Ma h2 dev_plan_041012

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HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT PLAN

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Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development Plan – “Roadmap” Collaborative

Participants

Massachusetts Hydrogen Coalition

Charlie Myers – President

Project Management and Plan Development

Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster:

Joel M. Rinebold – Program Director

Paul Aresta – Project Manager

Alexander C. Barton – Energy Specialist

Adam J. Brzozowski – Energy Specialist

Thomas Wolak – Energy Intern

Nathan Bruce – GIS Mapping Intern

Agencies

United States Department of Energy

United States Small Business Administration

Boston skyline – “Boston Skyline”, Matthew Weathers, http://www.matthewweathers.com/year2007/boston1.html, October,

2011

Forklift – FCHEA, “Nuvera Fuel Cells Receive Second Order for Fuel Cell Powered Forklifts from the Defense Logistics

Agency”, http://fchea.posterous.com/nuvera-fuel-cells-receives-second-order-for-f, October, 2011

Welding – “MIG Welding”, Gooden’s Portable Welding, http://joeystechservice.com/goodenswelding/WeldingTechniques.php,

October, 2011

Blueprint construction – “Contruction1”, The MoHawk Construction Group LLC., http://mohawkcg.com/, October, 2011

Health care – “CT Scan”, The Imaging Center, http://www.theimagingcenter.org/services.html , October, 2011

Circuit board – “Electronics and Computer Technician”, Western Dakota Tech., http://www.wdt.edu/electech.aspx?id=232,

October, 2011

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

There is the potential to generate approximately 2.38 million megawatt hours (MWh) of electricity from

hydrogen and fuel cell technologies at potential host sites in the State of Massachusetts, annually through

the development of 301 to 401 megawatts (MW) of fuel cell generation capacity. The state and federal

government have incentives to facilitate the development and use of renewable energy. The decision on

whether or not to deploy hydrogen or fuel cell technology at a given location depends largely on the

economic value, compared to other conventional or alternative/renewable technologies. Consequently,

while many sites may be technically viable for the application of fuel cell technology, this plan provides

focus for fuel cell applications that are both technically and economically viable.

Favorable locations for the development of renewable energy generation through fuel cell technology

include energy intensive commercial buildings (education, food sales, food services, inpatient healthcare,

lodging, and public order and safety), energy intensive industries, wastewater treatment plants, landfills,

wireless telecommunications sites, federal/state-owned buildings, ports, and airport facilities with a

substantial amount of air traffic.

Currently, Massachusetts has more than 300 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel

cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Based on a recent study, these companies making up

Massachusetts’ hydrogen and fuel cell industry are estimated to have realized approximately $171 million

in revenue and investment, generated over $147 million in gross state product, and contributed more

than $9.8 million in state and local tax revenue from their participation in this regional energy cluster in

2010. Nine of these companies are original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of hydrogen and/or

fuel cell systems, and were responsible for supplying 346 direct jobs and $59.4 million in direct

revenue and investment in 2010.

Hydrogen and fuel cell projects are becoming increasingly popular throughout the Northeast region.

These technologies are viable solutions that can meet the demand for renewable energy in Massachusetts.

In addition, the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology would reduce the dependence on oil,

improve environmental performance, and increase the number of jobs within the state. This plan provides

links to relevant information to help assess, plan, and initiate hydrogen or fuel cell projects to help meet

the energy, economic, and environmental goals of the State.

Developing policies and incentives that support hydrogen and fuel cell technology will increase

deployment at sites that would benefit from on-site generation. Increased demand for hydrogen and fuel

cell technology will increase production and create jobs throughout the supply chain. As deployment

increases, manufacturing costs will decline and hydrogen and fuel cell technology will be in a position to

then compete in a global market without incentives. These policies and incentives can be coordinated

regionally to maintain the regional economic cluster as a global exporter for long-term growth and

economic development.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................2

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................5

DRIVERS............................................................................................................................................6

ECONOMIC IMPACT ...........................................................................................................................8

POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS ...................................................................................................9

Education ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Food Sales ........................................................................................................................................... 12

Food Service ....................................................................................................................................... 12

Inpatient Healthcare ............................................................................................................................ 13

Lodging ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Public Order and Safety ...................................................................................................................... 14

Energy Intensive Industries ..................................................................................................................... 15

Government Owned Buildings................................................................................................................ 16

Wireless Telecommunication Sites ......................................................................................................... 16

Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) ................................................................................................ 16

Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP) ........................................................................................ 17

Airports ................................................................................................................................................... 18

Military ................................................................................................................................................... 19

POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS ......................................................................................... 20

Alternative Fueling Stations................................................................................................................ 21

Bus Transit .......................................................................................................................................... 22

Material Handling ............................................................................................................................... 22

Ground Support Equipment ................................................................................................................ 23

Ports .................................................................................................................................................... 23

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 25

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 27

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Index of Tables

Table 1 - Massachusetts Economic Data 2011 ............................................................................................. 8

Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown ......................................................................................................... 12

Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown........................................................................................................ 12

Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown .................................................................................................. 13

Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Date Breakdown ......................................................................................... 13

Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown ............................................................................................................ 14

Table 7 -Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown .................................................................................... 15

Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector .............................................................. 15

Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown ................................................................................ 16

Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown ........................................................................ 16

Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown ........................................................................ 16

Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown .......................................................................... 17

Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown .......................................................................................................... 18

Table 14 – Massachusetts Top Airports' Enplanement Count .................................................................... 18

Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown ........................................................................................................... 18

Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown .......................................................................................................... 19

Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge) ........................... 20

Table 18 - Ports Data Breakdown ............................................................................................................... 24

Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications ........................................................................... 25

Index of Figures

Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector .................................................................................................... 9

Figure 2 - Electric Power Generation by Primary Energy Source ................................................................ 9

Figure 3 - Massachusetts Electrical Consumption per Sector ..................................................................... 11

Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption .......................................................................................... 14

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INTRODUCTION

A Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Industry Development Plan was created for each state in the Northeast region

(Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New

Jersey), with support from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE), to increase awareness

and facilitate the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. The intent of this guidance document

is to make available information regarding the economic value and deployment opportunities for

hydrogen and fuel cell technology.1

A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich fuel such as natural gas) and oxygen to

create an electric current. The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors,

including fuel cell type, stack size, operating temperature, and the pressure at which the gases are

supplied to the cell. Fuel cells are classified primarily by the type of electrolyte they employ, which

determines the type of chemical reactions that take place in the cell, the temperature range in which the

cell operates, the fuel required, and other factors. These characteristics, in turn, affect the applications for

which these cells are most suitable. There are several types of fuel cells currently in use or under

development, each with its own advantages, limitations, and potential applications. These technologies

and applications are identified in Appendix VII.

Fuel cells have the potential to replace the internal combustion engine (ICE) in vehicles and provide

power for stationary and portable power applications. Fuel cells are in commercial service as distributed

power plants in stationary applications throughout the world, providing thermal energy and electricity to

power homes and businesses. Fuel cells are also used in transportation applications, such as automobiles,

trucks, buses, and other equipment. Fuel cells for portable applications, which are currently in

development, can provide power for laptop computers and cell phones.

Fuel cells are cleaner and more efficient than traditional combustion-based engines and power plants;

therefore, less energy is needed to provide the same amount of power. Typically, stationary fuel cell

power plants are fueled with natural gas or other hydrogen rich fuel. Natural gas is widely available

throughout the northeast, is relatively inexpensive, and is primarily a domestic energy supply.

Consequently, natural gas shows the greatest potential to serve as a transitional fuel for the near future

hydrogen economy. Stationary fuel cells use a fuel reformer to convert the natural gas to near pure

hydrogen for the fuel cell stack. Because hydrogen can be produced using a wide variety of resources

found here in the U.S. including natural gas, biomass material, and through electrolysis using electricity

produced from indigenous sources, energy produced from a fuel cell can be considered renewable and

will reduce dependence on imported fuel. 2,3

When pure hydrogen is used to power a fuel cell, the only

by-products are water and heat; no pollutants or greenhouse gases (GHG) are produced.

1 Key stakeholders are identified in Appendix III

2 Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. 3 U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/, August 2011

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DRIVERS

The Northeast hydrogen and fuel cell industry, while still emerging, currently has an economic impact of

over $1 Billion of total revenue and investment. Massachusetts has nine original equipment

manufacturers (OEM) of hydrogen/fuel cell systems, giving the state a significant direct economic

impact, in addition to benefiting from secondary impacts of indirect and induced employment and

revenue.4 Furthermore, Massachusetts has a definitive and attractive economic development opportunity

to greatly increase its economic participation in the hydrogen and fuel cell industry within the Northeast

region and worldwide. An economic “SWOT” assessment for Massachusetts is provided in Appendix

VIII.

Industries in the Northeast, including those in Massachusetts, are facing increased pressure to reduce

costs, fuel consumption, and emissions that may be contributing to climate change. Currently,

Massachusetts’ businesses pay $.141 per kWh for electricity on average; this is the seventh highest cost of

electricity in the U.S.5 Massachusetts’ relative proximity to major load centers, the high cost of

electricity, concerns over regional air quality, available federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in

Massachusetts and neighboring states have resulted in renewed interest in the development of efficient

renewable energy. Incentives designed to assist individuals and organizations in energy conservation and

the development of renewable energy are currently offered within the state. Appendix IV contains an

outline of Massachusetts’ incentives and renewable energy programs. Some specific factors that are

driving the market for hydrogen and fuel cell technology in Massachusetts include the following:

The current Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) recognizes fuel cells that operate from

renewable fuels as a “Class I” renewable energy source and calls for an increase in renewable

energy used in the state from its current level of approximately nine percent to approximately 15

percent by 2020. 6 – promotes stationary power applications.

Net Metering requires all electric utilities to provide, upon request, net metering to customers who

generate electricity using renewable-energy systems with a maximum capacity of 60 kWs for

“Class I” facilities.7 – promotes stationary power applications.

Massachusetts is one of the states in the ten-state region that is part of the Regional Greenhouse

Gas Initiative (RGGI), the nation’s first mandatory market-based program to reduce emissions of

carbon dioxide (CO2). RGGI's goals are to stabilize and cap emissions at 188 million tons

annually from 2009-2014 and to reduce CO2-emissions by 2.5 percent per year from 2015-2018.8

– promotes stationary power and transportation applications.

Under the Idle Reduction Requirement, a motor vehicle may not idle for more than five

consecutive minutes. Regulations created to reduce CO2-emissions would not apply to hydrogen

4 There are now twelve total OEMs in Massachusetts, however data within this plan reflects the nine OEMs originally used

within the model. Twelve OEMs will increase the impact of the cluster and will be used when the model is run for the next year. 5 EIA, Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State,

http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html 6 DSIRE, “Massachusetts Renewable Portfolio Standards”,

http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=MA05R&re=1&ee=1, September 2, 2011 7 DSIRE, “Massachusetts – Net Metering”,

http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=MA01R&re=1&ee=1, August 12, 2007 8 Seacoastonline.come, “RGGI: Quietly setting a standard”,

http://www.seacoastonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090920/NEWS/909200341/-1/NEWSMAP,

September 20, 2009

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fueled vehicles because the technology goes not cause or contribute to air pollution.9 – promotes

transportation applications.

