Macro and Micro Nutrients

8/14/2019 Macro and Micro Nutrients

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FATS or LIPIDSATS or LIPIDS Are organic compounds composed ofAre organic compounds composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

Triglycerides or fats and oils are fattyTriglycerides or fats and oils are fattyacid esters of glycerolacid esters of glycerol

Constitute 34% of the energy in theConstitute 34% of the energy in the

human bodyhuman body Provide a more concentrated source ofProvide a more concentrated source of

energy compared to carbohydratesenergy compared to carbohydrates


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Function o f Fatsunction o f Fats Important source of caloriesImportant source of calories

Protein sparing because of its availabilityProtein sparing because of its availabilityreduces the need to burn protein for energy.reduces the need to burn protein for energy.

Essential to maintain the constant bodyEssential to maintain the constant body

temperature by providing effective insulationtemperature by providing effective insulation

underneath the skinunderneath the skin

Cushions vital organs such as the kidney againstCushions vital organs such as the kidney against

injuryinjury

Facilitate the absurption of the fat solubleFacilitate the absurption of the fat solublevitamins A,D,E,Kvitamins A,D,E,K

Provides satiety and delays the onset on hungerProvides satiety and delays the onset on hunger

Contributes flavor and palatability to the dietContributes flavor and palatability to the diet


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Cla ssific atio n o f Fatsla ssific atio n o f FatsA.A. Simple LipidsSimple Lipids

Called neutral fatsCalled neutral fats

Chemical name is TriglyceridesChemical name is Triglycerides

E.E. Compound LipidsCompound Lipids

Various combinations of fats with otherVarious combinations of fats with othercomponentscomponents

Three types of compound lipids are importantThree types of compound lipids are important

in human nutrition:in human nutrition:


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1.1. PhospholipidsPhospholipids Are compounds of fatty acids, phosporic acidsAre compounds of fatty acids, phosporic acids

and nitrogenous baseand nitrogenous base Egg yolk and liver are food sourcesEgg yolk and liver are food sources

a. Lecithina. Lecithin most widely distributed of the phospholipidsmost widely distributed of the phospholipids

Added to food products such as cheese andAdded to food products such as cheese andmargarinemargarine

b. Cephalinb. Cephalin Needed to form thromboplastin for the bloodNeeded to form thromboplastin for the blood

clotting processclotting process

c. Sphingomyelinc. Sphingomyelin found in the brain and other nerve tissue as afound in the brain and other nerve tissue as a

component ofmyelin sheathcomponent ofmyelin sheath


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1.1. GlycolipidsGlycolipids

compounds of fatty acids combined withcompounds of fatty acids combined with

carbohydrates and a nitrogenous basecarbohydrates and a nitrogenous base

a. Cerebrocidesa. Cerebrocides

b. Gangliosidesb. Gangliosides

6.6. LipoproteinsLipoproteins

Lipids in combination with proteinLipids in combination with protein Formed in the liverFormed in the liver

Found in cell and organelle membranes,Found in cell and organelle membranes,

mitochondria and lysosomesmitochondria and lysosomes


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C. Der ived Li pi ds. Der ived Li pi ds Are simple derivatives from fat digestionAre simple derivatives from fat digestion

or other more complex products.or other more complex products.

They are fat substances produced fromThey are fat substances produced from

fats and fat compounds during digestivefats and fat compounds during digestivebreakdownbreakdown


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1.1. Fatty acidsFatty acids

Are the key refined fuel forms of fat thatAre the key refined fuel forms of fat that

the cell burns for energythe cell burns for energy The basic structure units of fat and mayThe basic structure units of fat and may

be saturated and saturated in naturebe saturated and saturated in nature

Sources of Fatty AcidsSources of Fatty Acids

f.f. SATURATED FATSSATURATED FATS

Palmitic and stearic acidsPalmitic and stearic acids

Food sources:Food sources:


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a.a. MONOUNSATURATED FATSMONOUNSATURATED FATS

Two of the carbon atoms are joined by aTwo of the carbon atoms are joined by a

double bonddouble bond Oleic acid is the most abundantOleic acid is the most abundant

monounsaturated fatmonounsaturated fat


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a.a. Polyunsaturated fatsPolyunsaturated fats

Linoleic acid is the most commonLinoleic acid is the most common

Omega 3 (Linolenic fatty acid) andOmega 3 (Linolenic fatty acid) and

omega 6 fatty acids has cholesterolomega 6 fatty acids has cholesterol

lowering effectlowering effect


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1.1. GlycerolGlycerol

Is a water-soluble component ofIs a water-soluble component of

triglyceridestriglycerides Availabble for the formation of glucose inAvailabble for the formation of glucose in

the dietthe diet

4.4. SteroidsSteroids

Fat elated substance that contain sterolsFat elated substance that contain sterols

Main member of this group is cholesterolMain member of this group is cholesterol

Fat like compound found in all bodyFat like compound found in all body

tissuetissue


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Health Ef fects o fealth Ef fects o fLipidsipids

Heart disease elevated blood cholesterol is aHeart disease elevated blood cholesterol is a

major risk factor for CVDmajor risk factor for CVD

Risk from saturated fats lauric, myristic andRisk from saturated fats lauric, myristic and

palmitic acids raise blood cholesterol levelspalmitic acids raise blood cholesterol levels

Olive oil lower risk oh heart diseaseOlive oil lower risk oh heart disease Omega 3 polyunsaturated fats lowers bloodOmega 3 polyunsaturated fats lowers blood

cholesterol and prevent heart diseasecholesterol and prevent heart disease

Fat does not instigate cancer development butFat does not instigate cancer development butcan promote it once it has risescan promote it once it has rises

