidePolymer:Polymer: Polysaccharides PolysaccharidesFunction: Function: Main source of energy in living things. Main source of energy in living things. Examples:Examples:Sugars & StarchesSugars & Starches

In the presence of a In the presence of a MONOSACCHARIDE and HEAT, it MONOSACCHARIDE and HEAT, it

changes from BLUE to RED/ORANGE.changes from BLUE to RED/ORANGE.

Benedict’s solution.Benedict’s solution.

In the presence of a starch, it In the presence of a starch, it changes from BROWN to changes from BROWN to

BLUISH/BLACK.BLUISH/BLACK.

Lugol’s Iodine solution.Lugol’s Iodine solution.

LIPIDSLIPIDS

LIPIDSLIPIDSMonomer:Monomer: 3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol head3 fatty-acids and 1 glycerol headPolymer:Polymer: LipidsLipidsFunction: Function: Waterproof coverings of cells, can be used for Waterproof coverings of cells, can be used for long-term energy storage.long-term energy storage.Examples:Examples:Fats, oils, waxes & steroidsFats, oils, waxes & steroids

1-Glycerol Head

3-Fatty Acid Tails

PROTEINSPROTEINS

PROTEINSPROTEINSMonomer:Monomer: Amino AcidsAmino Acids

Polymer:Polymer: ProteinProtein

Function: Function: Form muscles & bones, transport substances and Form muscles & bones, transport substances and control the rate of reactions in the body.control the rate of reactions in the body.

Examples:Examples:Hair, nails and enzymesHair, nails and enzymes

ENZYMESENZYMESActivation EnergyActivation Energy

ENZYMESENZYMESActivation EnergyActivation Energy

The energy needed to start a The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.chemical reaction.

ENZYMESENZYMESCatalystCatalyst

ENZYMESENZYMESCatalystCatalyst

CChemicals that can speed up hemicals that can speed up a chemical reaction.a chemical reaction.

ENZYMESENZYMESEnzymeEnzyme

ENZYMESENZYMESEnzymeEnzyme

Special types of proteinsSpecial types of proteins

ENZYMESENZYMESExplain the process of how an Explain the process of how an

enzyme works:enzyme works:

ENZYMESENZYMES Explain the process of how Explain the process of how

an enzyme works:an enzyme works:A biological catalyst that A biological catalyst that

speeds up chemical reactions speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energyby lowering activation energy

ENZYMESENZYMESWhat are the 4 factors that What are the 4 factors that

affect enzyme function:affect enzyme function:

ENZYMESENZYMESWhat are the 4 factors that What are the 4 factors that

affect enzyme function:affect enzyme function:1. Change in temperature1. Change in temperature2. Change in pH2. Change in pH3. Denaturation3. Denaturation4. Substrate Concentration4. Substrate Concentration

ENZYMESENZYMESWhat happens if ANY of these What happens if ANY of these

conditions are altered?conditions are altered?

ENZYMESENZYMESWhat happens if ANY of these What happens if ANY of these

conditions are altered?conditions are altered?

The enzyme will slow down The enzyme will slow down or not even workor not even work

What does “denature” What does “denature” mean?mean?

What does “denature” mean?What does “denature” mean?The proteins’ natural structure The proteins’ natural structure

is permanently changed.is permanently changed.

What would be the approximate What would be the approximate pH in your stomach?pH in your stomach?

What would be the approximate What would be the approximate pH in your stomach?pH in your stomach?

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