Hybrid Electric (HEV) Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Acquisition Requirements: When

purchasing new motor vehicles, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts must purchase HEVs or

AFVs to the maximum extent feasible and consistent with the ability of such vehicles to perform

their intended functions. HEVs and AFVs must be acquired at a rate of at least 5% annually for

all new motor vehicle purchases so that not less than 50 percent of the motor vehicles the

Commonwealth owns and operates will be HEVs or AFVs by 2018.10

– promotes transportation

applications. The Massachusetts LEV Program requires all new passenger cars and light-duty trucks, medium-

duty vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles and engines sold and registered in Massachusetts to meet

California emission and compliance requirements, as set forth in Title 13 of the California Code

of Regulations. Manufacturers must comply with the Zero Emission Vehicle sales and

greenhouse gas emissions requirements.11

– promotes transportation applications.

9 EERE, “Idle Reduction Requirement”, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/MA/5997, September, 2010 10 EERE, “Hybrid Electric (HEV) Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Acquisition Requirements”,

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/MA/6468, September 2011 11 EERE, “Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Standards”, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/MA/6504, September, 2011

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ECONOMIC IMPACT

The hydrogen and fuel cell industry has direct, indirect, and induced impacts on local and regional

economies. 12

A new hydrogen and/or fuel cell project directly affects the area’s economy through the

purchase of goods and services, generation of land use revenue, taxes or payments in lieu of taxes, and

employment. Secondary effects include both indirect and induced economic effects resulting from the

circulation of the initial spending through the local economy, economic diversification, changes in

property values, and the use of indigenous resources.

Massachusetts is home to more than 300 companies that are part of the growing hydrogen and fuel cell

industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Lists of these companies can be seen in Appendix V and

Appendix VI. Realizing approximately $171 million in revenue and investments from their participation

in this regional cluster in 2010, these companies include manufacturing, parts distributing, supplying of

industrial gas, engineering based research and development (R&D), coating applications, and managing

of venture capital funds. 13

Furthermore, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry is estimated to have

contributed approximately $9.8 million in state and local tax revenue and $147 million in gross state

products. Table 1 shows Massachusetts’ impact in the Northeast region’s hydrogen and fuel cell industry

as of April 2011.

Table 1 - Massachusetts Economic Data 2011

Massachusetts Economic Data

Supply Chain Members 314

Direct Rev ($M) 59.6

Direct Jobs 346

Direct Labor Income ($M) 39.21

Indirect Rev ($M) 55.26

Indirect Jobs 238

Indirect Labor Income ($M) 19.95

Induced Revenue ($M) 56.35

Induced Jobs 380

Induced Labor Income ($M) 20.24

Total Revenue ($M) 171.21

Total Jobs 964

Total Labor Income ($M) 79.4

In addition, there are over 118,000 people employed across 3,500 companies within the Northeast

registered as part of the motor vehicle industry. Approximately 15,040 of these individuals and 485 of

these companies are located in Massachusetts. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were

to gain momentum within the transportation sector, the estimated employment rate for the hydrogen and

fuel cell industry could grow significantly in the region.14

12

Indirect impacts are the estimated output (i.e., revenue), employment and labor income in other business (i.e., not-OEMs) that

are associated with the purchases made by hydrogen and fuel cell OEMs, as well as other companies in the sector’s supply chain.

Induced impacts are the estimated output, employment and labor income in other businesses (i.e., non-OEMs) that are associated

with the purchases by workers related to the hydrogen and fuel cell industry. 13

Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, April 8,

2011 14 NAICS Codes: Motor Vehicle – 33611, Motor Vehicle Parts – 3363

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Residential

31%

Commercial

20% Industrial

17%

Transportation

32%

POTENTIAL STATIONARY TARGETS

In 2009, Massachusetts consumed the equivalent of 418 million megawatt-hours (MWh) of energy from

the transportation, residential, industrial, and commercial sectors.15

Electricity consumption in

Massachusetts was approximately 54.4 million MWh, and is forecasted to grow at a rate of 1.1 percent

annually over the next decade.16,17

Figure 1 illustrates the percent of total energy consumed by each sector

in Massachusetts. A more detailed breakout of energy use is provided in Appendix II.

Massachusetts represents approximately 46 percent of the population in New England and 46 percent of

the region’s total electricity consumption. The State relies on both in-state resources and imports of

power over the region’s transmission system to serve electricity to customers. Net electrical demand in

Massachusetts was 6,205 MW in 2009 and is projected to increase by approximately 420 MW by 2015.18

Further, the state’s overall electricity demand is forecasted to grow at a rate of 1.1 percent (1.4 percent

peak summer demand growth) annually over the next decade. Demand for new electric capacity as well

as a replacement of older less efficient base-load generation facilities is expected. With approximately

13,400 MW in total capacity of generation plants, Massachusetts represents 42 percent of the total

capacity in New England. 19

As shown in Figure 2, natural gas was the primary energy source for

electricity consumed in Massachusetts for 2009.20

15

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “State Energy Data System”,

“http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/hf.jsp?incfile=sep_sum/html/rank_use.html”, August 2011 16

EIA, “Electric Power Annual 2009 – State Data Tables”, www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January, 2011 17

ISO New England, “Massachusetts 2011 State Profile”, www.iso-ne.com/nwsiss/grid_mkts/key_facts/ma_01-

2011_profile.pdf, January, 2011 18

EIA, “1990 - 2010 Retail Sales of Electricity by State by Sector by Provider (EIA-861)”,

http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sprdshts.html, January 4, 2011 19 ISO New England, “Massachusetts 2011 State Profile”, www.iso-ne.com/nwsiss/grid_mkts/key_facts/ma_01-

2011_profile.pdf, January, 2011 20 EIA, “Massachusetts Electricity Profile”, http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/massachusetts.html, October, 2011

Figure 2 – Electric Power Generation

by Primary Energy Source

Figure 1 - Energy Consumption by Sector

Coal

19.1%

Petroleum

0.7%

Natural Gas

58.9%

Nuclear

13.6%

Hydroelectric

2.3%

Other Renewables

3.0%

Other

1.8%

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Fuel cell systems have many advantages over other conventional technologies, including:

High fuel-to-electricity efficiency (> 40 percent) utilizing hydrocarbon fuels;

Overall system efficiency of 85 to 93 percent;

Reduction of noise pollution;

Reduction of air pollution;

Often do not require new transmission;

Siting is not controversial; and

If near point of use, waste heat can be captured and used. Combined heat and power (CHP)

systems are more efficient and can reduce facility energy costs over applications that use separate

heat and central station power systems.21

Fuel cells can be deployed as a CHP technology that provides both power and thermal energy, and can

nearly double energy efficiency at a customer site, typically from 35 to 50 percent. The value of CHP

includes reduced transmission and distribution costs, reduced fuel use and associated emissions.22

Based

on the targets identified within this plan, there is the potential to develop at least approximately 301 MWs

of stationary fuel cell generation capacity in Massachusetts, which would provide the following benefits,

annually:

Production of approximately 2.38 million MWh of electricity

Production of approximately 6.39 million MMBTUs of thermal energy

Reduction of CO2 emissions of more than 840,000 tons (electric generation only)23

For the purpose of this plan, potential applications have been explored with a focus on fuel cells that have

a capacity between 300 kW to 400 kW. However, smaller fuel cells are potentially viable for specific

applications. Facilities that have electrical and thermal requirements that closely match the output of the

fuel cells potentially provide the best opportunity for the application of a fuel cell. Facilities that may be

good candidates for the application of a fuel cell include commercial buildings with potentially high

electricity consumption, selected government buildings, public works facilities, and energy intensive

industries.

Commercial building types with high electricity consumption have been identified as potential locations

for on-site generation and CHP application based on data from the Energy Information Administration’s

(EIA) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). These selected building types

making up the CBECS subcategory within the commercial industry include:

Education

Food Sales

Food Services

Inpatient Healthcare

Lodging

Public Order & Safety24

21 FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell Basics”, www.fuelcells.org/basics/apps.html, July, 2011 22 “Distributed Generation Market Potential: 2004 Update Connecticut and Southwest Connecticut”, ISE, Joel M. Rinebold,

ECSU, March 15, 2004 23 Replacement of conventional fossil fuel generating capacity with methane fuel cells could reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions by between approximately 100 and 600 lb/MWh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), eGRID2010 Version

1.1 Year 2007 GHG Annual Output Emission Rates, Annual non-baseload output emission rates (NPCC New England); FuelCell

Energy, DFC 300 Product sheet, http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/files/FCE%20300%20Product%20Sheet-lo-rez%20FINAL.pdf;

UTC Power, PureCell Model 400 System Performance Characteristics, http://www.utcpower.com/products/purecell400

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The commercial building types identified above represent top principal building activity classifications

that reported the highest value for electricity consumption on a per building basis and have a potentially

high load factor for the application of CHP. Appendix II further defines Massachusetts’ estimated

electrical consumption per each sector. As illustrated in Figure 3, this targeted CBECS subcategory

within the commercial sector are estimated to account for approximately 13 percent of Massachusetts’

total electrical consumption. Graphical representation of potential targets reflected are depicted in

Appendix I.

Figure 3 – Massachusetts Electrical Consumption per Sector

Education

There are approximately 854 non-public schools and 1,934 public schools (418 of which are considered

high schools with 100 or more students enrolled) in the Massachusetts.25,26

High schools operate for a

longer period of time daily due to extracurricular after school activities, such as clubs and athletics.

Furthermore, 11 of these schools have swimming pools, which make the sites especially attractive

because it would increase the utilization of both the electrical and thermal output offered by a fuel cell.

There are also 205 colleges and universities in Massachusetts. Colleges and universities have facilities

for students, faculty, administration, and maintenance crews that typically include dormitories, cafeterias,

gyms, libraries, and athletic departments – some with swimming pools. Of these 623 locations (418 high

schools and 205 colleges), 594 are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 1:

Education).

Educational establishments in other states such as Connecticut and New York have shown interest in fuel

cell technology. Examples of existing or planned fuel cell applications include South Windsor High

School (CT), Liverpool High School (NY), Rochester Institute of Technology, Yale University,

University of Connecticut, and the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and

Forestry. Some colleges and universities in Massachusetts, such as the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, have demonstrated fuel cell technology at their institution.

