M2 Kevin + Sarah

Virtural Environments M2: Design

Student No: 639492, 641728 Semester: 2/ 2013 Group: 5

Kevin Huynh & Sarah Chan

Cover Page

Theme - Blindness

Emotional effect directed upon ourselves - evokes a better understanding of personal space, as true personal space is only established when alone. Upon this idea, the desing gives us the opportunity to create our own ideal personal space as we are blinded by the outside world and cannot be view judgements from others. We are able to create a new world under this design, therefore mentally cre-ating what we believe is personal space. Our design also assists us in difficulties of vision by creating a boundary from volume; helping us in out exterior environment.

Emotional effect on audience - provoking feelings of interferance and to evoking emotions of being lost and alone that will give us a true sense of personal space

The red dotted lines represents the appearance of the umbrella when closed.

The umbrella was meausred using a small tape measurer. The scale used is 1:10.

The umbrella was open to its fullest before it was measured and drawn in order for it to be as accurate as possi-ble.

The section drawing displays the um-brella’s inside structure as well as its exterior.

We measured my object by choosing an arbitrary point of reference (origin) then measuring out from that point. The origin we decided on was the very peak of the umbrella. From the origin we located secondary origin points, these point were situated around the object at its endpoints, these points assisted in the measurement of the umbrella as measuring from the origin did not give enough information for a correct scaled drawing.

PLAN

ELEVATION SECTION

860

860

100

395

110

85

25

55

580

Scale 1:10

0 10 20 30 40

Measured Drawing

The umbrella is made up of many different elements that are all interconnected creating a system. These elements govern the way the system works, furthermore since all the elements are interconnected the movement of one element to cause movement in all elements. By this principle the umbrella functions with ease.

The fulcrums of movement in this umbrella is the runner moving on the y-axis, and the prevent joints located at the intersections of the stretcher and runner and at the intersections of the rosette and the ribs. These prevent joints are held together with string which is held together by the tension provided by the opening of the umbrella.

As the runner is connected to the stretcher, any movement of the runner in the y-axis will translate in the movement of the stretchers in the x-axis. Therefore causing the ribs of the umbrella to open and close since the ribs are connected to the stretcher.

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1. Rosette2. Runner3. Stretcher4. Rib5. Prevent Joints6. Intertwined Supporting String

Sketches

These sketches are of an umbrella, also known as a Japanese parasol. It is made up of wood and string, giving it an interesting structure when the umbrella is open. In this perspective, where the umbrella is open to its fullest, the configuration between the pink string and the wood that creates the structure seems very complicated and a pattern of repetition can be observed.

The sketch above shows there is a stopper on the top, where the umbrella can stay open the whole time. Looking up from this perspective also gives another unique appearance, where the wooden bars look like they are overlapping.

The handle of the umbrella has a curved shape, which fits nice-ly with our grip and hold of our hand.

The umbrella is wider than it is lon-ger, where its width is 86 cm and its height is 58 cm.

Sketches

Digital Model

Using Rhino and the same measuring steps undertaken in the ‘measured drawing set’, I started from an arbitrary point of reference and from that point I drew poly-lines and circles to define a line then a form, then using the ‘sweeprail’ command to construct the surfaces of the umbrella. Elements that were repeated around the umbrella were only imputed once and the ‘arrayholepolar’ command used to copy the element around a central location.

While analysing the structure of the umbrella, I realised that once it was open many of the elements are in tension with one another, each element depending on the tension of the next element to support the whole structure.

Developmental Model

I decided to construct two objects that described and explored the volume of the umbrella. One focused on the connections and the other the structure of the umbrella.

ConnectionThis focused on the cause and affect of changing/ moving an element in regard to other element. Is this model since all elements are connected to one another, the movement of one will cause movement in all, similar to the umbrella. This model also represents elegance and balance also represented in the umbrella. Another similar characteristic reflected in the model is the hinge system. This hinge system only allows movement to a certain degree just like the umbrella, roughly 120°.

Structure This model focused on the structure of the umbrella and how it represented skin and bone. Just like the umbrella, were the fabric represents skin and the bamboo ribs, bone; this model reflects these

Developmental Model

Seeking inspiration from the movement of the umbrella, I was able to design a bone structure that incorporated a similar action to the umbrella. Using cardboard strips for the bone structure and split pins, I was able to use this as my foundation to represent the ‘bone’ element and its mobility.

