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COURSE DOCUMENT Title of Programme: MPhil in DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 2005-2007 (MP29) Title of Course: Politics and Political Economy of Development Code: Level of credits: 30 Convenor: Dr. Peter P. Houtzager Outline structure of the course and learning outcomes: This course is designed to demonstrate and evaluate some of the contributions of the disciplines of political science and political economy to the analysis of strategies of economic and social development. It also reviews major themes in the politics of developing countries, particularly contemporary processes of democratisation, the politics of growth versus the politics of redistribution, and the current ‘good governance’ policy agenda. After an introductory session, the course is divided into four sections: 1. The relationship between state and society; 2. The nature of the state and processes of state-building; 3. Global governance and international political economy; and 4. Authoritarianism, democratisation and conflict. The method of assessment and timing/deadline: The course is assessed by one 5,000 word term paper, which must be submitted by 12 noon on Monday 19 April 2006. Formative coursework requirements (which do not contribute to the total assessment): None Any prerequisites (if applicable): None The method to be used for evaluating student opinion on the course: Detailed student evaluation form distributed at the end of the course. General Texts None Session 1: 19 January 2006

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Introduction (Peter Houtzager) Outline: The session begins with a brief introduction to the goals and structure of the Politics course, and then makes an excursion into the dominant research traditions and methodological approaches in contemporary political science. We will use the debate on democratization to identify how the different research traditions – in broad strokes, comparative historical, rationalist, and cultural – bring into focus different processes of democratisation. Particular emphasis will be given to different varieties of institutionalist analysis. The value-added, and analytic costs, of different methodological choices researchers of politics adopt will also be taken up, focusing in particular on the different ways qualitative and quantitative studies can be combined. Learning outcomes: (1) Ability to distinguish between historical institutionalist, rational choice, and culturalist

research traditions in the study of politics. (2) Basic grasp of the comparative advantage of different methodological approaches in political

science. Essential reading: Terry Karl, “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America,” Comparative Politics 23, no.1

(1990), 1-23. Charles C. Ragin, Chapt.1-2 The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and

Quantitative Strategies (1987) Supplementary reading: Charles Tilly, “Future of Social Science” & “Invisible Elbow,” In Charles Tilly, Roads from Past to Future

(1997) Paul Pierson, “Slow-Moving, and …Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics.”

In James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge 2003).

Mark I. Lichbach, “Social Theory and Comparative Politics.” In Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman,

eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge 1997). Alan S. Zuckerman, Reformulating Explanatory Standards and Advancing Theory in Comparative Politics.”

In Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman, eds., Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge 1997).

Dietrich Rueschemeyer, “Can One or a Few Cases Yield Theoretical Gains?” In James Mahoney and

Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences (Cambridge 2003).

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PART I: CONNECTING STATE AND SOCIETY Session 2: 24 January Interest Intermediation and the role of Political Parties (Peter Houtzager) Outline: In the 19th century the emergence of political parties marked a substantial expansion of democracy and the beginning of mass politics. This session examines why political parties have historically played a central role in connecting citizens and states. We will discuss the multiple roles parties play – aggregating interests, selecting political leaders, building support for public policies and legitimacy for the state, coordinating elite politics, and so forth; the different kinds of linkages that can be found between parties and citizens; and some of the institutional dynamics of distinct party systems. The final part of the session will consider the historical evolution of political party systems and contemporary challenges they face in different national contexts. Learning Objectives: (1) Knowledge of the highly varied role political parties play in contemporary polities. (2) Ability to identify different types of party-society linkages and state their differential consequences for relationship between citizens and states. Essential reading: Richard Gunther and Larry Diamond, “Types and Functions of Parties” and Stefano Bartolini and

Peter Mair, “Challenges to Contemporary Political Parties.” In Larry Diamond, Richard Gunther , eds., Political Parties and Democracy (2001).

Kenneth M. Roberts, “Party-society Linkages and Democratic representation in Latin America,” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 27, No. 53 (2002).