24

As defined by CBECS, Public Order & Safety facilities are: buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public

safety. Although these sites are usually described as government facilities they are referred to as commercial buildings because

their similarities in energy usage with the other building sites making up the CBECS data. 25 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 26 Public schools are classified as magnets, charters, alternative schools and special facilities

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Table 2 - Education Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

2,993

(16)

594

(27)

216

(31)

64.8

(31)

510,883

(31)

1,375,979

(31)

181,364

(42)

Food Sales

There are over 7,000 businesses in Massachusetts known to be engaged in the retail sale of food. Food

sales establishments are potentially good candidates for fuel cells based on their electrical demand and

thermal requirements for heating and refrigeration. 243 of these sites are considered larger food sales

businesses with approximately 60 or more employees at their site.27

Of these 243 businesses, 237 are

located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales).28

The application of

a large fuel cell (>300) at a small convenience store may not be economically viable based on the electric

demand and operational requirements; however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate.

Popular grocery chains such as Price Chopper, Supervalu, Whole foods, and Stop and Shop have shown

interest in powering their stores with fuel cells in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York.29

Star

Market, located in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts is a location where a fuel cell power plant has been

installed. In addition, grocery distribution centers, such as Shaw’s Perishable Distribution Center in

Methuen, Massachusetts, are prime targets for the application of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for

both stationary power and material handling equipment.

Table 3 - Food Sales Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

7,000

(14)

237

(20)

237

(20)

71.1

(20)

560,552

(20)

1,509,754

(20)

198,996

(31)

Food Service

There are over 10,000 businesses in Massachusetts that can be classified as food service establishments

because they are used for the preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.30

Approximately 84 of these sites are considered larger restaurant businesses with approximately 130 or

more employees at their site and are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure

3: Food Services).31

The application of a large fuel cell (>300 kW) at smaller restaurants with less than

130 workers may not be economically viable based on the electric demand and operational requirements;

however, a smaller fuel cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate to meet hot water and space heating

requirements. A significant portion (18 percent) of the energy consumed in a commercial food service

27

On average, food sale facilities consume 43,000 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell technology

(>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show food sales

facilities employing more than 61 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell. 28 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 29 Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA), “Fuel Cells for Supermarkets – Cleaner Energy with Fuel Cell Combined Heat and

Power Systems”, Benny Smith, www.cleanenergystates.org/assets/Uploads/BlakeFuelCellsSupermarketsFB.pdf 30 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 31

On average, food service facilities consume 20,300 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel cell

technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations show

food service facilities employing more than 130 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel

cell.

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operation can be attributed to the domestic hot water heating load.32

In other parts of the U.S., popular

chains, such as McDonalds, are beginning to show an interest in the smaller sized fuel cell units for the

provision of electricity and thermal energy, including domestic water heating.33

Table 4 - Food Services Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

10,000

(16)

84

(22)

84

(22)

25.2

(22)

198,677

(22)

535,103

(22)

70,530

(24)

Inpatient Healthcare

There are over 691 inpatient healthcare facilities in Massachusetts; 124 of which are classified as

hospitals.34

Of these 124 hospitals, 79 are located in communities serviced by natural gas and contain 100

or more beds onsite (Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare). Hospitals represent an excellent

opportunity for the application of fuel cells because they require a high availability factor of electricity for

lifesaving medical devices and operate 24/7 with a relatively flat load curve. Furthermore, medical

equipment, patient rooms, sterilized/operating rooms, data centers, and kitchen areas within these

facilities are often required to be in operational conditions at all times which maximizes the use of

electricity and thermal energy from a fuel cell. Nationally, hospital energy costs have increased 56

percent from $3.89 per square foot in 2003 to $6.07 per square foot for 2010, partially due to the

increased cost of energy.35

Examples of healthcare facilities with planned or operational fuel cells include St. Francis, Stamford, and

Waterbury hospitals in Connecticut, and North Central Bronx Hospital in New York.

Table 5 - Inpatient Healthcare Date Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

691

(17)

79

(19)

79

(19)

23.7

(19)

186,851

(19)

503,251

(19)

66,332

(29)

32 “Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating”, Fisher, Donald, http://eec.ucdavis.edu/ACEEE/2008/data/papers/9_243.pdf, 2008 33

Sustainable business Oregon, “ClearEdge sustains brisk growth”,

http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/01/clearedge_sustains_brisk_growth.html, May 8, 2011 34 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 35

BetterBricks, “http://www.betterbricks.com/graphics/assets/documents/BB_Article_EthicalandBusinessCase.pdf”, Page 1,

August 2011

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Office

Equipment, 4% Ventilation, 4%

Refrigeration, 3%

Lighting, 11%

Cooling, 13%

Space Heating ,

33%

Water Heating ,

18%

Cooking, 5% Other, 9%

Lodging

There are over 1,900 establishments specializing

in travel/lodging accommodations that include

hotels, motels, or inns in Massachusetts.

Approximately 143 of these establishments have

100 or more rooms onsite, and can be classified

as “larger sized” lodging that may have

additional attributes, such as heated pools,

exercise facilities, and/or restaurants. 36

Of these

146 locations, 136 are located in communities

serviced by natural gas. As shown in Figure 4,

more than 60 percent of total energy use at a

typical lodging facility is due to lighting, space

heating, and water heating. 37

Popular hotel

chains such as the Hilton and Starwood Hotels

have shown interest in powering their

establishments with fuel cells in New Jersey and

New York.

Massachusetts also has 431 facilities identified

as convalescent homes, 87 of which have bed

capacities greater than, or equal to 150 units,

and are located in communities serviced by

natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging). 38

Table 6 - Lodging Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

1,358

(17)

223

(25)

223

(25)

66.9

(25)

527,440

(25)

1,420,571

(25)

187,241

(39)

Public Order and Safety

There are approximately 603 facilities in Massachusetts that can be classified as public order and safety;

these include 274 fire stations, 304 police stations, seven state police stations, and 23 prisons. 39,40

48 of

these locations employ more than 210 workers and are located in communities serviced by natural gas.41,42

36 EPA, “CHP in the Hotel and Casino Market Sector”, www.epa.gov/chp/documents/hotel_casino_analysis.pdf, December, 2005 37 National Grid, “Managing Energy Costs in Full-Service Hotels”,

www.nationalgridus.com/non_html/shared_energyeff_hotels.pdf, 2004 38 Assisted-Living-List, “List of 491 Nursing Homes in Massachusetts (MA)”, http://assisted-living-list.com/ma-nursing-homes//

, September, 2011 39 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 40 USACOPS – The Nations Law Enforcement Site, www.usacops.com/me/ 41

CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,

November, 2011 42

On average, public order and safety facilities consume 12,400 kWh of electricity per worker on an annual basis. Current fuel

cell technology (>300 kW) can satisfy annual electricity consumption loads between 2,628,000 – 3,504,000 kWh. Calculations

show public order and safety facilities employing more than 212 workers may represent favorable opportunities for the

application of a larger fuel cell.

Figure 4 - U.S. Lodging, Energy Consumption

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These applications may represent favorable opportunities for the application of a larger fuel cell (>300

kW), which could provide heat and uninterrupted power. 43,44

The sites identified (Appendix I – Figure 6:

Public Order and Safety) will have special value to provide increased reliability to mission critical

facilities associated with public safety and emergency response during grid outages. The application of a

large fuel cell (>300 kW) at public order and safety facilities with less than 210 employees may not be

economically viable based on the electrical demand and operational requirement; however, a smaller fuel

cell ( 5 kW) may be appropriate. Central Park Police Station in New York City, New York is presently

powered by a 200 kW fuel cell system.

Table 7 -Public Order and Safety Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

603

(18)

48

(15)

48

(15)

14.4

(15)

113,530

(15)

305,773

(15)

40,303

(23)

Energy Intensive Industries

As shown in Table 2, energy intensive industries with high electricity consumption (which on average is

4.8 percent of annual operating costs) have been identified as potential locations for the application of a

fuel cell.45

In Massachusetts, there are approximately 787 of these industrial facilities that are involved in

the manufacture of aluminum, cement, food, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, petroleum,

coal products or iron and steel and employ 25 or more employees.46

Of these 787 locations, 761 are

located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries).

Table 8 - 2002 Data for the Energy Intensive Industry by Sector47

NAICS Code Sector Energy Consumption per Dollar Value of Shipments (kWh)

325 Chemical manufacturing 2.49

322 Pulp and Paper 4.46

324110 Petroleum Refining 4.72

311 Food manufacturing 0.76

331111 Iron and steel 8.15

321 Wood Products 1.23

3313 Alumina and aluminum 3.58

327310 Cement 16.41

33611 Motor vehicle manufacturing 0.21

3315 Metal casting 1.64

336811 Shipbuilding and ship repair 2.05

3363 Motor vehicle parts manufacturing 2.05

Companies such as Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Pepperidge Farms in Connecticut, New Jersey,

and New York have installed fuel cells to help supply energy to their facilities.

42 EIA, Description of CBECS Building Types, www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/building_types.html 43

2,628,000 / 12,400 = 211.94 44

CBECS,“Table C14”, http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set19/2003pdf/alltables.pdf,

November, 2011 45 EIA, “Electricity Generation Capability”, 1999 CBECS, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/pba99/comparegener.html 46 Proprietary market data 47 EPA, “Energy Trends in Selected Manufacturing Sectors”, www.epa.gov/sectors/pdf/energy/ch2.pdf, March 2007

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Table 9 - Energy Intensive Industry Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

787

(17)

76

(18)

76

(18)

22.8

(18)

179,755

(18)

484,141

(18)

63,813

(29)

Government Owned Buildings

Buildings operated by the federal government can be found at 187 locations in Massachusetts; 16 of these

properties are actively owned, rather than leased, by the federal government and are located in

communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings).

There are also a number of buildings owned and operated by the State of Massachusetts. The application

of fuel cell technology at government owned buildings would assist in balancing load requirements at

these sites and offer a unique value for active and passive public education associated with the high usage

of these public buildings.

Table 10 - Government Owned Building Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

187

(15)

16

(18)

16

(18)

4.8

(18)

37,843

(18)

101,924

(18)

13,434

(27)

Wireless Telecommunication Sites

The telecommunications industry in Massachusetts is an $800 million industry.48

Telecommunications

companies rely on electricity to run call centers, cell phone towers, and other vital equipment. In

Massachusetts, there are more than 583 telecommunications and/or wireless company tower sites

(Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites). Any loss of power at these locations may result in a

loss of service to customers; thus, having reliable power is critical. Each individual site represents an

opportunity to provide back-up power for continuous operation through the application of on-site back-up

generation powered by hydrogen and fuel cell technology. It is an industry standard to install units

capable of supplying 48-72 hours of backup power, which is typically accomplished with batteries or

conventional emergency generators.49

The deployment of fuel cells at selected telecommunication sites

will have special value to provide increased reliability to critical sites associated with emergency

communications and homeland security. An example of a telecommunication site that utilizes fuel cell

technology to provide back-up power is a T-Mobile facility located in Storrs, Connecticut.