My initial ideas for the model came through my sketches and brainstorming. By including the umbrella’s mobility aspect, I was able to come up with the idea of using a bird.

The body was built using pieces of cardboard that were placed on top of one another creating layers.

The skeleton part of the model, which is represented by the bones of the structure, can be rotated at its joints. The main branches coming out from the body are located in a diffrerent layer to have an overlapping effect.

Developmental Model

The bones of the wings were covered in feathers, representing its ‘skin’.

As seen in the image of the model’s top view, the wings can extend to its full potential. The image below it presents its structure with the feathers on top.

Although the skin used on the model is not a material stretched over the bones, skin can be represented by a layer that covers it.

TOP VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW

Idea Development

Sketch Design

IDEATION

FRONT BACK

Inspired by the model of a bird, I designed a pair of wings that will have the same mobility as the model. Where the wings can slide up and down.

The bone structure has a skin layer stretched over it with shapes cut out of it.

The wings are situated on the back of the individual, where they flare out to the side, will attract people to their sides instead of the front.

Personal space is not so much of an issue because the wings of this design has a representation of confidence and attention seeking.

Idea Development - Research

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2.

3.

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5.1. Bubbles - spherical shape2. Dragonfly wings - intricate and interesting patterns and structure3. Turtle shell - exterior structure4. Truangular geometric shape - form5. Beijing Swimming Cube - transparency

(Philip Leveridge,2010)

(China.org.cn, 2008)

(Julie Clara, 2010)

(SmashingLA, 2011)

(Leon Elflores, 2013)

Idea Development - Sketches

Development of the design was the main goal this week for our journals. The best ideas that came from both our individual works were put forward and combined in such a way that both ideas were still present, however creating some-thing completely unique from the original.

Defining what a second skin is, required person-al critique. Lectures and readings had ideas of how others perceived a second skin, however we wanted to include our own interpretation and reflect our ideas of a second skin.

A combination of differing ideas gave us a chance to question what we wanted to achieve through the design and furthermore gave us the opportunity to critique, analyse and reflect on one another’s ideas.

Concept One


Initially, we researched the concept of skin and bone and a second skin. However sometimes only one aspect of skin and bone was shown, so we decided that in some areas of the design only skin will be present, and on others just bone. Additionally, we also decided on areas with a combination of them both.

The brief wanted a second skin that reflected skin and bone and a sense of personal space. After es-tablishing the form, we wanted to define our ideas of personal space.


Most of us function well with our sense of vision, however when this disappears, we become less comfortable. Therefore we came up with an idea where our face could be partially covered to hide ourselves, yet also permitting us to see past it.

Having a boundary and stopping strangers from entering our personal space is necessary, especially areas behind us and to our left. Both of us are right handed and we agreed that it is our dominant side in comparison to our left.

Our initial idea was a ‘bubble’ that surrounded the body with protective spikes that protruded from the surface, evoking an emotion of fear for the viewers, but also arousing the emotion of fear within our-selves due to our fear of strangers. Yet this did not reflect one of the themes we were aiming for which was discourse.


The feelings we established were, fear, dis-course and truth. The context of truth was showing real emotions behind a personality, not caring what others thought about them and not holding back.

Discourse can be established due to the vari-ous perceptions of second skin and its changes. Fear is including as a measure of personal sup-port as we both fear the outcome of this de-sign but also fearing the judgment that comes along with it.

Through research and personal reflection, we established the emotions we wanted to evoke, which were later transferred into our design. We wanted to establish and evoke contrasting feel-ings that changed from one person to another.

Idea Development - Rhino

Discourse was a problem we faced in answering the brief; discourse is the communication or debate of a matter or object. We wanted to reflect this emotion in the design but we questioned if the second skin should be skintight or lose fitting, used geometric or organic shapes and portable or fixed. This gave us a good foundation to develop our initial ideas.

Idea Development - Rhino

We changed the form and made it simple, yet a sense of complexity was still evident. We settled with an asymmetrical aesthetic, however the juxtaposition between the spikes and the curved form of its exterior still portrayed some sort of balance between the two.

Blurring the boundary of skin and the design may be another path we might pursue, and also establishing a hierarchy through the use of colour and tones.