High fat diets tend to store body fat ablyHigh fat diets tend to store body fat ably


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PRO TEI NSRO TEI NS


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Protein comes from the Greek wordProtein comes from the Greek word

meaning primary or holding or firstmeaning primary or holding or first

placeplace

It contains nitrogen in addition to the basicIt contains nitrogen in addition to the basic

carbon, hydrogen and oxygencarbon, hydrogen and oxygen

They are organic substances that onThey are organic substances that on

digestion yield their constituent unitdigestion yield their constituent unit

building block amino acidsbuilding block amino acids


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Cla ssific atio n o fla ssific atio n o fProteinroteinA.A. SIMPLE PROTEINS yield only aminoSIMPLE PROTEINS yield only aminoacids upon hydrolysisacids upon hydrolysis

2.2. Albumins soluble in water, coagulatedAlbumins soluble in water, coagulated

by heatby heat3.3. Globulins insoluble in water, soluble inGlobulins insoluble in water, soluble in

dilute salt solutions and coagulated bydilute salt solutions and coagulated by

heatheat

4.4. Glutelins - insolubleGlutelins - insoluble


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1.1. ProlaminesProlamines

2.2. AlbuminoidsAlbuminoids

3.3. Histones and ProtaminesHistones and Protamines

E.E. Compound Protein, Conjugated Protein orCompound Protein, Conjugated Protein or

ProteidsProteids6.6. Nucleoproteins necessary for the synthesisNucleoproteins necessary for the synthesis

of preteins in the cytoplasmof preteins in the cytoplasm

7.7. Mucoproteins and glycoproteins combinationMucoproteins and glycoproteins combination

of a protein and complex polysaccharidesof a protein and complex polysaccharidesfound in secretion from gastric mucousfound in secretion from gastric mucous

membranemembrane


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1.1. Lipoprotein found incell and organelleLipoprotein found incell and organelle

membranemembrane

2.2. Phosphoproteins compound ofPhosphoproteins compound ofphosphoric acid joined in ester linkage tophosphoric acid joined in ester linkage to

protein found in casein of milkprotein found in casein of milk

3.3. Chromoproteins found in hemoglobinChromoproteins found in hemoglobinand cytochromesand cytochromes

4.4. Metalloproteins found in ferritin,Metalloproteins found in ferritin,

hemosiderin and transferinhemosiderin and transferin


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A.A. Derived Protein are products formed inDerived Protein are products formed in

the various stages of hydrolysis ofthe various stages of hydrolysis of

protein molecule.protein molecule.

Essential amino acids cannot beEssential amino acids cannot be

synthesized by the body and aresynthesized by the body and arenecessary in the dietnecessary in the diet

ThreonineThreonine LysuneLysune

LeucineLeucine MethionineMethionine

IsoleucineIsoleucine PhenylalaninePhenylalanine

ValineValine TryptophanTryptophan


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Non-essential amino acids can beNon-essential amino acids can be

manufactured by the body and thereforemanufactured by the body and therefore

are not as necessary for consideration inare not as necessary for consideration inthe dietthe diet

GycineGycine CystineCystine

AlanineAlanine TyrosineTyrosine

Aspartic acidAspartic acid SerineSerine

Glutamic acidGlutamic acid ArginineArginine

ProlineProline RistidineRistidine

HydroxyprolineHydroxyproline


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Complete Proteins those that contain allComplete Proteins those that contain all

essential amino acids in sufficient quantityessential amino acids in sufficient quantityand ratio to supply the bodys needs. Ofand ratio to supply the bodys needs. Of

animal originanimal origin


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Incomplete Proteins those defecient in oneIncomplete Proteins those defecient in one

or more of the essential amino acids.or more of the essential amino acids.

Plant originPlant origin


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Heal th eff ects of protei neal th eff ects of protei n Heart disease foods rich in animalHeart disease foods rich in animal

protein tends to be rich in cholesterolprotein tends to be rich in cholesterol Cancer studies suggest a relationshipCancer studies suggest a relationship

between high intake of animal protein andbetween high intake of animal protein and

some types of cancersome types of cancer Osteoporosis calcium excretion rises asOsteoporosis calcium excretion rises as

protein intake increases.protein intake increases.

Protein rich foods are also rich in fat whichProtein rich foods are also rich in fat whichcan lead to obesitycan lead to obesity

Kidney disease a high protein dietKidney disease a high protein dietincreases the work of the kidneysincreases the work of the kidneys


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Functionsunctions Used in repairing worn out body tissue proteinsUsed in repairing worn out body tissue proteins

(anabolism) resulting from the continued wear(anabolism) resulting from the continued wear

and tear (catabolism) going on in the bodyand tear (catabolism) going on in the body

Used to build new tissue by supplying theUsed to build new tissue by supplying the

necessary amino acid building blocknecessary amino acid building block Source of heat and energy. Supply 4 caloriesSource of heat and energy. Supply 4 calories

per gram of proteinper gram of protein

Contribute to numerous essential bodyContribute to numerous essential body

secretions and fluids, enzymes and proteins.secretions and fluids, enzymes and proteins.

Some hormones have protein componentsSome hormones have protein components


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Important in the maintenance of normalImportant in the maintenance of normal

osmotic relations among various bodyosmotic relations among various body

fluids.fluids. Plays a large role in the resistance of thePlays a large role in the resistance of the

body to disease.body to disease.

Dietary proteins furnish the amino acidsDietary proteins furnish the amino acids

for a variety of metabolic functionsfor a variety of metabolic functions


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Essential in the growth, repair and healthyEssential in the growth, repair and healthy

functioning of body tissuefunctioning of body tissue

Macro and Micro Nutrients

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