Table 11 - Wireless Telecommunication Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

583

(15)

58

(15) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs)

48 NHPUC, “Telecom”, www.puc.nh.gov/telecom/telecom.htm, July 7, 2011 49 ReliOn, Hydrogen Fuel Cell: Wireless Applications”, www.relion-inc.com/pdf/ReliOn_AppsWireless_2010.pdf, May 4, 2011

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There are 144 WWTPs in Massachusetts that have design flows ranging from 4,800 gallons per day

(GPD) to 294 million gallons per day (MGD); 36 of these facilities average between 3 – 294 MGD.

WWTPs account for approximately three percent of the electric load in the U.S.50

Digester gas produced

at WWTP’s, which is usually 60 percent methane, can serve as a fuel substitute for natural gas to power

fuel cells. Anaerobic digesters generally require a wastewater flow greater than three MGD for an

economy of scale to collect and use the methane.51

WWTPs typically operate 24/7 and may be able to

utilize the thermal energy from the fuel cell to process fats, oils, and grease.52

Most facilities currently

represent a lost opportunity to capture and use the digestion of methane emissions created from their

operations (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites). 53,54

A 200 kW fuel cell power plant in Yonkers, New York, was the world’s first commercial fuel cell to run

on a waste gas created at a wastewater treatment plant. The fuel cell generates about 1,600 MWh of

electricity a year, and reduces methane emissions released to the environment.55

A 200 kW fuel cell

power plant was also installed at the Water Pollution Control Authority’s WWTP in New Haven,

Connecticut, and produces 10 – 15 percent of the facility’s electricity, reducing energy costs by almost

$13,000 a year.56

Table 12 - Wastewater Treatment Plant Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

143

(25)

4

(25)

4

(25)

1.2

(25)

9,461

(25)

25,481

(25)

3,359

(40)

Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)

There are 39 landfills in Massachusetts identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through

their LMOP program; 18 of which are operational, two are candidates, and 19 are considered potential

sites for the production and recovery of methane gas.57,58

The amount of methane emissions released by a

given site is dependent upon the amount of material in the landfill and the amount of time the material has

been in place. Similar to WWTPs, methane emissions from landfills could be captured and used as a fuel

to power a fuel cell system. In 2009, municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills were responsible for

producing approximately 17 percent of human-related methane emissions in the nation. These locations

could produce renewable energy and help manage the release of methane (Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid

and Liquid Waste Sites).

50

EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, “Introduction”, July, 2006 51 EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, July, 2011 52

“Beyond Zero Net Energy: Case Studies of Wastewater Treatment for Energy and Resource Production”, Toffey, Bill,

September 2010, http://www.awra-pmas.memberlodge.org/Resources/Documents/Beyond_NZE_WWT-Toffey-9-16-2010.pdf 53 “GHG Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Biosolids Management”, Beecher, Ned, November 20, 2009,

www.des.state.nh.us/organization/divisions/water/wmb/rivers/watershed_conference/documents/2009_fri_climate_2.pdf 54 EPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet, www.p2pays.org/energy/WastePlant.pdf, May 4, 2011 55 NYPA, “WHAT WE DO – Fuel Cells”, www.nypa.gov/services/fuelcells.htm, August 8, 2011 56

Conntact.com; “City to Install Fuel Cell”,

http://www.conntact.com/archive_index/archive_pages/4472_Business_New_Haven.html; August 15, 2003 57 LMOP defines a candidate landfill as “one that is accepting waste or has been closed for five years or less, has at

least one million tons of waste, and does not have an operational or, under-construction project ”EPA, “Landfill

Methane Outreach Program”, www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-info/index.html, April 7, 2011 58

Due to size, individual sites may have more than one potential, candidate, or operational project.

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Table 13 - Landfill Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

22

(10)

2

(14)

2

(14)

0.6

(14)

4,730

(14)

12,741

(14)

1,679

(23)

Airports

During peak air travel times in the U.S., there are approximately 50,000 airplanes in the sky each day.

Ensuring safe operations of commercial and private aircrafts are the responsibility of air traffic

controllers. Modern software, host computers, voice communication systems, and instituted full scale

glide path angle capabilities assist air traffic controllers in tracking and communicating with aircrafts;59

consequently, reliable electricity is extremely important and present an opportunity for a fuel cell power

application.

There are approximately 76 airports in Massachusetts, including 42 that are open to the public and have

scheduled services. Of those 42 airports, eight (Table 3) have 2,500 or more passengers enplaned each

year; six of these eight facilities are located in communities serviced by natural gas. (See Appendix I –

Figure 11: Commercial Airports). An example, of an airport currently hosting a fuel cell power plant to

provide backup power is Albany International Airport located in Albany, New York.

Table 14 – Massachusetts Top Airports' Enplanement Count

Airport60

Total Enplanement in 2000

General Edward Lawrence Logan International 13,613,507

Nantucket Memorial 296,451

Barnstable Municipal 205,906

Laurence G. Hanscom Field 82,204

Martha’s Vineyard 71,150

Worchester Regional 52,916

New Bedford Regional 22,882

Two of Massachusetts’ 76 airports are considered “Joint-Use” airports. Westover Army Reserve Base

Metropolitan (CEF) and Barnstable Municipal (BAV) are facilities where the military department

authorizes use of the military runway for public airport services. Army Aviation Support Facilities

(AASF), located at these sites are used by the Army to provide aircraft and equipment readiness, train and

utilize military personnel, conduct flight training and operations, and perform field level maintenance.

These locations represent favorable opportunities for the application of uninterruptible power for

necessary services associated with national defense and emergency response. Furthermore, both of these

sites are located in communities serviced by natural gas (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).

Table 15 - Airport Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

76

(9)

9(2)

(18)

9

(18)

2.7

(18)

21,287

(18)

57,332

(18)

7,557

(27)

59 Howstuffworks.com, “How Air Traffic Control Works”, Craig, Freudenrich,

http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control5.htm, May 4, 2011 60 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, “Massachusetts Transportation Profile”,

www.bts.gov/publications/state_transportation_statistics/massachusetts/pdf/entire.pdf, March 30, 2011

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Military The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funding organization in terms of supporting fuel

cell activities for military applications in the world. DOD is using fuel cells for:

Stationary units for power supply in bases.

Fuel cell units in transport applications.

Portable units for equipping individual soldiers or group of soldiers.

In a collaborative partnership with the DOE, the DOD plans to install and operate 18 fuel cell backup

power systems at eight of its military installations, two of which are located within the Northeast region

(New York and New Jersey).61

Fort Devens, Hanscom Air Force Base, and Soldier Systems Center in

Massachusetts, are additional military sites for the potential application of hydrogen and fuel cell

technology (Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports).

Table 16 - Military Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

3

(21)

3

(21)

3

(21)

0.9

(21)

7,096

(21)

19,111

(21)

2,519

(35)

61 Fuel Cell Today, “US DoD to Install Fuel cell Backup Power Systems at Eight Military Installations”,

http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/online/news/articles/2011-07/US-DOD-FC-Backup-Power-Systems, July 20, 2011

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POTENTIAL TRANSPORTATION TARGETS

Transportation is responsible for one-fourth of the total global GHG emissions and consumes 75 percent

of the world’s oil production. In 2010, the U.S. used 21 million barrels of non-renewable petroleum each

day. Roughly 32 percent of Massachusetts’ energy consumption is due to demands of the transportation

sector, including gasoline and on-highway diesel petroleum for automobiles, sport utility vehicles, cars,

trucks, and buses. A small percent of non-renewable petroleum is used for jet and ship fuel.62

The current economy in the U.S. is dependent on hydrocarbon energy sources and any disruption or

shortage of this energy supply will severely affect many energy related activities, including

transportation. As oil and other non-sustainable hydrocarbon energy resources become scarce, energy

prices will increase and the reliability of supply will be reduced. Government and industry are now

investigating the use of hydrogen and renewable energy as a replacement of hydrocarbon fuels.

Hydrogen-fueled fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) have many advantages over conventional

technology, including:

Quiet operation;

Near zero emissions of controlled pollutants such as nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide,

hydrocarbon gases or particulates;

Substantial (30 to 50 percent) reduction in GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis compared to

conventional gasoline or gasoline-hybrid vehicles when the hydrogen is produced by

conventional methods such as natural gas; and 100 percent when hydrogen is produced from a

clean energy source;

Ability to fuel vehicles with indigenous energy sources which reduces dependence on imported

energy and adds to energy security; and

Higher efficiency than conventional vehicles (See Table 4).63,64

Table 17 - Average Energy Efficiency of Conventional and Fuel Cell Vehicles (mpge65

)

Passenger Car Light Truck Transit Bus

Hydrogen Gasoline Hybrid Gasoline Hydrogen Gasoline Hydrogen Fuel Cell Diesel

52 50 29.3 49.2 21.5 5.4 3.9

FCEVs can reduce price volatility, dependence on oil, improve environmental performance, and provide

greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies, as follows:

Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit

buses with FCEVs could result in annual CO2 emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately

10,170, 15,770, and 182,984 pounds per year, respectively.66

62 “US Oil Consumption to BP Spill”, http://applesfromoranges.com/2010/05/us-oil-consumption-to-bp-spill/, May31, 2010 63 “Challenges for Sustainable Mobility and Development of Fuel Cell Vehicles”, Masatami Takimoto, Executive Vice President,

Toyota Motor Corporation, January 26, 2006. Presentation at the 2nd International Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Expo Technical

Conference Tokyo, Japan 64 “Twenty Hydrogen Myths”, Amory B. Lovins, Rocky Mountain Institute, June 20, 2003 65 Miles per Gallon Equivalent 66 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the

Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008, Calculations based upon average annual mileage of 12,500

miles for passenger car and 14,000 miles for light trucks (U.S. EPA) and 37,000 average miles/year per bus (U.S. DOT FTA,

2007)

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Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles and light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit

buses with FCEVs could result in annual energy savings (per vehicle) of approximately 230

gallons of gasoline (passenger vehicle), 485 gallons of gasoline (light duty truck) and 4,390

gallons of diesel (bus).

Replacement of gasoline-fueled passenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and diesel-fueled transit

buses with FCEVs could result in annual fuel cost savings of approximately $885 per passenger

vehicle, $1,866 per light duty truck, and $17,560 per bus.67

Automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Daimler AG, and Hyundai have

projected that models of their FCEVs will begin to roll out in larger numbers by 2015. Longer term, the

U.S. DOE has projected that between 15.1 million and 23.9 million light duty FCEVs may be sold each

year by 2050 and between 144 million and 347 million light duty FCEVs may be in use by 2050 with a

transition to a hydrogen economy. These estimates could be accelerated if political, economic, energy

security or environmental polices prompt a rapid advancement in alternative fuels.68

Strategic targets for the application of hydrogen for transportation include alternative fueling stations;

Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) refueling stations; bus transits operations;

government, public, and privately owned fleets; and material handling and airport ground support

equipment (GSE). Graphical representation of potential targets analyzed are depicted in Appendix I.