Precedent Study #1

Cedric Price, London Zoo Aviary

Designed by Cedric Price the Aviary highlights the beauty through a simplistic nature. The design is complex, however simple at the same time, which showcases weightlessness- like a bird. The frame pioneering through the sky like the birds that are kept inside it. Singular parts of the frame fit together to form the basic shape of the structure. These simple structures form pairs as they move together, as the volume of the space changes, similar to the umbrella.

The framing of the design establishes the bone structure and the mesh the skin structure and together forming an inter-connected skin and bone structure that reflects the configuration of a bird.

The design illustrates form through the use of geometric shapes and also through the use of a transparent mesh to establish the contrasting features of skin and bone but also the balance that each theme represents.

The scale and proportion of bone to skin is quite similar, with no real as-pect dominating the hierarchy of the design, as a majority of the design is empty space. This empty space creating a sense of great volume, which is key in the design, as the wildlife that is kept inside must feel ‘wild.’

The design may influence the way we shape and proportion our design, however most pressingly it will serve as a starting point in generating the space we want through shapes and forms. Note the minimal use of material, however resulting in a large volume of space.

(Eric de Maré, 2013)

(Graham Foundation, 2013)

(Iqbal Aalam, 2011)

Precedent Study #1 Precedent Study #2Yurt TentThe Yurt is a freestanding structure that is a portable dwelling structure used by nomads in central Asia. The yurt made with natural materials uses a repeating geometric pattern of form the supporting structure that is held together by the tension of the membrane rapped around it.

The Yurt and the umbrella have many similar characteristics that related to skin and bone. The most pressing is the type of connections present in each. Since the Yurt is portable no nails are used in the construction but the knot of cord similar to the umbrella. The connections of each element in the Yurt are very similar to the umbrella, where the movement of one element caused movement in the other elements, since all elements are inter-connected.

Furthermore there is flexibility to the Yurt and the umbrella that enables it to sway with the wind allowing it to flex and not snap.

The design of the Yurt is extremely similar to the umbrella, and due to this the idea of connections may be explored further and also the idea of branching and reaching present in the ribs and arms.

(Mike Chino, 2008)

(Shelter Systems, 2011) (Silk Road Tents, 2013)

Precedent Study #3

New Chamber Music Hall, Manchester

The bone structure in this design is wired in such a way that shows many curves and turns, also portraying a sense of elegancy, especially because there are no sharp corners or rigid areas. It is framed by wires of different lengths and joined together onto a continuous of wire that enhances the direction of flow. This consistent flow from the structure compliments well with the context of the design. This is because it is created for a music hall and generates the feeling of awe towards the audience and viewers. The various sizes that create the appearance of genes forms an abstract look and is very random.

This skin of this design and structure has white platforms that fit into the gaps between the wires. The colour white gives it a sense of purity and peace, which is exactly what is required at a music hall where people can experience the beautiful music of instruments. Another factor for these white panels, other than for its appearance, may be because of practical means, where these large panels can act as walls and sound can bounce off them. This also changes the atmosphere of the room as the audience can experience the full potential of sound coming from the orchestra.

The shape and its idea of having a spiral look is very unique and I could incorporate this idea into my design. This can also be a boundary or barrier that stops any strangers from getting close by. Therefore I could use this same concept where sound can rebound from wall to wall. The theme of the design is focused on ‘blindness’, some of these features can be used near the ear area to enhance other senses such as hearing.

(Luke Hayes, 2010)

Precedent Study #3 Precedent Study #4Membranes – Sean Ahlquist

The bone structure of this design is very abstract and looks flexible. The curved sides of the design seem to be manipulated by the stretch of the skin where it appears to be pulled and tugged at to create the form that it is now. Due to the bone’s flexibility, there is no restriction to its shape as it can be bent in specific ways in various degrees.

There also seems to be a smaller bone structure that is more faint and comes form the skin. Diamond like shapes can be seen through the transparent skin where there is a continued pattern connecting to each other. Although, this bone structure is not as thick as the exterior bone, it still works as a structure that keeps the stretchy skin material intact, instead of being a loose material.

The skin of the design is very stretchy, therefore can be used in various ways and conditions. Stretching this material results to a transparent appearance even though there is a smaller bone structure within it that can be seen. The appearance of this material reminds me of spider webs that can evoke feelings of fear as I have a dislike for spiders.

