Macro and credit frictions BGG - Tony Yates: research, teaching, … · 2014. 2. 25. · Macro and...

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Macro and credit frictions:  Asymmetric information and costly monitoring Christiano and Ikeda’s 2 period version of BGG Lecture to MSc Macro, Bristol, Spring 2014 Tony Yates

Transcript of Macro and credit frictions BGG - Tony Yates: research, teaching, … · 2014. 2. 25. · Macro and...

Page 1: Macro and credit frictions BGG - Tony Yates: research, teaching, … · 2014. 2. 25. · Macro and credit frictions: Asymmetric information and costly monitoring Christianoand Ikeda’s

Macro and credit frictions:  Asymmetric information and costly 

monitoringChristiano and Ikeda’s 2 period 

version of BGG

Lecture to MSc Macro, Bristol, Spring 2014

Tony Yates

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Modelling strategy

• Simplified version of Bernanke, Gertler and Gilchrist.

• 2 periods, to make the analysis tractable.• Financial friction is between banks and their funders, not between banks and firms, as in BGG.

• But analysis otherwise the same.• Bank funding problems key part of the crisis.• Some researchers have studied ‘double BGG’, with frictions in both the bank’s funding and lending relationship.

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The model set up in brief

• 2 periods• ‘Households’={many bankers, many workers}• Workers have endowment y in first period.• Bankers have net worth N.• Households divide their endowment y between consumption c and deposits d, placed in competitive mutual funds.

• Mutual funds lend to banks through debt contract.

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Model in brief/ctd…

• Firms are competitive, earn zero profits, thought of as operated directly by banks.

• Build capital in period 1, subject to idiosyncratic technology shock, produce goods in period 2.

• Asset side of the bank’s balance sheet is risky since it can only lend to at most one firm.

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Asymmetric information

• Bank gets to observe the technology shock once realised.

• Mutual fund doesn’t mind provided it’s loan is repaid.

• If loan not repaid, pays monitoring costs [proportion of resources in firm] and keeps remainder.

• ‘Costly state verification’ [label given to these models]

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Details of CI’s simplification of BGG

y N Brk

F,0

dF 1

Bank/firm production function.Combine net worth N, lending B.  Rate of return on capital r^k.  Hit by idiosyncatic shock omega.

Solvent: ZB

Insolvent:N Brk

Solvent banks with good draws of prod repay the loan with interest.Insolvent banks force mutual funds to monitor their declared prod shock and pay the costs.

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Insolvent productivity, exposure and spreads

ZB N Brk Lowest productivity for which bank is solvent.  Necessary repayment just equals output of the project.

ZBNB r

k Zrk

L−1L ,L NB

N

Here we write the productivity lower cut‐off value in terms of leverage. Leverage increases the productivity cut off that means insolvency, exposing the bank and the mutual fund.In eq’m, this will lead to a higher Z to compensate the lenders.

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Some algebra using the expression for borrower’s profits

Project output, minus cost of borrowing, for each value of productivity, averaged across [integrated over] each, weighted by the probability of each productivity draw occurring.

E

N Brk − ZBdF

N Brk

− dF This is a simple bit of algebra.An exercise.

E NLrk

− dFMore algebra for a simple exercise.So we can write profits for the solvent borrower as an increasing function of leverage.  [Ie they like leverage!]

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Tricky simplification step so we can study profits further.

NLrk

− dF NLrk1 − Γ

Γ G 1 − F

G 0

dF An advanced exercise to show this.Harder than stuff required for the exam, but character building.

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Zero profit condition for competitive mutal funds

1 − FZB 1 − 0

dFN Brk RB

Repayments from banks that don’t default

Recovered from banks that do default:  av assets net of monitoring costs.

Remittances to the household

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Turning zero profit condition into an equation for bank’s leverage

ZB N Brk

Using this relationsip between cutoff productivity for insolvency and repayments to mutual funds from banks, we can rewrite the zero profit condition as:

Γ − G NBrk

B R Verify this as an exercise.

L 11− rk

R Γ−G

Further rewriting as an expression for leverage, using, of course, the defn of leverage.  Verify as an exercise.

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Deriving banks’ FOC.

• Work on expression for banks’ expected profits.

• See that maximising them involves maximising by choice of cutoff productivity level that just gives solvency.

• Compute FOC and simplify.• Again, more algebra, involving some exercises for you.

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Deriving banks’ FOCs.

e NLrk

− dF NLrk1 − ΓExpected profits for banks, written in terms of our gamma notation.

e Nrk1−Γ

1− rkR Γ−G

We get this by substituting in the expression for leverage L developed earlier.

de

d 0

G ′ F ′

Γ′ 1 − F

Now we compute derivative of profits wrt choice variable wbar, noting expression for derivative of G, and the consequent derivative of gamma [verify it follows as an exercise]

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FOC for bankers

1−F1−Γ

1−F−F ′

1− rkR Γ−G

rk

R

Verify this expression as an exercise, using the asserted formulae for the G and gamma derivatives.