Alternative Fueling Stations

There are approximately 2,700 retail fueling stations in Massachusetts;69

however, only 56 public and/or

private stations within the state provide alternative fuels, such as biodiesel, compressed natural gas

(CNG), liquid propane gas (LPG), ethanol (E85), electricity, and/or hydrogen for alternative-fueled

vehicles.70

There are also approximately 27 refueling stations owned and operated by MassDOT that can

be used by authorities operating federal and state safety vehicles, state transit vehicles, and employees of

universities that operate fleet vehicles on a regular basis.71

Development of hydrogen fueling at alternative

fueling stations and at selected locations owned and operated by MassDOT would help facilitate the

deployment of FCEVs within the state (Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations).

Currently, Massachusetts’ only hydrogen refueling station is located in Billerica at Nuvera’s headquarters.

There are approximately 18 existing or planned transportation fueling stations in the Northeast region

where hydrogen is provided as an alternative fuel.72,

67 U.S. EIA, Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices: gasoline - $3.847 and diesel – 4.00,

www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_a_epm0r_pte_dpgal_w.htm 68

Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy on Employment in the United States: Report to Congress,

http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/congress_reports.html, August 2011 69 “Public retail gasoline stations state year” www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/docs/gasoline_stations_state.xls, May 5, 2011 70 Alternative Fuels Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/ 71 EPA, “Government UST Noncompliance Report-2007”, www.epa.gov/oust/docs/MA%20Compliance%20Report.pdf 72 Alternative Fuels Data Center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/stations/

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Fleets

There are over 10,000 fleet vehicles (excluding state and federal vehicles) classified as non-leasing or

company owned vehicles in Massachusetts.73

Fleet vehicles typically account for more than twice the

amount of mileage, and therefore twice the fuel consumption and emissions, compared to personal

vehicles on a per vehicle basis. There is an additional 8,890 passenger automobiles and/or light duty

trucks in Massachusetts, owned by state and federal agencies (excluding state police) that traveled a

combined 69,463,246 miles in 2010, while releasing 5,056 metrics tons of CO2.74

Conversion of fleet

vehicles from conventional fossil fuels to FCEVs could significantly reduce petroleum consumption and

GHG emissions. Fleet vehicle hubs may be good candidates for hydrogen refueling and conversion to

FCEVs because they mostly operate on fixed routes or within fixed districts and are fueled from a

centralized station.

Bus Transit

There are approximately 1,030 directly operated buses that provide public transportation services in

Massachusetts.75

As discussed above, replacement of a conventional diesel transit bus with a fuel cell

transit bus would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions (estimated at approximately 183,000 pounds

per year), and reduction of diesel fuel (estimated at approximately 4,390 gallons per year).76

Although the

efficiency of conventional diesel buses has increased, conventional diesel buses, which typically achieve

fuel economy performance levels of 3.9 miles per gallon, have the greatest potential for energy savings by

using high efficiency fuel cells.

In September 2007, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) received an award for

being the “Largest Alternative Fuel User in Massachusetts”, mainly due to its fleet of 360 buses that run

on natural gas. The MBTA bus fleet consists of CNG, Emission Control Diesel (ECD), and all electric

buses, and is working to improve Boston’s air quality even further. In addition to Massachusetts, other

states have also begun the transition of fueling transit buses with alternative fuels to improve efficiency

and environmental performance.77

Material Handling

Material handling equipment, such as forklifts, are used by a variety of industries, including

manufacturing, construction, mining, agriculture, food, retailers, and wholesale trade to move goods

within a facility or to load goods for shipping to another site. Material handling equipment is usually

battery, propane, and/or diesel powered. Batteries that currently power material handling equipment are

heavy and take up significant storage space while only providing up to 6 hours of run time. Fuel cells can

ensure constant power delivery and performance, eliminating the reduction in voltage output that occurs

as batteries discharge. Fuel cell powered material handling equipment last more than twice as long (12-

14 hours) and also eliminate the need for battery storage and charging rooms, leaving more space for

products. In addition, fueling time only takes two to three minutes by the operator compared to least 20

73 Fleet.com, “2009-My Registration”, www.automotive-

fleet.com/Statistics/StatsViewer.aspx?file=http%3a%2f%2fwww.automotive-fleet.com%2ffc_resources%2fstats%2fAFFB10-16-

top10-state.pdf&channel 74 U.S. General Services Administration, “GSA 2010 Fleet Reports”, Table 4-2, http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/230525, September

2011 75

NTD Date, “TS2.2 - Service Data and Operating Expenses Time-Series by System”,

http://www.ntdprogram.gov/ntdprogram/data.htm, December 2011 76 Fuel Cell Economic Development Plan, Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development and the

Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc, January 1, 2008. 77

Mass.gov, “Leading by Example: Transportation – Alternative Fuel”,

http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eoeeaterminal&L=4&L0=Home&L1=Grants+%26+Technical+Assistance&L2=Guidance+%26+

Technical+Assistance&L3=Greening+State+Government&sid=Eoeea&b=terminalcontent&f=eea_lbe_lbe_transportation&csid=

Eoeea, September, 2011

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minutes or more for each battery replacement (assuming one is available), which saves the operator

valuable time and increases warehouse productivity.

Fuel cell powered material handling equipment has significant cost advantages, compared to batteries,

such as:

1.5 times lower maintenance cost;

8 times lower refueling/recharging labor cost;

2 times lower net present value of total operations and management (O&M) system cost.

63 percent less emissions of GHG (Appendix XI provides a comparison of PEM fuel cell and

battery-powered material handling equipment). 78

Fuel cell powered material handling equipment is already in use at dozens of warehouses, distribution

centers, and manufacturing plants in North America.79

Large corporations that are currently using or

planning to use fuel cell powered material handling equipment include CVS, Coca-Cola, BMW, Central

Grocers, and Wal-Mart (Refer to Appendix X for a partial list of companies in North America that use

fuel cell powered forklifts).80

There are approximately 25 distribution center/warehouse sites that have

been identified in Massachusetts that may benefit from the use of fuel cell powered material handling

equipment (Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports).

Ground Support Equipment

Ground support equipment (GSE) such as catering trucks, deicers, and airport tugs can be battery

operated or more commonly run on diesel or gasoline. As an alternative, hydrogen-powered tugs are

being developed for both military and commercial applications. While their performance is similar to that

of other battery-powered equipment, a fuel cell-powered GSE remains fully charged (provided there is

hydrogen fuel available) and do not experience performance lag at the end of a shift like battery-powered

GSE.81

Potential large end-users of GSE that serve Massachusetts’ largest airports include Air Canada,

Air France, British Airways, Continental, Southwest Airlines, JetBlue, United, and US Airways

(Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports). 82

Ports

Ports in Boston, Fall River, New Bedford, Gloucester Harbor, and Fore River Shipyard, which service

large vessels such as container ships, tankers, bulk carriers, and cruise ships, may be candidates for

improved energy management. Massachusetts’ largest port, the Port of Boston, actively supports 34,000

jobs, and contributes more than $2 billion to the local, regional, and national economies through direct,

indirect, and induced impact. Furthermore, the Port of Boston hosts privately owned petroleum and

liquefied natural gas terminals, which supply more than 90 percent of Massachusetts' heating and fossil

fuel needs and handles nearly 1.5 million metric tons of cargo each year. Boston’s top imports are

79 DOE EERE, “Early Markets: Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment”,

www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/education/pdfs/early_markets_forklifts.pdf, February 2011 80 Plug Power, “Plug Power Celebrates Successful year for Company’s Manufacturing and Sales Activity”,

www.plugpower.com, January 4, 2011 81 Battelle, “Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Markets”,

April 2007, www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/pemfc_econ_2006_report_final_0407.pdf 82 Logan Airport, “Airlines at Boston Logan”, http://www.massport.com/logan-airport/about-logan/Pages/Airlines.aspx,

September, 2011

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alcoholic beverages, frozen seafood, footwear and furniture, while top exports include hides and skins,

automobiles, logs and lumber, frozen seafood, paper, and scrap metal. 83

In one year, a single large container ship can emit pollutants equivalent to that of 50 million cars. The

low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90,000 cargo ships contains up to 2,000 times the amount of

sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles.84

While docked, vessels shut off their main engines

but use auxiliary diesel and steam engines to power refrigeration, lights, pumps, and other functions, a

process called “cold-ironing”. An estimated one-third of ship emissions occur while they are idling at

berth. Replacing auxiliary engines with on-shore electric power could significantly reduce emissions.

The application of fuel cell technology at ports may also provide electric and thermal energy for

improving energy management at warehouses and equipment operated between terminals (Appendix I –

Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports).85

Table 18 - Ports Data Breakdown

State Total

Sites

Potential

Sites

FC Units

(300 Kw) MWs

MWhrs

(per year)

Thermal Output

(MMBTU)

CO2 emissions

(ton per year)

MA

(% of Region)

20

(17)

5

(26)

5

(26)

1.5

(26)

11,826

(26)

31,851

(26)

4,198

(41)

83

Massport.com, “About Port of Boston”, http://www.massport.com/port-of-

boston/About%20Port%20of%20Boston/AboutPortofBoston.aspx, September 2011 84

“Big polluters: one massive container ship equals 50 million cars”, Paul, Evans, http://www.gizmag.com/shipping-

pollution/11526/, April 23,2009 85

Savemayportvillage.net, “Cruise Ship Pollution”, http://www.savemayportvillage.net/id20.html, October, 2011

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CONCLUSION

Hydrogen and fuel cell technology offers significant opportunities for improved energy reliability, energy

efficiency, and emission reductions. Large fuel cell units (>300 kW) may be appropriate for applications

that serve large electric and thermal loads. Smaller fuel cell units (< 300 kW) may provide back-up power

for telecommunication sites, restaurants/fast food outlets, and smaller sized public facilities at this time.

Table 19 –Summary of Potential Fuel Cell Applications

Category Total Sites Potential

Sites

Number of Fuel

Cells

< 300 kW

Number of

Fuel Cells

>300 kW

CB

EC

S D

ata

Education 2,993 59486

378 216

Food Sales 7,000+ 23787

237

Food Services 10,000+ 8488

84

Inpatient Healthcare 691 7989

79

Lodging 1358 22390

223

Public Order & Safety 603 4891

48

Energy Intensive Industries 787 7692

76

Government Operated

Buildings 187 16

93

16

Wireless

Telecommunication

Towers

58394

5895

58

WWTPs 143 496

4

Landfills 22 297

2

Airports (w/ AASF) 76 9 (2) 98

13

Military 3 3 3

Ports 20 5 5

Total 24,466 1,438 436 1,002

As shown in Table 5, the analysis provided here estimates that there are approximately 1,438 potential

locations, which may be favorable candidates for the application of a fuel cell to provide heat and power.