Supplementary Reading: Richard Gunther, Jose Ramon Montero, Juan J. Linz, eds., Political Parties: Old Concepts and New

Challenges (2002). Philippe C. Schmitter, “Parties Are Not What They Once Were.” In Larry Diamond, Richard Gunther , eds.,

Political Parties and Democracy (2001). Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, Gabor Toka, Post-Communist Party

Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Manali Desai, “Party Formation, Political Power, and the Capacity for Reform: Comparing Left Parties in

Kerala and West Bengal,” Social Forces 80, no.1 (2001), 37-60. Donna Lee Van-Cott, From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics (2005). E. Sridharan and Ashutosh Varshney, “Toward Moderate Pluralism: Political Parties in India.” In Larry

Diamond, Richard Gunther , eds., Political Parties and Democracy (2001). Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, “Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America.” In Mainwaring

and Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions (1995).

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Session 3: 26 January Civil Society and Social Movements (Zander Navarro) Outline: This session offers a broad introduction to the ideas, concepts and analytical perspectives proposed by social sciences around the notions of civil society and social movements. The main objective is to analyse them not only from the point of view of their theoretical traditions but also checking these notions in empirical contexts. The session is divided in two parts, the first one leading to a general introduction on these two core concepts, which are crucial to understand social life, development discourses and possibilities of social change. In the second part concrete cases and critical issues arising from recent empirical research are presented and discussed. Learning outcomes: At the end of the session, students should:

• Have a general understanding of current social science thinking around the concepts of civil society and social movements; and

• Be able to use these to analyse specific cases. Required reading: Crossley, Nick, 2002. Making Sense of Social Movements. Buckingham: Open University Press

(“Introduction”, p. 1-16) Misztal, Barbara A., 2001. “Civil society: a signifier of plurality and sense of wholeness”, in Blau,

Judith (ed), The Blackwell Companion to Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 73-85 Supplementary reading: Peter P. Houtzager, “Introduction: From Polycentrism to the Polity.” In Peter P. Houtzager and Mick Moore,

eds., Changing Paths: The New Politics of Inclusion in International Development (2003, 2005) della Porta, Donatella and Diani, Mario, 1999. Social Movements. An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell

(“Introduction”, p. 1-23) Edwards, Michael, 2004. Civil Society. Oxford: Blackwell (especially chapters 1, 5 and 6) Klandermans, Bert, 2001. “Why social movements come into being and why people join them”, in Blau,

Judith (ed), The Blackwell Companion to Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 268-281 Meyer, David S. and Tarrow, Sidney, 1998. “A movement society: contentious politics for a new century”, in

Meyer, David S. and Tarrow, Sidney (eds), The Social Movement Society. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 1-28.

della Porta, Donatella; Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Rucht, Dieter, eds., 1999. Social Movements in a Globalizing

World. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Howell, Jude and Pearce, Jenny, 2001. Civil Society and Development. A Critical Exploration. London:

Lynne Rienner (Chapter 2, “Civil Society and development: genealogies of the conceptual encounter”, p. 13-38).

Chandhoke, Neera, 2003. “A critique of the notion of civil society and the third sphere”, in Tandon, Rajesh

and Mohanty, Ranjita (eds), Does Civil Society Matter? Governance in Contemporary India. New Delhi? Sage Publications, p. 27-58.

Parek, Bhikhu, 2004. “Putting civil society in its place”, in Glasius, Marlies et alii (eds), Exploring Civil

Society. Political and Cultural Contexts. London: Routledge, p. 15-25.

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Fine, Robert, 1997. “Civil society: theory, Enlightenment and critique”, in Fine, Robert and Rai, Shirin (eds), Civil Society: Democratic Perspectives. London: Frank Cass, p. 7-28.

Seligman, Adam B., 2002. “Civil society as idea and ideal”, in Chambers, Simone and Kymlicka, Will (eds),

Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 13-33. Scott, A., 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Unwin Ryman. Tarrow, Sidney, 1998. Power in Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Tilly, Charles, 2004. Social Movements, 1768-2004. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers Session 4: 31 January Gender, Politics and the State (Diana Conyers) Outline: This session focuses on the role of women in politics and the state. It examines the various strategies that can be used to ‘empower’ women and the theoretical assumptions on which they are based. It emphasises the political nature of the process of empowerment, but extends the concept of politics beyond the conventional boundaries of the state. Learning Objectives: At the end of the session students should be able to:

• Understand the factors that affect the role of women in politics and the state; • Distinguish between different theoretical approaches to the empowerment of women;

and • Appreciate the policy implications of these approaches.