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Households and government

• Verbal recap:  • 2 periods.• Period 1 households divide endowment y between c and deposits in mutual funds.

• Second period, consume [C] remittances from mutual funds plus subsidies, profits banker household members bring back, less any taxes.

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Household and govt budget constraints

c B ≤ y Period 1 budget constraint, and economy’s period 1 resource constraint

C ≤ 1 RB − T Period 2 hh budget constraint.  T lump sum taxes, tau subsidies on deposits.

T RBGovernment balanced budget constraint.  Taxes=subsidies.

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Economy’s period 2 resource constraint

C ≤ N Brk1 − G

Verify that this follows from the hh period 2 budget constraint as an exercise.

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Household optimisation

uc uC Maximise discounted flow of utility from consumption.

uc c1−1−

Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility

c y

R

1 R1/

R

C cR1/Expressions for period 1 and 2 consumption:  c,C

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5 equilibrium conditions describing our 5 endogenous variables

C cR1/

c B y

C ≤ N Brk1 − G

1 − F1 − Γ

1 − F − F ′

1 − rk

R Γ − Grk

R

L N BN 1

1 − rk

R Γ − G

Euler equation for consumption

Period 1 resource constraint

Period 2 resource constraint

Bankers’ FOC

Zero profit condition for mutual funds

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Model intuition

• External finance from mutual funds comes at a premium, to compensate for cost of verifying the state on bankruptcy.

• Threat to verify has to be made in order to induce truth telling about banks’ productivity shock.

• This premium leads to too little borrowing.• It constitutes a spread between the cost of borrowing and the true marginal product of capital.

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• In this model net worth N is exogenous.  But in an infinite horizon model we have to think of N as endogenous, responding to productivity and accumulation.

• In BGG, a fall in productivity lowers net worth, which raises the external finance premium, contracting borrowing, capital, and aggregate supply. 

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• Fall in aggregate supply is inflationary in a sticky price model.

• And in such a model, monetary loosening can offset the fall in net worth, at the cost of generating costly inflation.

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Complications in the infinite horizon BGG model

• Sticky prices.• Distinction between competitive retailers of an aggregate good, intermediate good differentiators, and entrepreneurs who do the borrowing.

• Financial friction is between banks and firms, not banks and funders.

• Entrepreneurs die with constant probability every period, to stop them saving to avoid costly borrowing from banks.

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Amplification in BGG:  monetary shock

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Amplification in BGG:  real shocks

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Amplification:  intuition

• Without financial accelerator:  fall in productivity shrinks output, less available to turn into tomorrow’s capital….

• With FA:  in addition, net worth falls, raising the external finance premium, shrinking scale of production 

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Model and the data

• Model predicts that spreads should be counter‐cyclical [go down in a boom].

• What does the data say?• Are there any issues and controversies with the model?

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Source:  Nikitin and Smith (2009)Regression of spreads on leads and lags of measure of cycle.Negative coefficient shows apparent counter‐cyclicality in many countries.Issues:Model predicts codetermination between spread and cycle, so regression tactic here questionable.

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Source:Risk news shocks and the business cycle:  Pinter, Theodoridis, YatesVAR identified technology shock using sign restrictions.Spread is the corportate bond spread [gap between interest rates implicit in investment grade versus junk corporate bonds].Shock normalised to reduce output growth by 0.25pp on impact increases spreads a little.

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Issues and controversies

• Amplification very mild. Could be a problem or could be what we see in the data.

• Financial crisis aggravated by financial frictions, but not caused by them in BG/BGG.

• Literature moved to ‘financial shocks’ as a way to generate financially‐induced business cycles.

• These give the financial sector a causal role.

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Issues and controversies, 2.

• …But causal role is question‐begging.  What are those financial shocks.

• Example:  risk/risk news shocks, in Christianoet al 2011

• These are shocks to the distribution from which the idiosyncratic productivity is drawn.

• Bigger risk means larger chance of drawing insolvency value, means higher spread.

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Increasing state verification costs

Source:  Ellison(2012)

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Recap on graph 1

• Increasing mu increases cost of verifying bankruptcy

• Leads to lower welfare.• Higher deposit rate R and higher savings.• Higher deposit rate → higher cut‐off productivity for solvency→ greater chance of bankruptcy → more resources lost, also in verifica on → higher R compensates. 

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Increasing state verification costs (2)

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Recap on graph 2

• Higher chance of bankruptcy → banks prefer more leverage as want to risk others’ capital.

• Note how the rise in R implies a rise in the spread between R and the rate of return on capital rk.