Assuming the demand for electricity was uniform throughout the year, approximately 753 to 1,002 fuel

86 594 high schools and/or college and universities located in communities serviced by natural gas 87 237 food sale facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 88 Ten percent of the 648 food service facilities located in communities serviced by natural gas 89 79 Hospitals located in communities serviced by natural gas and occupying 100 or more beds onsite 90 136 hotel facilities with 100+ rooms onsite and 87 convalescent homes with 150+ bed onsite located in communities serviced

by natural gas 91 County, state, or federal prisons/correctional facilities and/or other public order and safety facilities with 212 or more works. 92 Ten percent of the 761 energy intensive industry facilities located in communities with natural gas. 93 16 actively owned federal government operated building located in communities serviced by natural gas 94

The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire,

satellite and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. 95 Ten percent of the 583 wireless telecommunication sites in Massachusetts’ targeted for back-up PEM fuel cell deployment 96 Ten percent of Massachusetts WWTP with average flows of 3.0+ MGD 97 Ten percent of the landfills targeted based on LMOP data. 98 Airport facilities with 2,500+ annual Enplanement Counts and/or with AASF

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cell units, with a capacity of 300 – 400 kW, could be deployed for a total fuel cell capacity of 301 to 401

MWs.

If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 300 kW units, a minimum of 2.37

million MWh electric and 6.39 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 1.87 million MWh) of thermal energy

would be produced, which could reduce CO2 emissions by at least 842,445 tons per year. 99

Massachusetts can also benefit from the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for transportation such

as passenger fleets, transit district fleets, and general fleets. The application of hydrogen and fuel cell

technology for transportation would reduce the dependence on oil, improve environmental performance

and provide greater efficiencies than conventional transportation technologies.

• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled passenger vehicle with FCEVs could result in annual CO2

emission reductions (per vehicle) of approximately 10,170 pounds, annual energy savings of 230

gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $885.

• Replacement of a gasoline-fueled light duty trucks with FCEVs could result in annual CO2

emission reductions (per light duty truck) of approximately 15,770 pounds, annual energy savings

of 485 gallons of gasoline, and annual fuel cost savings of $1866.

• Replacement of a diesel-fueled transit bus with a fuel cell powered bus could result in annual CO2

emission reductions (per bus) of approximately 182,984 pounds, annual energy savings of 4,390

gallons of fuel, and annual fuel cost savings of $17,560.

Hydrogen and fuel cell technology also provides significant opportunities for job creation and/or

economic development. Realizing approximately $171 million in revenue and investment from their

participation in this regional cluster in 2010, the hydrogen and fuel cell industry in Massachusetts is

estimated to have contributed over $9 million in state and local tax revenue, and over $147 million in

gross state product. Currently, there are more than 300 Massachusetts companies that are part of the

growing hydrogen and fuel cell industry supply chain in the Northeast region. Nine of these companies

are defined as OEMs, and were responsible for supplying 346 direct jobs and $59.6 million in direct

revenue and investment in 2010. If newer/emerging hydrogen and fuel cell technology were to gain

momentum, the number of companies and employment for the industry could grow substantially.

99

If all suggested targets are satisfied by fuel cell(s) installations with 400 kW units, a minimum of 3.34 million MWh electric

and 15.66 million MMBTUs (equivalent to 4.59 million MWh) of thermal energy would be produced, which could reduce CO2

emissions by at least 1.18 million tons per year.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix I – Figure 1: Education

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Appendix I – Figure 2: Food Sales

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Appendix I – Figure 3: Food Services

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Appendix I – Figure 4: Inpatient Healthcare

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Appendix I – Figure 5: Lodging

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Appendix I – Figure 6: Public Order and Safety

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Appendix I – Figure 7: Energy Intensive Industries

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Appendix I – Figure 8: Federal Government Operated Buildings

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Appendix I – Figure 9: Telecommunication Sites

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Appendix I – Figure 10: Solid and Liquid Waste Sites

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Appendix I – Figure 11: Commercial Airports

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Appendix I – Figure 12: Alternative Fueling Stations

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Appendix I – Figure 13: Distribution Centers/Warehouses & Ports

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Appendix II – Massachusetts Estimated Electrical Consumption per Sector

Category Total Site

Electric Consumption per Building

(1000 kWh)100

kWh Consumed per Sector

New England

Education 2,788 161.844 451,221,072

Food Sales 7,000 319.821 2,238,747,000

Food Services 10,000 128 1,281,900,000

Inpatient Healthcare 691 6,038.63 4,172,689,875

Lodging 1,358 213.12 289,414,244

Public Order & Safety 781 77.855 55,899,890

Total 22,555 8,489,872,081

Residential101

20,539,000,000

Industrial 9,870,000,000

Commercial 26,415,000,000

Other Commercial 8,489,872,081

100

EIA, Electricity consumption and expenditure intensities for Non-Mall Building 2003 101

DOE EERE, “Electric Power and Renewable Energy in Massachusetts”,

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/electricity.cfm/state=MA , August, 2011

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Appendix III – Key Stakeholders

Organization Town State Website Massachusetts Municipal

Association

Communications &

Membership Division

Boston MA http://www.mma.org/home-mainmenu-1

Massachusetts Hydrogen

Coalition, Inc. Medway MA http://www.massh2.org/

International Green

Technology Trade Center

Trade center 128

Woburn MA http://igttc128.com/

Massachusetts Clean

Energy Center

(MassCEC)

Boston MA http://www.masscec.com/

Department of Energy

Resources (DOER) Boston MA http://www.mass.gov/

Massachusetts

Technology Leadership

Council for Energy

Waltham MA http://www.mhtc.org/

Massachusetts Department

of Transportation Boston MA http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/

Massachusetts Emergency

Management Agency Framingham MA http://www.mass.gov/

Massachusetts Department

of Public Utilities Boston MA http://www.mass.gov/

Department of

Environmental Protection Boston MA http://www.mass.gov/

Utilities

Bay State Gas http://www.columbiagasma.com/en/home.aspx

Berkshire Gas http://www.berkshiregas.com/

National Grid (Keyspan) http://www.nationalgridus.com/

National Grid (Massachusetts Electric) http://www.nationalgridus.com/

NSTAR http://www.nstar.com/residential/

Unitil http://www.unitil.com/customer-configuration

WMECO http://www.wmeco.com/

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Appendix IV – Massachusetts State Incentives

Funding Source: Massachusetts Department of Revenue

Program Title: Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation Patent Exemption

Applicable Energies/Technologies: Passive Solar Space Heat, Solar Water Heat, Solar Space

Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Solar Thermal Process Heat, Photovoltaic, Wind, Biomass,

Hydroelectric, Geothermal Electric, Fuel Cells, Geothermal Heat Pumps, Municipal Solid

Waste, Fuel Cells using Renewable Fuels

Summary: Massachusetts offers a corporate excise tax deduction

Restrictions:

(1) Any income -- including royalty income -- received from the sale or lease of a U.S. patent

deemed beneficial for energy conservation or alternative energy development by the Massachusetts

Department of Energy Resources.

(2) Any income received from the sale or lease of personal or real property or materials

manufactured in Massachusetts and subject to the approved patent.

Timing: The deduction is effective for up to five years from the date of issuance of the U.S. patent

or the date of approval by the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources, whichever expires

first.

Maximum Size:

100% deduction

Requirements:

See Massachusetts Department of Revenue “830 CMR 62.6.1 Residential Energy credit”

http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=dorterminal&L=6&L0=Home&L1=Businesses&L2=Help+%26+Re

sources&L3=Legal+Library&L4=Regulations+(CMRs)&L5=62.00%3a+Income+Tax&sid=Ador&b

=terminalcontent&f=dor_rul_reg_reg_830_cmr_62_6_1&csid=Ador

Rebate amount: NA

For further information, please visit:

http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=dorhomepage&L=1&L0=Home&sid=Ador

Source:

Massachusetts Department of Revenue “830 CMR 62.6.1 Residential Energy credit”, September 6,

2011

DSIRE “Alternative Energy and Energy Conservation Patent Exemption”, September 6, 2011

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Appendix V – Partial list of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Supply Chain Companies in Massachusetts102

Organization Name Product or Service Category

1 Anderson Insulation, Inc. Materials

2 Inform Design Other

3 Spectrum Analytical Lab or Test Equipment/Services

4 TW Metals Materials

5 HDM Systems Equipment

6 MKS Instruments, Inc Equipment

7 Trilogic Other

8 Vicor Components

9 Kidde-Fenwal (UTC Fire & Security) Lab or Test Equipment/Services

10 Engineered Materials Solutions Materials

11 Sensata Technologies Components

12 Vennerbeck Stern Leach Materials

13 Distron Corp. Manufacturing Services

14 AIM Welding Supply Equipment

15 Masterman's Lab or Test Equipment/Services

16 Northern Machinery Sales, Inc. Equipment

17 Giner Electrochemical Systems, LLC Hydrogen System OEM

18 Orion Industries Manufacturing Services

19 Continental Resources Lab or Test Equipment/Services

20 Thermal Products Components

21 Meridian Associates, Inc. Other

22 Oxford Global Other

23 Standley Bros. Machine Co., Inc. Manufacturing Services

24 Aotco Metal Finishing Materials

25 Cambridge Valve & Fitting Components

26 K2 Engineering Services, Inc. Manufacturing Services

27 Linde Gas Fuel

28 Millipore Corp Equipment

29 Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

30 Honematic Machine Corp. Components

31 American Meteorological Society Other

32 Atkins Associates Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

33 Bell Pottinger USA Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

34 CT Corporation Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

35 Edwards Angell Palmer & Dodge Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

36 Ferriter Scobbo & Rodophele, PC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

37 Foley Hoag LLP Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

38 Graybar Electric Components

39 Massachusettes Department of Energy Resources Other

40 O'Neill & Associates Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

41 SatCon Equipment

42 Tekscan Inc Other

43 Wolf Greenfield Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

44 NTS Acton Division Lab or Test Equipment/Services

102

Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August

11, 2011

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Organization Name Product or Service Category 45 National Technical Systems Lab or Test Equipment/Services