Essential reading *Jacquette, J., 2001. “Regional differences and contrasting views”, Journal of Democracy 12(3): 111-25. *Whalen, G., 1998. “Gender, feminism and the state: an overview”, in Randall, V. and G. Whalen (eds), Gender, Politics and the State. London and New York: Routledge. Chapter 1 *UNDP, 2005. Human Development Report 2004. New York. Table 26 Gender Empowerment Measure (pp. 303-06). Supplementary reading

Goetz, A-M., 1998. “Fiddling with democracy: translating women’s participation in politics in Uganda and South Africa into gender equity in development practice”, in M. Robinson and G. White (eds), The Democratic Developmental State. Oxford University Press. Chapter 8. Mukhopadhyay, M and S. Meer, 2004. Creating Voice and Carving Space: Redefining Governance from a Gender Perspective. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute. Olejede, I., 2000. “Gender and democratic governance in Africa”, in Nabudere, D. (ed), Globalisation and the Post-Colonial African State. Harare: AAPS Books. Chapter 14. Phillips, A., 1991. Engendering Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapters 1 and 3. Rai, S.M., ‘Gender studies’, in P. Burnell (ed), Democratisation through the Looking-Glass. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Chapter 4. Randall, V. and G. Whalen (eds), Gender, Politics and the State. London and New York: Routledge (other chapters).

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Saliba, T., 2001. Gender, Politics and Islam. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), 2001. Discussing Women’s Empowerment. Stockholm: SIDA Studies 3.

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PART II: THE STATE AND STATE-BUILDING PROCESSES Session 5: 2 February Developmental States (Mick Moore) Outline: There is a very large and good literature on developmental states, especially in East Asia. A tiny selection is presented below. This literature deals at length with a set of questions that are neatly presented in the Onis reading: “Is there a prototype ‘developmental state’, or are there fundamentally different variants of the developmental state, even in the East Asian context? Is the East Asian developmental state a product of specific cultural and historical circumstances? Does the developmental state require a particular regime type? Is the developmental state incompatible with pluralistic forms of democracy? What is the future of the developmental state, and is it inherently unstable? What are the challenges posed by the model of the developmental state for neo-classical development theory and neo-classical political economy in general? From a comparative perspective, what are the specific constraints on the transferability or the replicability of the East Asian developmental state in other institutional contexts of environments?” We cannot deal in detail with all these questions, and will try to concentrate on some core issues. We will begin with a lecture, in which I will make the following arguments:

1. Investment is central to economic growth in the longer term. One task for states is to encourage private investment. Many states are not very good even at that.

2. The term developmental state has been applied to states that not only encourage private investment, but do it in a strategic fashion. We can most usefully think of a developmental state as a set of institutional and political arrangements that encourage the state apparatus and private capital to cooperate in ways that lead them to out-perform more ‘laisser-faire’ types of capitalism, while still working mainly through the market. The notion of strategic industrial policy is central.

3. The concept of a developmental state originated in the experiences of East Asia after WW2 (see Johnson, 1999 on how the term originated). We need then to separate out some generic notion of a developmental state from a simple account of those East Asian experiences. That is quite a challenge.

We will then break into discussion groups, to deal with the question: What political and other circumstances encouraged and enabled the South Korean and Taiwanese regimes to act as developmental states in the 1950s/60s/70s? We will conclude with plenary discussion. Please do not come to class without being able confidently locate the following countries on a map: Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, Japan, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. Learning objectives: By the end of the class, students should be able to:

• Understand the significance of both the East Asian experience and the concept of developmental state in the context of ideas about development;

• Appreciate the ambiguities around the notion of a developmental state and the interaction with development ideologies; and

• Format a coherent reply to the question 'are developmental states possible in the contemporary, globalised world?'