Generating ideas and using inspiration from this design, helps me come up with more designs that can represent the theme of ‘blindness’. The flexible bone structure can become very useful because it can be used to repel objects or people without harming them because of its flexibility. This allows us to push people or stranger away from us without physically using our hands to push them. Otherwise, this flexible bone structure could be used as a sensory guide, informing the ‘blind’ individual that there is something in the boundary.

(Dip16, 2012)

(Dip16, 2012)

Visual Impairment

Vision is beautiful, you are able to view life, and through viewing life you experience it. However when blindfolded, life loses the characteristics that make it wonder-ful. You start to feel alone and experience anxiety and therefore personal space becomes skin tight as you are unable to perceive your surroundings. There is a dra-matic emotional affect when there are changes in the surrounding environment, especially when you cannot see it happening. Your initial definition of personal space may be smaller in proximity, but as time goes on, we may become more comfortable, therefore increase the boundary of our personal space.

With the lack of visual stimulation, your mind starts to question the space around you. Your sense of visual perception is missing and due to this, your mind starts to produce an invisible boundary around you where you can sense things that are around you and also sense things are are not. It may also create a vision in your head of your surroundings with the assistance of your other senses, especially touch.

After exploring the idea of fear, discourse and truth we decided to backtrack and solely focus on the concept of blindness which was our initial design concept. We focused on protect-ing and defending our personal space through fear. Covering our face changed to being afraid which then transformed to provoking fear in others through an intimidating volume. We wanted to define our personal space when blind, however the combination with all these themes created confusion and com-plication. We agreed that the addition of fear, discourse and truth did not promote or present ideas of being physically blind but clouded the definition of blindness.

The concept of blindness came from the sense of perception, as sight is a major aspect of personal space. Restricting sight would significantly affect personal space especially because we need to see our boundaries in order to define it. Through sight, we can identify and determine the effect of an object, however since eyesight is restricted, we cannot identify the object and therefore changes the effect it has on personal space. Eyesight also allows other individuals to ‘see into us’ and determines the magnitude of personal space relative to themselves.

(ALAMY, 2012)

(123RF, 2013)

Blindness - Movement #1

During the time blindfolded your mind starts to rely on your other senses; touch, smell and hearing. However, touch in particular is enhanced. You feel the environ-ment around you as you move around. I walked around my house two times, once with a stick and the other with just my hands. What I experienced was that when I was with the stick, I became more willing to feel my surround-ings as I didn’t fear getting harmed. I also walked in a more causal manner, whereas without the stick, I felt as if I was reverting back to post evolution when man moved around on all fours.

Hearring was another strong sense as it felt like my hear-ing increased in ability. The noises that I would normally unconsciously ignore and not hear, I heard when blind folded. These noises such as the dripping from the bathroom tap was very noticeable to my ears when the blindfold was on.

Blindness - Movement #1 Blindness - Movement #2

The room was set up in a way where I was unfamiliar with its new obstacles. Chairs were aligned in the middle of the room, which I was not used to and was not aware of before I was blindfolded. I became very apprehensive once I began the activity; feeling my way around the place and not knowing where I have to go to be safe. What I had considered safe was not hurting myself and having the ability to get around objects that are in the way.

Both my right and left hand was used but I noticed that I tended to use my right side more than the other. It also felt much safer when I didn’t walk front forwards, but having my body facing it’s side and walking sideways was a lot more practical when blinded. The reason why I used my right hand more is because I believe it is the most dominant side of me that helps me a lot more than my left arm. It is the arm that is most physically stronger and most coordinated, therefore automatically becoming the dominant arm of the two.

Movement Map

This is a mapping of the second movement activity. In this ac-tivity, there were obstacles that I had to overcome in order to walk through the room without my eyesight.

Chairs were rearranged in a linear aligned manner in which I was not aware of. This caused much hesitation and little move-ment in the legs as I was unsure and apprehensive with a room that I was once familiar with.

In this map, it is evident that little movement was produced during this activity based on the unfamiliarity of the room’s arrangements. Before the legs moved, the arms, especially the right, waved around the room till it felt something solid. This then allowed the body to follow an edge around the object and gives the feeling of safety.