46 Setra Sensing Solutions Components

47 InnoChem Inc. Materials

48 Luvak Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services

49 Knowledge Foundation Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

50 Comsol, Inc. Components

51 D.B. Roberts, Inc. Components

52 DGI-Invisuals Components

53 Entegee Inc (dba ACS National) Other

54 Advent Components

55 Fraunhofer - Center for Sustainable Energy Systems Other

56 Sun Catalytix Components

57 Tiax LLC Research & Development

58 Abbott Action Other

59 Alliance Scale Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

60 Eagle Electric Equipment

61 High Output, Inc Equipment

62 HMC Electronics Equipment

63 Maltz Sales Company Inc. Equipment

64 Northeast Engineering Inc. Components

65 Safety Source Northeast Other

66 Comstat/Division of GTS Components

67 E&S Technologies, Inc. Components

68 High Tech Machinists Manufacturing Services

69 Japenamelac Inc. Materials

70 Jay Engineering Manufacturing Services

71 New England Time and Systems Other

72 Standard Electric Components

73 Affordable Duct Cleaning Other

74 Electro- Term Hollingsworth Inc. Components

75 Hoppe Technologies Equipment

76 Microtek, Inc. Manufacturing Services

77 Notch Mechanical Other

78 Topac, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

79 Banner Industries Components

80 Piping Specialties, Inc. Components

81 Controls For Automation Components

82 Precision Hydraulic, Inc. Equipment

83 Intergra Companies Inc Components

84 Sirius Integrator FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services

85 Dakota Systems Manufacturing Services

86 Designers Metalcraft Manufacturing Services

87 United Industrial Services Equipment

88 McGill Hose&Co. Inc. Components

89 Middlesex Gases & Technologies Materials

90 Harbor Freight Components

91 Invensys Process Systems Lab or Test Equipment/Services

92 Neponset Controls Components

93 Teltron Engineering, Inc Components Components

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Organization Name Product or Service Category 94 Sentrol Inc Components

95 Workflow Strategies Other

96 Air Inc. Components

97 Pierce Aluminum Materials

98 Resh, Inc. Components

99 Schwarzkopf Technologies Corp. Components

100 Jack's Machine Co. Manufacturing Services

101 United Shoe Machinery Corp. Other

102 Engineered Pressure Systems Components

103 Plastic Distributors& Fab.,Inc Manufacturing Services

104 American Durafilm Co Materials

105 Iwaki America Inc. Equipment

106 Lista International Other

107 Total Recoil Magnetics Equipment

108 Diversified Vending LLC Other

109 Hy9 Corp Hydrogen System OEM

110 Internexsys Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

111 Trenergi Corp Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

112 ACT Electronics , Inc. Equipment

113 Clark Solutions Equipment

114 Caton Connector, Inc. Components

115 Ray Murray, Inc. Components

116 New England Fabricated Metals Manufacturing Services

117 CryoGas International Fuel

118 Safe Hydrogen Hydrogen System

119 Abraic Inc Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

120 Control Resources Components

121 Ballard Material Products Materials

122 Arco Welding Supply Co. Inc. Equipment

123 ASTRODYNE Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

124 New England Controls Equipment

125 DA-SH Components Components

126 Aspen Systems, Inc. Equipment

127 Device Technologies Inc. Components

128 Marlborough Foundry, Inc. Components

129 Nanoptek Hydrogen System OEM

130 Doe & Ingalls, Inc. Materials

131 Stormship Studios Other

132 Massachusetts Hydrogen Coalition Other

133 King Gage Eng. Corp. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

134 ULVAC Technologies Equipment

135 Selmark Materials

136 FIBA Technologies Equipment

137 Future Solar Systems Engineering/Design Services

138 Interstate Rigging, LLC Transportation/Packing Services & Supplies

139 Atlantic Stainless Co., Inc. Materials

140 Cal-Tek Lab or Test Equipment/Services

141 Debco Machine, Inc. Manufacturing Services

142 Metal Oxygen Separation Technologies Materials

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Organization Name Product or Service Category 143 The Mathworks Components

144 Detronics c/o Carl Lueders Co FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services

145 Fortune Metal Finishing Corp. Manufacturing Services

146 Northeast Energy and Commerce Association Other

147 Parametric Technologies Other

148 H.Loeb Corp Components

149 Precix, Inc Components

150 Accutek Microcircuit Lab or Test Equipment/Services

151 Arwood Machine Manufacturing Services

152 Rochester Electronics, Inc. Components

153 Zampell Refractories Equipment

154 Zar-Tech Inc. Materials

155 Fuel Cell Intelligence Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

156 H.C. Starck Inc. Materials

157 L-Com, Inc. Components

158 Action Automation & Controls Components

159 S.M. Engineering & Heat Treating, Inc Components

160 American Power Conversion Components

161 E and S Technologies, Inc. Components

162 Plastic Design Inc. Manufacturing Services

163 Symmetry Electronics Components

164 The Hope Group Components

165 Aramark Wear Guard Other

166 Clean Harbors Environmental Other

167 HTG Technologies Components

168 Americad Technology Manufacturing Services

169 Gibson Engineering Company, Inc. Other

170 GQ Machine Components

171 Grainger Components

172 Instant Sign Center Other

173 Instron Lab or Test Equipment/Services

174 MRG Components

175 Need Personnel Placement Other

176 Print Central Other

177 SolidVision Other

178 Avnet Components

179 ETA Associates, Inc. Components

180 Flow Serve Components

181 Eastern Industrial Products Equipment

182 Pittsfield Plastics Components

183 Tech-Etch, Inc. Components

184 Chenette Plumbing & Heating Equipment

185 Granite City Electric Supply Components

186 National Fire Protection Association Other

187 Accurate Metal Finishing Manufacturing Services

188 Emerson Swan Equipment

189 Packaging Unlimited Other

190 TEK Stainless Piping Products Materials

191 Energy Machinery, Inc Components

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Organization Name Product or Service Category 192 Molt Electronic, Inc. Equipment

193 Envirotech Laboratories, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

194 Brodie Companies Other

195 In Metal Components

196 Innovative Marketing Resources Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

197 Leading Innovative Products & Solutions, Inc. Materials

198 Advanced Microsensors Components

199 Control Point Mechanical Other

200 Process Control Solution Lab or Test Equipment/Services

201 Whatman Inc Manufacturing Services

202 My Marketing Manager Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

203 Rogers Foam Corporation Materials

204 Crystal Technica Ltd USA Components

205 Maine Oxy Hydrogen System

206 Protonex Technology Corp Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

207 SpecAir Specialty Gases Components

208 L J Fiorello Corporation Other

209 M&R Optical Lab or Test Equipment/Services

210 Bassette Printers Other

211 Joseph Freedman Components

212 Lindgren and Sharples Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

213 Lumus Construction Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

214 Mitchell Machine Manufacturing Services

215 Modern Plastics Components

216 NorthEast Poly Bag Co. Manufacturing Services

217 TSG Equity Partners LLC Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

218 Griffith, Peter Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

219 Raytheon FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services

220 Atlas Box & Crating Co. Other

221 General Dynamics C4 Systems Other

222 Millennium Die Group Components

223 Atlantic Semiconductor Components

224 Mass Crane & Hoist Other

225 Pear Cable, Inc. Equipment

226 Cases-Cases Other

227 Minuteman Controls Components

228 Montrose Hydraulics Equipment

229 Advanced Technology Innovation Corp Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

230 Sensortechnics, Inc Components

231 BTU Industries Components

232 Electronic Fastener Components

233 Foster-Miller (QinetiQ) FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services

234 IQT IN-Q-Tel Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

235 Johnstone Supply Equipment

236 Morse Barnes Brown Pendelton Consulting/Legal/Financial Services

237 Pro-Calibration, LLC Lab or Test Equipment/Services

238 QinetiQ (Foster Miller) FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services

239 Texas Instruments Components

240 Alfa Aesar Materials

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Organization Name Product or Service Category 241 Lelanite Corp Manufacturing Services

242 Firexplo Other

243 John Shelley Company Components

244 Columbia Tech Components

245 DCI Automation Manufacturing Services

246 Industrial Automation Systems, Inc. Manufacturing Services

247 Sunburst EMS Manufacturing Services

248 Turner Steel Co, Inc. Materials

249 Quirk Wire Co. Components

250 Pharmaceutics Lab or Test Equipment/Services

251 Advanced Electronic Controls Components

252 Atlantic Fasteners Equipment

253 Fountain Plating Manufacturing Services

254 CellTech Power, Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

256 Air Compressor Engineering Equipment

257 Berkshire Group LTD Manufacturing Services

258 Dirats and Co., Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

259 Millrite Machine Manufacturing Services

260 Assembly Products, Inc. Equipment

261 Beyond Components, Inc. Components

262 Kolver USA, LLC Equipment

263 Nextek FC/H2 System Distr./Install/Maint Services

264 Reactive Innovations, LLC Components

265 Hy-Technical Electrical Contracting Equipment

266 Acumentrics Corporation Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

267 Nano-C Inc. Materials

268 Target Electronic Supply, Inc. Components

269 ACE Assembly Other

270 Arrow Electronics Equipment

271 Datapaq Inc Lab or Test Equipment/Services

272 Heilind/Force Electronics Components

273 Liliputian Systems, Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

274 Analytical Answers, Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

275 Boston Centerless Materials

276 Concepts NREC Equipment

277 ElectroChem Inc. Lab or Test Equipment/Services

278 Fikst Research & Development

279 Greene Rubber Inc. Components

280 Gregstrom Corporation Components

281 Kaman Industrial Technologies Components

282 Pacer Electronics, Inc. Equipment

283 Parker Hannifin Components

284 PoroGen Corporation Materials

285 Vaisala Components

286 ZTEK Corp Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM

287 Infinity Equipment

288 Omni Services, Inc. Components

289 Rand Whitney Container LLC Components

290 Saint-Gobain Industrial Ceramics Components

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Organization Name Product or Service Category 291 Airline Hydraulics Corporation Components

292 Bernard Die, Inc. Components

293 Battery Shop of New England, Inc. Components

294 CCA Wesco Components

295 Central Steel Supply Company Inc. Components

296 Crown Equipment Corporation Components

297 Deluxe Systems, Inc. Components

298 Dynamic Chromium Industries, Inc. Components

299 Essco Calibration Laboratory Components

300 First Electric Motor Service Components

301 Houghton Chemical Components

302 L.F. O’Leary Company Components

303 Lehigh-Armstrong Inc. Components

304 Liberty Supplies Inc. Components

305 Lincoln Tool & Machine Corp. Components

306 Metric Screw & Tool Co. Components

307 MicroVision Laboratories, Inc. Components

308 New England Crating Components

309 Northeast Electrical Distributors Components

310 OEM Supply, Inc. Components

311 TM Electronics, Inc. Components

312 Toupin Industrial Warehousing Inc. Components

313 Triboro Supply Components

314 United Electric Controls Components

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Appendix VI – Partial List of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Original Equipment Manufacturers