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Essential Reading: *Doner, Richard F., K. Ritchie and Dan Slater, 2005. “Systemic vulnerability and the origins of developmental states: Northeast and Southeast Asia in comparative perspective”, International Organization 59(2). (Excellent on the political conditions for the creation of developmental states in East Asia) *Pempel, T.J., 1999. “The developmental regime in a changing world economy”, in Woo-Cumings, M. (Ed.), The Developmental State (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp137-181. (Very good overview of the issues)

Supplementary Reading: (with the easier and more general material coming first) Leftwich, A., 1995. "Bringing politics back in: towards a model of the developmental state", Journal of Development Studies, 31(3): 400-427. (Tries to develop a general model of the politics of developmental states. Beware of his tendency to assume that economies that grew fast were by definition ruled by developmental states). Evans, P., 1995. Embedded Autonomy. States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Excellent on role of state in relation to industrial development. Try to read at least Chapter 1, which summarises the argument)

Onis, Z., 1991. "Review article: The logic of the developmental state," Comparative Politics 24(1): 109-26. (An excellent critical summary of the literature, produced, from a ‘peripheral’ perspective at a time when this was still new and exciting stuff).

Johnson, C., 1999. "The developmental state: odyssey of a concept," in Woo-Cumings, M. (Ed.), The Developmental State. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. (He was the original Mr Developmental State Academic. Good on why he invented the term, and on the ways in which various interests, including those in Japan, tried to interpret his early findings to suit themselves.) Booth, A., 1999. "Initial conditions and miraculous growth: why Is Southeast Asia different from Taiwan and South Korea?" World Development. 27(2): 301-22. (As the title says: the differences between East and Southeast Asia.) Castells, M., 1992. "Four Asian tigers with a dragon head: a comparative analysis of the state, economy, and society in the Asian Pacific Rim," in Applebaum, R. P. and J. Henderson (Ed.), States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim. London: Sage. (A good critical overview of the experiences of four East Asian countries.) Wade, R., 1990. Governing the Market; Economic Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian Industrialisation. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. (The classic big book on the Taiwanese developmental state.)

Haggard, S., 1990. Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in Newly Industrializing Countries. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (Although 1990, still very good on the comparative politics of economic policy and growth in East Asia and Mexico/Brazil).

Amsden, A., 1989. Asia's Next Giant. South Korea and Late Industrialization. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Pres. (The classic early book on industrial policy in Korea.) Case, W. F., 1996. "Can the "Halfway House" stand? Semidemocracy and elite theory in three Southeast Asian countries," Comparative Politics. 28(4). (Useful for those interested in politics of developmental states outside East Asia.)

Chibber, V., 1999. "Building a developmental state: the Korean case reconsidered," Politics and Society 27(3): 309-46. (Some original material, including the argument that Japanese capital played a major role in supporting apparently very 'nationalist' authoritarian regimes in Korea.)

Chibber, V., 2003. Locked in Place. State-Building and Late Industrialization in India. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. (Chapters 1 and 2 provide a very stimulating set of ideas about wghy, compared to Korea, India's attempt at creating a developmental state after independence did not succeed). Choi, J. J., 1989. Labour and the Authoritarian State: Labour Unions in South Korean Manufacturing Industries. Seoul: Korea University Press. (As the title says.)

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Deyo, F., 1987. "State and labor: modes of political exclusion in East Asian development," in Deyo, F. C. (Ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (Deals with the political exclusion of organised labour in developmental states.)

Johnson, C., 1987. "Political institutions and economic performance: the government-business relationship in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan," in Deyo, F. C. (Ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialization. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (Classic early paper, looking explicitly at the institutional dimensions of developmental states.) Woodall, B., 1996. Japan Under Construction; Corruption, Politics and Public Works. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Makes the very useful point that within the same state there are ‘developmental’ and highly ‘patrimonial-distributive-inefficient’ agencies.) Session 6: 7 February The Politics of Decentralisation (Diana Conyers) Outline: Decentralisation is about changes in the balance of power and is thus essentially a political process. This session will examine the way in which global, national and local politics influence decisions to decentralise (or centralise) power, the forms that decentralised governance take, and central-local government relations. It will also consider the implications for those involved in designing or implementing decentralisation policies. Learning outcomes: At the end of the session, students will be able to:

• Appreciate the political nature of decentralisation and the implications of this. • Be aware of the principal rationales for decentralisation and the main forms that

decentralised governance may take. • Have a common understanding of the basic principles of decentralisation and be able

to relate the content of this course to related topics covered in other MA Governance courses.

