Macromolecules - Amazon S3 · nucleic acid, macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate. (1 ......
Transcript of Macromolecules - Amazon S3 · nucleic acid, macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate. (1 ......
MACROMOLECULES
SB1c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, nucleic acids).
The Chemistry of Life
Vocabulary of the Day• carbon
• macromolecule
• element
• nucleotide
• hormone
• monomer
• polymer
• saccharide
• hydrophobic
• enzyme
Which atoms are found in all living things?
CHNOPS
C = carbon
H = hydrogen
N = nitrogen
O = oxygen
P = phosphorus
S = sulfur
Importance of Carbon• Carbon (C) is the basis of all life.
• Carbon can form covalent bondswith as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
• Carbon atoms bond to form chains, branches, and rings.
CH4=methane
Common Substances Made of Carbon
• Diamonds• Coal• Graphite (pencil lead)
What are organic compounds?
• Compounds that contain CARBON• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules. (macro=large; molecule=atoms that hook up)
Macromolecule Make-up• Made up of smaller “building blocks” called
MONOMERS. (Mono=one)• Many monomers put together make a
POLYMER. (Poly = many)
Monomers combine to form polymers.
4 Types of Macromolecules1. CARBOHYDRATES
3. PROTEINS
4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
2. LIPIDS
ELEMENTS
MONOMERS(Building Blocks)/
POLYMERS
FUNCTION(Job)
EXAMPLES OTHER INFO
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates• FUNCTION:
– Provide immediate energy for cells
• MADE OF:– rings of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen (C, H, O)
• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: monosaccharides– POLYMER: polysaccharide– most sugar names end in -ose
3 Types of Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide: one sugar unit (mono=one, saccharide=sugar)
Examples:– glucose (C6H12O6)
– fructose (C6H12O6)
*Glucose is the most common monosaccharide!
3 Types of Carbohydrates
2. Disaccharide: two sugar unit (di=two)
Examples: • Sucrose
(glucose+fructose)
• Lactose
(glucose+galactose)
• Maltose
(glucose+glucose)
3 Types of Carbohydrates
3. Polysaccharide: many sugar units (poly=many)
Examples:• starch (bread, potatoes)
• glycogen (muscle cells)
• cellulose (cell wall of plants)
Lipids
Lipids• PRIMARY FUNCTION:
– Long-term energy storage for cells
• MADE OF:– long chains of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (C, H, O)
• EXAMPLES:– fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, triglycerides
• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: fatty acids and glycerol– not soluble in water (HYDROPHOBIC)
Other Functions of Lipids1. Protection against heat loss (insulation)2. Chemical messengers (hormones)3. Major component of cell membranes
LipidsTriglycerides: Fats and oils composed of 1
glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
fatty acids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
Proteins
Proteins• MADE OF:
– long chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, sulfur
(C, H, O, N, S)
• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: amino acids– POLYMER: polypeptides– 9 of 20 amino acids must be
ingested (eaten).
Protein Functions & ExamplesTypes of Proteins Function Where
AntibodiesDefend against bacteria
and virusesThroughout the body
Contractile Proteins(actin and myosin)
movement Muscles
EnzymesSpeed up chemical
reactionsThroughout the body
Hormones (insulin, oxytocin)
Regulate body activities Throughout the body
Structural Proteins (keratin, collagen, elastin)
Provide supportHair, nails, feathers, horns,
beaks
Storage Proteins (albumin, casein)
Store amino acids Egg whites, milk
Transport Proteins (hemoglobin)
Transport blood
4 Levels of Protein Structure1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids• PRIMARY FUNCTION:
– contain instructions to build proteins
• MADE OF:– long chains of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
and phosphorous (C, H, O, N, P)
• EXAMPLES:– DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• CHARACTERISTICS– MONOMER: nucleotides
Nucleotide StructureNucleotides have 3 parts: 1. phosphate group2. Pentose (5C) sugar3. nitrogen base
ELEMENTS MONOMERS(Building Blocks)
FUNCTION(Job)
EXAMPLES
Carbohydrates C, H, O
Mono-Saccharides
(polymer: polysaccharides)
Primary source of IMMEDIATE
energy
Glucose, fructose, table sugar, corn,
rice, bread
Lipids Video Clip
C, H, O
fatty acids and glycerol
(polymer: triglycerides)
Long-termenergy storage
Cooking oil, bacon grease,
butter, oil, wax
ProteinsVideo Clip
C, H, O, N, S
amino acids(polymer:
polypeptide or amino acid
chain)
Cell growth and repair,
enzymes speed chemical reactions
Meat, cheese, enzymes
Nucleic AcidsVideo Clip
C, H, O, N, P
Nucleotides(polymer:
polynucleotides)
Contain genetic
informationDNA, RNA
What macromolecule is most closely associated with the picture?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Protein
D. Nucleic Acid
Ticket Out the Door (3-pointer)1. Organize these 5 words into a list with a heading: lipid,
nucleic acid, macromolecule, protein, carbohydrate. (1
point)
2. Explain the relationship between carbon and organic
compounds. (1 point)
3. Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids. (2 points)
4. Compare and contrast proteins and lipids. (2 points)
5. How is the arrangement of carbohydrate elements different
from the arrangement of the elements in the other three
macromolecules? (1 point)
6. List the monomer and polymer for each of the
macromolecules. (2 points)
7. Describe the primary function of each of the
macromolecules. (2 points)