The right arm was very important in this activity. In order to have the confidence to move, I had to rely on my sense of touch to guide me. The right hand being my dominat side, I was able to use it and feel my way through the obstacles. My left arm was positioned at one object first before it would follow its way to the next object that was found by the right hand.

The legs would only move once the sense of touch from the right harnd and arm found it safe and clear. In this movement map, the legs stayed in place a lot, therfore there were little movenment.

I later tried an area that I was familiar with, my living room. This was not as easy as I first thought it would be, especially with the fact that I already knew where all the furniture was. I tried feeling my way around by running one hand with a straight edge and follow it till my wandering hand can find another object that is of distance from me.

Without the use of a stick or something long enough that could act like a cane and being visually impaired, I had to focus much more on my other senses such as touch. I realised that my two senses of touch and hearing was required more and was strengthened as I kept focusing on them.


Idea Development

After the blind fold activity without using a stick, it was found that the leaning posture occurred very often as we had to search for objects and furniture within our reach without our eyesight.

This reminded us of the evolution process of humans, where humans and monkeys once shared a common ancestor. This idea was brought upon the blindfold activity, where feelings of safety to move around the place could only be found when both our hands and feet could reach something that could guide us around the room.

Leaning forward or moving from from side to side was also important. At times, we were on the verge of crawling on all fours just like a monkey would. This triggered the idea of the importnce of extra or multiple hands that can come out from our design structure.

(Wikimedia Commons, 2008)

Idea Development - Comparison

Using the stick allowed us to have an extra arm that was long enough to feel around the area without the require-ment to bend down and use our own hands to find our way around.

The white cane gave us a sense of assurance and confi-dence that allowed us to walk in a pace that was faster than when we only had our arms to lead us. We were also able to walk in a natural manner, where we could have a straight back without needing to bend over. This is because the cane gave us the length that allowed us to find nearing objects.

With the help of an extra arm, we feel less afraid and more willing to move around. This idea of multiple arms can be incorporated into our design.

Without the white cane, it was very difficult for us to move around standing straight. It is evident in the images above, that bending over was essential to guide us around the room.

The movement of our legs were not as consistant as when the cane was used. Our motions were also much slower. Therefore if our design included the idea of the white cane, the visually impaired individual could feel a sense of safety. Multiple arms on the design can create a voluminous second skin and ultimately promote the individual’s personal space

(msnNOW, 2012)

Blindness - Mapping Personal Space

Knowing that the environment around you is safe, your mind starts to play tricks with you, playing on your emotion strings that make you feel very unstable.

When we have our vision, we no longer feel uneasy and apprehensive with getting our way around the place. We are more comfortable with both our right and left side and there is no longer one very vulnerable area or side of us.

Even without a blindfold, we naturally require a lager boundary of personal space from behind us and towards our left side.

Personal Space before blinded


When we are blinded, our motions are a lot slower because the environment around us is unknown. This is why our sense of touch is so important, in order for us to feel our way around obstavles.

We rotate our body and swing our arms in a 360 degree motion till we are able to grasp onto an object or feel some-thing that can help guide our pathway.

The front was important to protect when we were blind folded. Although the back is most vulnarable when we are not visually impaired.

The right side of our body displayed the most movements, especially or right arm. This is due to our natural domi-nant side where our right hand and arm is most coordinated and stronger. Whereas the left side of our arm did not require much movement; having the right arm leading a pathway for the body to take.

Right Left

Ideation - Designs

Right Left Front Back

This idea came from the knowledge that having multiple hands were useful when being visually impaired, especially how it can give you a lot of guidance.

The structure of dandelions influenced the appear-ance of this design and can represent the five fin-gers that we have when we use to feel and touch. Our touch can then be enhanced, knowing that there are more hands around us.

(samsunggalaxy, 2013)

Rhino Development

This design came from the idea of having multiple hands that can assist the individual, who is visually impared, to walk around without having the need to bend down and hit against objects or other people.

The longer spikes form smaller spikes, similar to how trees form smaller branches on a larger branch. These smaller spikes act as fingers and the spherical shape over the head takes away the individual’s vision away.

Ideation - Designs


Drawing back form the initial idea about joints that were discovered from the umbrella and our mod-els, this design was able to incorporate a similar aspect.

There is a head piece that covers half the face in order to portray the individual’s inability to see. The skeleton of the design is inpired by spiders as well as the joints of the umbrella.

