Macro-, meso-, and micro-scale Pacific cod: …...2011/02/16 · Macro-, meso-, and micro-scale...
Transcript of Macro-, meso-, and micro-scale Pacific cod: …...2011/02/16 · Macro-, meso-, and micro-scale...
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Macro-, meso-, and micro-scale genetic population structure in
Pacific cod: applications for fisheries management and
conservation Michael F. Canino1 Ingrid B. Spies1 Lorenz Hauser2
Kathryn M. Cunningham 2 Stew Grant3
1 Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, WA 2 School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Univ. of Washington, Seattle WA 3 Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Alaska, Anchorage, AK
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Outline
•! The fish, fishery and management •! Population Genetics 101 and the
special case of high-latitude marine species
•! Macro-scale structure •! Meso-scale structure •! Micro-scale structure
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Gadus macrocephalus
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Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)
•! Second largest groundfish fishery in AK ~ 99% of cod landings in US
•! Eclipsed Atlantic cod landings in mid 1980s
•! 2008 landings 229K mt ~ $425 millon
•! ~ 18% of value 2008 catch
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Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus)
Life history characteristics •! Transoceanic •! Temperate/subpolar •! Demersal shelf/slope •! Lifespan ~ 18 y •! Age @ 50% maturity ~ 5y •! Highly fecund, demersal eggs,
fast growing •! Seasonal migration ‘Ecological’ stocks worldwide •! 2 – 12, no consensus
‘Evolutionary’ stocks worldwide Grant et al. 1987 – allozymes •! Two stocks - NA and Asia source:http://
seattletimes.nwsource.com/art/pacificnw/2004/0502/taste01.jpg
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Two management units in Alaska Gulf of Alaska
(GOA) Bering Sea/Aleutian
Islands (BSAI)
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Asia (176)
Pacific cod msats
Central AI (182)
Unimak (182)
Kodiak (182)
Hecate Strait (89)
WA coast (69) Georgia
Basin (112)
11 microsatellite loci
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Evolutionary forces that cause genetic differentiation
•! Mutation - creates •! Migration - moves •! Genetic drift - diverges
First a bit of theory
•! Natural selection
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Genetic drift
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Genetic drift and migration
n = 10K, no migration
n = 10K, 200 migrants per generation
n = 10K, 1000 migrants per generation
•! opposing forces
•! weak effect of drift easily overwhelmed by trivial amounts of migration (e.g. when Nem > 1)
•! ‘evolutionary’ stock criterion most stringent
•! less power to detect ‘ecological’ stocks
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0.001 0.001
Space km
0.1 1.0
10
Day Month
1 10
100 1,000
10,000 100,000
Years
Mating encounters
Larval drift
Adult movement
Climate shifts
Ice age separations & extinctions
Sources of Genetic Population Structure
100
1,000
Population abundance cycles
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0.001 0.001
Space km
0.1 1.0
10
Day Month
1 10
100 1,000
10,000 100,000
Years
Mating encounters
Larval drift
Adult movement
Climate shifts
Ice age separations & extinctions
Sources of Genetic Population Structure
100
1,000
Population abundance cycles
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0.001 0.001
Space km
0.1 1.0
10
Day Month
1 10
100 1,000
10,000 100,000
Years
Mating encounters
Larval drift
Adult movement
Climate shifts
Ice age separations & extinctions
Sources of Genetic Population Structure
100
1,000
Population abundance cycles
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Patterns of neutral differentiation
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The special case of high-latitude marine fishes
•! Huge population sizes – drift negligible
•! High potential for dispersal (e.g. egg/larval drift, migration)
•! Cyclical extinctions/recolonizations during ice ages
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The times they’ve lived through
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Refuge-hybrid zone model
Glacial maxima
Interglacials
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Isolation by Distance FST
0
Geographic distance
FST
0
Geographic distance
FST
0
Geographic distance
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Isolation by distance – with a twist!
North America
North America
vs
Asia
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Macro-scale fishery issues
•! NW Pacific fisheries and management
•! Chinese exports - potential forensic use for IUU fishing/ food fraud?
•! Assignment tests- Asian samples – 100% correct assignment to Asia, correct to KO or JPN ~ 97% . North America – 99.3% correct assignment
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Isolation by distance – N. America
Cunningham et al. 2009
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•!17 microsatellite loci •!1000 samples (9 locations)
Spies, unpublished
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Isolation by distance – N. America
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Estimated dispersal distances •! Assumptions
–! Exponential dispersal curve –! Genetic equilibrium
–! All locations have same dispersal –! Depends on population density
•! Estimated Effective density •! Stock assessment •! Ne/N=10-3
•! Ne range 10 – 105 individuals / km
•! mean dispersal distance – 26 km/gen
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
150 100 50 0 50 100 150 Distance (km)
Prop
ortio
n of
offs
prin
g
Cunningham et al. 2009
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p ! 0.0039
1000 km
AMOVA – Analysis of Molecular Variance
Spies, unpublished
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Incipient management actions?
•! Genetic structure in Pcod comparable in magnitude to that in Acod.
•! Two studies have independently demonstrated genetic subdivision within the BSAI management area
•! SSC has recommended to the NPFMC to split into separate BS and AI regions
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More IBD with a twist!
Strait of Georgia
Puget Sound
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Pacific Cod – mtDNA clades NW Pacific NE Pacific Georgia Basin
16 Kya
Canino et al. 2010
1510 bp cytB/ND2 9/39 haplotypes shared
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Evidence for localized fjord stocks
•! Only one detected thus far
•! Parallels in Atlantic cod Norwegian fjords
Gilbert Bay (NW Atlantic)
•! Transboundary stock issues?
•! Important genetic lineage?
ESA considerations – Species of Concern
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Acknowledgements –! Fisheries Interaction Team,
NMFS •! Sandy Neidecther •! Libby Loggerwell •! Peter Munro •! Liz Connors
–! AFSC, NMFS •! Steve Barbeaux •! Olav Ormseth
–! NWFSC, NMFS •! Mike Rust
–! WDF&W •! Sue Hoffman •! Greg Bargmann •! Wayne Palsson
–! Kodiak Laboratory, NMFS •! Kally Spalinger •! Dan Urban
–! DFO, Canada •! Sandy McFarlane
–! Hokkaido Fisheries Research Institute •! Takashi Yanagimoto •! Akira Nishimura
–! University of South Korea •! Qtae Jao
Photo courtesy Sandi Neidetcher
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Pacific cod walleye pollock
NW Pac NE Pac Georgia Basin
NW Pac Bering Sea-Aleutians NE Pac
Canino et al. 2010 Grant et al. 2010