Essential Reading: Conyers, D., 1999. Decentralization: a Conceptual Analysis. Paper delivered at Ministers’ Conference on Local Government in Eastern and Southern Africa, Victoria Falls, September 1999. (Reproduced in MDP Newsletter, 2000). Crook, R. and A. Sverrisson, 2003. ‘Does decentralisation contribute to poverty reduction?’ in P. Houtzager and M. Moore (eds), Changing Paths. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press, pp. 233-59. Supplementary Reading: (a) General Crook, R. and Manor, J. (eds), 1998. Democracy and Decentralisation in South Asia and West Africa. Cambridge University Press Ghai, Y., 1998. “Decentralisation and the accommodation of ethnic diversity”, in Young, C. (ed), Ethnic Diversity and Public Policy. Geneva: UNRISD.

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Shah, A. and Thompson, T., 2004. Implementing Decentralised Local Governance: a Treacherous Road with Potholes, Detours and Road Closures. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3353, pp.1-23. Smith, B. C., 1985. Decentralization: The Territorial Dimension of the State, London: George Allen & Unwin (especially Chapter 11). Turner, M. and Hulme, D., 1997. Governance, Administration and Development: Making the State Work. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Chapter 7. (b) Country/Regional Case Studies Aziz, A. and Arnold, D. (eds), 1996. Decentralised Governance in Asian Countries. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage. Davey, K., 2000. “Local government reform in Central and Eastern Europe’” in Collins, P. (ed), Applying Public Administration in Development. Chichester: Wiley. Chapter 18. Francis, P. and R. James, 2003. “Balancing rural poverty reduction and citizen participation: contradictions of Uganda’s decentralization program”, World Development 31(2): 325-38. Mokgoro, T.J., 2000. “Subnational government in South Africa since the transition to democracy from apartheid”, in Collins, P. (ed), Applying Public Administration in Development. Chichester: Wiley. Chapter 19. Olowu, D., 2003. “Local institutional and political structures and processes: recent experience in Africa”, Public Administration and Development 23(1): 41-52. Olowu, D. and J. Wunsch, 2004. Local Governance in Africa: the Challenges of Democratic Decentralisation. London: Lynne Riemer. Turner, M., 2000. “Local government reform and community-driven development: Asia-Pacific experiences”, in Collins, P. (ed), Applying Public Administration in Development. Chichester: Wiley. Chapter 8. Willis, G. and Haggard, S., 1999. “The politics of decentralisation in Latin America”, Latin American Research Review 34(1): 7-46.

Session 7: 9 February The Politics of State Reform (Anu Joshi/Peter Houtzager) Outline: Over the past few decades there has been a sea change in thinking about the state’s role in provisioning public service. The earlier confidence about direct state provision has given way to a more pluralistic vision of delivery through non-profit or market-based actors, participation of user groups, and decentralisation of decision making and delivery. This session explores the politics of state reform around the provision of public services. It examines the role different actors and institutions play in shaping state reforms. After a general introduction to the political dynamics of reform we will focus on the case of health sector reforms, and examine three types of reform: the pluralisation of service providers, decentralisation of provision and policy making, and citizen participation in policy making and in the management services. Learning Outcomes: (1) Acquire an understanding of the coalitional logic behind different types of state reforms. (2) Ability to identify how political institutions shape the models of social provisioning adopted in different national contexts.