(OEMs) in Massachusetts103

Organization’s Name Product or Service Category Website

1 Protonex Technology Corp Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.protonex.com/

2 Nuvera Fuel Cells Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.nuvera.com/

3 Lilliputian Systems, Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.lilliputiansystemsinc.com/

4 Giner Electrochemical

Systems, LLC Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.ginerinc.com/

5 ZTEK Corp Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.ztekcorporation.com/

6 Acumentrics Corporation Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.acumentrics.com/

7 Hy9 Corp Hydrogen System OEM http://hy9.com/

8 ElectroChem, Inc. Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.electrocheminc.com/

9 Trenergi Fuel Cell Stack or System OEM http://www.trenergi.com/

103

Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Supply Chain Database Search, http://neesc.org/resources/?type=1, August

11, 2011

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Appendix VI – Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies104

Fuel Cell

Type

Common

Electrolyte

Operating

Temperature

Typical

Stack

Size

Efficiency Applications Advantages Disadvantages

Polymer

Electrolyte

Membrane

(PEM)

Perfluoro sulfonic

acid

50-100°C

122-212°

typically

80°C

< 1 kW – 1

MW105

>

kW 60%

transportation

35%

stationary

• Backup power

• Portable power

• Distributed

generation

• Transportation

• Specialty vehicle

• Solid electrolyte reduces

corrosion & electrolyte

management problems

• Low temperature

• Quick start-up

• Expensive catalysts

• Sensitive to fuel

impurities

• Low temperature waste

heat

Alkaline

(AFC)

Aqueous solution

of potassium

hydroxide soaked

in a matrix

90-100°C

194-212°F

10 – 100

kW 60%

• Military

• Space

• Cathode reaction faster

in alkaline electrolyte,

leads to high performance

• Low cost components

• Sensitive to CO2

in fuel and air

• Electrolyte management

Phosphoric

Acid

(PAFC)

Phosphoric acid

soaked in a matrix

150-200°C

302-392°F

400 kW

100 kW

module

40% • Distributed

generation

• Higher temperature enables

CHP

• Increased tolerance to fuel

impurities

• Pt catalyst

• Long start up time

• Low current and power

Molten

Carbonate

(MCFC)

Solution of lithium,

sodium and/or

potassium

carbonates, soaked

in a matrix

600-700°C

1112-1292°F

300

k W- 3 M

W

300 kW

module

45 – 50%

• Electric utility

• Distributed

generation

• High efficiency

• Fuel flexibility

• Can use a variety of catalysts

• Suitable for CHP

• High temperature

corrosion and breakdown

of cell components

• Long start up time

• Low power density

Solid Oxide

(SOFC)

Yttria stabilized

zirconia

700-1000°C

1202-1832°F

1 kW – 2

MW 60%

• Auxiliary power

• Electric utility

• Distributed

generation

• High efficiency

• Fuel flexibility

• Can use a variety of catalysts

• Solid electrolyte

• Suitable f o r CHP & CHHP

• Hybrid/GT cycle

• High temperature

corrosion and breakdown

of cell components

• High temperature

operation requires long

start up

time and limits

Polymer Electrolyte is no longer a single category row. Data shown does not take into account High Temperature PEM which operates in the range of 160oC to 180

oC. It solves

virtually all of the disadvantages listed under PEM. It is not sensitive to impurities. It has usable heat. Stack efficiencies of 52% on the high side are realized. HTPEM is not a

PAFC fuel cell and should not be confused with one.

104 U.S. Department of Energy, Fuel Cells Technology Program, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/pdfs/fc_comparison_chart.pdf, August 5, 2011 105

Ballard, “CLEARgen Multi-MY Systems”, http://www.ballard.com/fuel-cell-products/cleargen-multi-mw-systems.aspx, November, 2011

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Appendix VIII –Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats for Massachusetts

Strengths

Stationary Power – Strong market drivers (elect cost,

environmental factors, critical power), PEMFC technology and

industrial base available. Several OEM’s including

Acumentrics, Nuvera, and Trenergi.

Transportation Power - Strong market drivers (appeal to

market, environmental factors), strong indigenous technology

and industrial base in PEMFC industrial applications (fork

trucks), PEMFC and SOFC military apps, H2Gen, H2

infrastructure plans

Portable Power – Strong technology/industry base (Protonex,

Giner, Liliputian)

Economic Development Factors – Supportive state policies,

active efforts to recruit/promote MA tech companies,

technically trained workforce

Weaknesses

Stationary Power – cost/performance improvements required

across industry, MA needs further SOFC progress to compete at

200+ kW size scale

Transportation Power – hydrogen infrastructure build out

timeline, plus cost/performance improvements required across

industry

Economic Development Factors – State incentives need to be

longer term to induce real market penetration

Opportunities

Stationary Power – MA has several SOFC technology

developers.

Transportation Power –Because of its existing OEM’s in

hydrogen generation/purification, MA has potential to benefit

significantly with general H2/transportation growth

Portable Power – Already strong, opportunities to bridge from

military to broader industrial/consumer markets

Economic Development Factors – strong export opportunities,

also MA can leverage its significant research and technology

resources to promote its hydrogen/fuel cell industry

Threats

Stationary Power – General impatience in both investor and

government communities towards long SOFC development

timeframes. Progress and stronger government support of

other renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind,

geothermal

Transportation Power – Electric vehicles are both a threat, in

that they “raise the bar” from traditional internal combustion,

and an opportunity as an automotive platform that can

accommodate fuel cells as the next phase

Economic Development Factors – competition from other

states/regions and state resources have been preoccupied with

wind and solar technologies

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Appendix IX – Partial list of Fuel Cell Deployment in the Northeast region

Manufacturer Site Name Site Location Year

Installed

Plug Power T-Mobile cell tower Storrs CT 2008

Plug Power Albany International Airport Albany NY 2004

FuelCell Energy Pepperidge Farms Plant Bloomfield CT 2005

FuelCell Energy Peabody Museum New Haven CT 2003

FuelCell Energy Sheraton New York Hotel & Towers Manhattan NY 2004

FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Edison NJ 2003

FuelCell Energy Sheraton Hotel Parsippany NJ 2003

UTC Power Cabela's Sporting Goods East Hartford CT 2008

UTC Power Whole Foods Market Glastonbury CT 2008

UTC Power Connecticut Science Center Hartford CT 2009

UTC Power St. Francis Hospital Hartford CT 2003

UTC Power Middletown High School Middletown CT 2008

UTC Power Connecticut Juvenile Training School Middletown CT 2001

UTC Power 360 State Street Apartment Building New Haven CT 2010

UTC Power South Windsor High School South Windsor CT 2002

UTC Power Mohegan Sun Casino Hotel Uncasville CT 2002

UTC Power CTTransit: Fuel Cell Bus Hartford CT 2007

UTC Power Whole Foods Market Dedham MA 2009

UTC Power Bronx Zoo Bronx NY 2008

UTC Power North Central Bronx Hospital Bronx NY 2000

UTC Power Hunt's Point Water Pollution Control Plant Bronx NY 2005

UTC Power Price Chopper Supermarket Colonie NY 2010

UTC Power East Rochester High School East Rochester NY 2007

UTC Power Coca-Cola Refreshments Production Facility Elmsford NY 2010

UTC Power Verizon Call Center and Communications Building Garden City NY 2005

UTC Power State Office Building Hauppauge NY 2009

UTC Power Liverpool High School Liverpool NY 2000

UTC Power New York Hilton Hotel New York City NY 2007

UTC Power Central Park Police Station New York City NY 1999

UTC Power Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester NY 1993

UTC Power NYPA office building White Plains NY 2010

UTC Power Wastewater treatment plant Yonkers NY 1997

UTC Power The Octagon Roosevelt Island NY 2011

UTC Power Johnson & Johnson World Headquarters New Brunswick NJ 2003

UTC Power CTTRANSIT (Fuel Cell Powered Buses) Hartford CT 2007 -

Present

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Appendix X – Partial list of Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America106

Company City/Town State Site Year

Deployed

Fuel Cell

Manufacturer

# of

forklifts

Coca-Cola San Leandro CA

Bottling and

distribution center 2011 Plug Power 37

Charlotte NC Bottling facility 2011 Plug Power 40

EARP

Distribution Kansas City KS Distribution center 2011

Oorja

Protonics 24

Golden State

Foods Lemont IL Distribution facility 2011

Oorja

Protonics 20

Kroger Co. Compton CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 161

Sysco

Riverside CA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 80

Boston MA Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 160

Long Island NY Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 42

San Antonio TX Distribution center 2011 Plug Power 113

Front Royal VA Redistribution

facility 2011 Plug Power 100

Baldor

Specialty Foods Bronx NY Facility

Planned

in 2012

Oorja

Protonics 50

BMW

Manufacturing

Co.

Spartanburg SC Manufacturing

plant 2010 Plug Power 86

Defense

Logistics

Agency, U.S.

Department of

Defense

San Joaquin CA Distribution facility 2011 Plug Power 20

Fort Lewis WA Distribution depot 2011 Plug Power 19

Warner

Robins GA Distribution depot 2010 Hydrogenics 20

Susquehanna PA Distribution depot 2010 Plug Power 15

2009 Nuvera 40

Martin-Brower Stockton CA Food distribution

center 2010

Oorja

Protonics 15

United Natural

Foods Inc.

(UNFI)

Sarasota FL Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 65

Wal-Mart

Balzac Al,

Canada

Refrigerated

distribution center 2010 Plug Power 80

Washington

Court House OH

Food distribution

center 2007 Plug Power 55

Wegmans Pottsville PA Warehouse 2010 Plug Power 136

Whole Foods

Market Landover MD Distribution center 2010 Plug Power 61

106

FuelCell2000, “Fuel Cell-Powered Forklifts in North America”, http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/forklifts.pdf, November,

2011

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Appendix XI – Comparison of PEM Fuel Cell and Battery-Powered Material Handling

Equipment

3 kW PEM Fuel Cell-Powered

Pallet Trucks

3 kW Battery-powered

(2 batteries per truck)

Total Fuel Cycle Energy Use

(total energy consumed/kWh

delivered to the wheels)

-12,000 Btu/kWh 14,000 Btu/kWh

Fuel Cycle GHG Emissions

(in g CO2 equivalent

820 g/kWh 1200 g/kWh

Estimated Product Life 8-10 years 4-5 years

No Emissions at Point of Use

Quiet Operation

Wide Ambient Operating

Temperature range

Constant Power Available

over Shift

Routine Maintenance Costs

($/YR)

$1,250 - $1,500/year $2,000/year

Time for Refueling/Changing

Batteries

4 – 8 min./day 45-60 min/day (for battery change-outs)

8 hours (for battery recharging & cooling)

Cost of Fuel/Electricity $6,000/year $1,300/year

Labor Cost of

refueling/Recharging

$1,100/year $8,750/year

Net Present Value of Capital

Cost

$12,600

($18,000 w/o incentive)

$14,000

Net Present Value of O&M

costs (including fuel)

$52,000 $128,000