These joints are moveable and when it hits against something, it will contract, notiifying the individual so that they are aware that there is something within the distance of personal space.

This design has four arms on either side which does not display the dominant or vulnerbale side.

(Gujarat Ahmedabad, 2013)

Ideation - Designs


Similar to octopus legs, this design depicts many arms coming from the neck area, beoming multiple walking canes that could help avoid the individual from hitting anything.

The triangular shaped mask is adhered to the neck strap too. Although, the only skin that can be found in this design is from the mask and we believe that an improvement on promoting the aspect of skin is necessary.

These arms can move and adjust its movements when it hits obe-jects from its exterior.

(A creative universe, 2011)


In this design, something at the front of the structure is holding up the mask that will be covering part of the face.

It is clear that the left side of this design is much more covered and because it was found in the blind fold activity, that our left side was much more vulnerable and therefore will require more guid-ance. Whereas the right side will is dominant and does not need any covering as is can coordinate itself without the feeling of fear.

The skin is to be made up of string material that will join together from bone to bone, similar to the string that attached the umbrella’s components toegther.

Ideation - Designs

When it hits someone or an object, this will contract

Ideation - Designs


The arms being bendable and having movement, allows the individual to walk freely without fear of having their personal space intruded into their vul-nerable areas; the left side and their back.

The extended arms and the web-like skin that can be created using string or thread, creates the vol-ume of the design.

Having two straps over the shoulders may be more comfortable as it must hold up the voluminous structure.

The left side of the design has longer and more arms because our left side is much more vulner-able.

(Canku Ota, 2001)

Ideation - Designs


There is always a mask in our desgins in order to pro-mote the issue of visual impairment.

The earlier desings did not portray the theme of skin very well, so in this desgin, the arms are connected by some string; acting as the skin in this design. This effect looks quite similar to a dragonfly’s wings.

This design is also inspired by the fourth precedent, Membranes by Sean Ahlquist. Where there are sheets of sheer material over a bone structure.

Flexibility of the mate-rial allows the structure to remain the same but also allows it to move from side to side

(Mark V, 2013)

Back Left

Rhino Development

Prototype Model

A small wooden mannequin was used to put in perspective of how the design may turn out looking on a real model.

The use of flexible wire and thread was used on this model. The thread created random geometric shapes such different shaped polygons.

In these images, you can see that the right arm is free to move, without the design getting in its way.

The mask is more covered in the thread because here, we are portraying our theme of blind-ness, where the individual does not have a clear view.

Prototype Model Prototype

This is a fragment of the design that was made by using materials such as a felxible wire and some string.

The flexible wire was chosen to be used for its arms becasue they were bendable which is required for the user of this design. The flexible arms can notify the individual that there is some-thing or someone in their way or in their surroundings.

The pattern that the string makes is very random but interesting. The proto-type casts a shadow which is web-like in appearnce.

The colour of string has not yet been decided, but we have agreed that this is the appearance we would want for the design.

Prototype

We experimented with different patterns that could be used for the skin of our design. A variety of colours were also used and experimented with.

The patterns portray interference which can be depicted by the overlapping patterns that these string creates.

The image on the top left is the pattern we used for the prototypes which is a basic and spontaneous trend of triangular shapes.

The top right design forms curved lines which give off an interesting effect.

The bottom two images create a thick and compact pattern of lines. There is a distinct pattern form both images and this idea of layering of the strings can be applied to our design as it may represent the difficulty of seeing past something.

The colour or colours that will be used in our design must portray and represent the theme of blindness.

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A creative universe. 2011. Octopus. [image online] Available at: http://acreativeuniverse.com/Christopher/octopusunderwaterphotographypinkoceanwildlife/ [Accessed: 3 Sep 2013].

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Luke Hayes. 2010. JS Bach Chamber Music Hall Manchester. [image online] Available at: http://www.e-architect.co.uk/manchester/js_bach_chamber_music_hall.htm [Accessed: 3 Sep 2013].

Mark V. 2013. Dragonfly wings. [image online] Available at: http://www.dpchallenge.com/image.php?IMAGE_ID=198026 [Accessed: 3 Sep 2013].

Mike Chino. 2008. Yurt tent. [image online] Available at: http://inhabitat.com/ecoshack-nomad-yurt/ [Accessed: 3 Sep 2013].

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