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Essential Reading: Batley, Richard. 2004. “The Politics of Service Delivery Reform,” Development and Change 35,

No. 1. Robert Kaufman and Joan Nelson, Crucial Needs, Weak Incentives: Social Sector Reform,

Democratization, and Globalization in Latin America (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), chapters 1 & 2

Supplementary Reading: Graham, Carol, Private Markets for Public Goods: Raising the Stakes in Economic Reform (Washington,

D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1998). Joan M. Nelson, Reforming Health and Education : The World Bank, the IDB, and Complex Institutional

Change (Overseas Development Council, 1999). Altenstetter, C. and J. Bjorkman, eds., 1997, Health Policy Reform, National Variations and Globalisation

(London: MacMillan) Berman, Peter, ed., 1995, Health Sector Reform in Developing Countries (Cambridge.: Harvard University

Press) Barbara Geddes, Politician’sDilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America (University of California

Press, 1994). Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. (Princeton

University Press, 1995). World Development Report 2004. Making Services work for Poor People. Washington, DC; The World

Bank.

Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market : Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge 1991)

Kurt Weyland, The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies : Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and

Venezuela (Princeton University Press 2002). Maria Victoria Murillo, Labor Unions, Partisan Coalitions, and Market Reforms in Latin America (Cambridge

University Press, 2001). Grindle, Merilee, 2000, Audacious Reforms: Institutional Invention and Democracy in Latin America,

(Baltimore, MD.: The Johns Hopkins University Press). Cruz-Saco, M. and C. Mesa-Lago, eds., Do Options Exist? The Reform of Pension and Health Care

Systems in Latin America, (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998). Kaufman, Robert R. and Alex Segura-Ubiergo 2001. "Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Social

Spending in Latin America: A Cross-Sectional Time Series Analysis, 1973-1997," World Politics 53,4 (July 2001).

Williamson, John and Stephan Haggard, “The Political Conditions for Economic Reform,” in John

Williamson, ed. The Political Economy of Policy Reform (Washington, D.C. Institute for International Economics, 1994)

Anne Mills, The Challenge of Health Sector Reform : What Must Governments Do? ( 2001) Sonia Fleury. Ed., Reshaping Health Care in Latin America: A Comparative Analysis of Health Care Reform

in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico (International Development Research Center, 2001) Louise Haagh and Camilla Helgo, eds., Social Policy Reform and Market Governance in Latin America (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003)

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Session 8: 14 February Natural Resources, Conflict and State Building (Mick Moore)

Outline: The class on developmental states dealt with states that, at least in terms of economic performance, have been successful. This class deals with the opposite: economic and political failure. Until recently, development studies specialists have largely ignored a glaring fact: that one of the best single predictors of economic (and political) failure for poorer countries since about 1970 has been the possession of substantial concentrated (‘point’) natural resources, notably oil and other minerals. There really is a ‘resource curse’. There is an economic explanation (‘Dutch disease’), which I will run through briefly. We will begin with a very brief introduction. We will then break into discussion groups to share reactions to the first essential reading on the causes of conflict, by Fearon and Laitin. Groups will be asked to decide (a) whether they find the conclusions convincing and (b) if not, why not. We will then discuss those reactions in plenary. I will make a brief presentation on the concept of 'rents', and we will again break into discussion groups to answer the following question (that relate to the second and third essential readings):

There are two medium-sized, poor, agricultural countries in the centre of Africa. After Independence, both are ruled by the party that took them to Independence, in a kind of semi-democratic fashion. No one outside is much interested in them, until, in 1980, a substantial amount of oil is discovered in the African Democratic Republic (ADR), and large areas of alluvial diamonds are discovered in the African Peoples’ Republic (APR). What is most likely to happen next in terms of politics and governance in these two countries?

We will discuss in plenary the reports-back from the groups, and then look at potential ‘solutions’ to these problems. Learning Outcomes: At the end of the class, students should be able to:

• Critically appreciate different social science methods for understanding the causes of civil conflict; and

• Understand the causal mechanisms through which the possession of large natural resources might lead to 'bad governance' in general, and to civil conflict in particular.

Essential Reading: Fearon , J. D. and D. D. Laitin, 2003. "Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war," American Political Science Review 97: 91-106. (Important new research on the causes of civil wars – and they are different from a lot of common perceptions).

*Englebert, P. and J. Ron, 2004, "Primary commodities and war: Congo-Brazzaville's ambivalent resource curse", Comparative Politics 37(1): 71-81 (The oil case study ). AND/OR *Snyder, R., 2003. "Does lootable wealth breed disorder? A political economy of extraction framework," Notre Dame: Kellogg Institute. Working Papers, No. 312. (The case study of alluvial diamonds).

Supplementary Reading: Ross, M. L., 2003. "Oil, drugs and diamonds: how do natural resources vary in their impact on civil war?," in Ballentine, K. and J. Sherman (Ed.), The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. New York: International Peace Academy. (Also available on

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http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/ross/) (The title is self-explanatory. Michael Ross is the expert in this field). Ross, M. L., forthcoming. "How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from 13 Cases," International Organization. (Available on http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/ross/) (This supplements and extends the Ross reading above) Acemoglu, D., et al., 2003. "An African success story: Botswana," in Rodrik, D. (Ed.), In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. (But not all countries with a lot of natural resources fall prey to the resource curse. In the South, Botswana is the great exception. This is the best explanation I know for its exceptionalism.) Esanov, A., et al., 2001. "Nature's blessing or nature's curse: the political economy of transition in resource-based economies." London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Working Paper No. 65. (A good presentation of the evidence that, among the newly-independent states that emerged from the break-up of the Soviet Union, those with large natural resources have fared badly in 'governance' terms). (Available on EBRD web-site)

Michael Ross, 2003. “How does mineral wealth affect the poor?' Conference paper. (Research on how poor people tend not to benefit - or to suffer - when their countries have large mineral sectors) (Available on http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/ross/)

Malaquias, A., 2001, “Diamonds are a guerilla's best friend: the impact of illicit wealth on insurgency strategy”, Third World Quarterly 22(3): 311-253. (Very clear account of how the internal Angolan conflict degenerated into banditry over natural resources).

Keen, D., 2000. "Incentives and disincentives for violence", in Greed and Grievance. Economic Agendas in Civil Wars, Berdal, M. and D. M. Malone (eds). Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 19-42. (Useful summary of the various ways in which some people benefit from war).

Vandewalle, D., 1998. Libya since Independence. Oil and State-Building Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. (Monograph on effect of oil on the Libyan polity).

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Session 9: 16 February Aid and State Transformation (Mick Moore) Outline: We will begin with a lecture-type presentation (and clarification) of a few ‘facts’ about aid, for example, variations in levels; different channels; different ways of giving; the meaning of ‘aid dependence’. We will then have group discussions, around the question: In what circumstances does aid undermine the creation of effective, legitimate governance? We return to plenary later. Here are a few points to bear in mind: 1. There are good reasons to suspect that aid does not always have benign effects, and a variety of ‘grounds for suspicion’. 2. This is an issue where numbers matter a great deal. The actual extent of arithmetical aid dependency - aid as a % of GNP or, better, government expenditure - varies enormously. It would be useful if each of you were to spend 10 minutes with the World Bank Economic Tables (or the tables at the back of any World Development Report) and do a little simple arithmetic on the extent of dependency, comparing any six countries in which you are interested. 3. I have given two readings that relate to Mozambique. I don’t want to focus the class entirely around that country, but it does exemplify one set of problems rather well. Learning objectives: At the end of the class, students should be able to:

• Appreciate the differences among developing countries in the volumes and types of aid they receive;

• Think through how the fact that aid goes predominantly through governments might affect incentives and political behaviour; and

• Understand the potential tensions between moral or economic arguments for aid and the possible ill-effects on governance.

Essential Reading: *Morss, E. R., 1984. "Institutional destruction resulting from donor and project proliferation in Sub-Saharan African countries," World Development 12(4): 465-70. (As the title says - a simple polemic. For some more nuanced thinking about the types of ‘institutional destruction’ processes he mentions, see the Brautigam and Acharya et. al. readings). *World Bank, 2003. World Development Report 2004, Making Services Work for Poor People. World Bank, pp203-8 (Very neat, brief summary of some of the effects of donor 'fragmentation' or 'proliferation'.) http://econ.worldbank.org/wdr2004/ Supplementary Reading: Lonstrup, E., 2002. "Status of public financial management in Mozambique. Fiduciary risk assessment," Maputo: Report to DFID. (Don't be put off by the technical content. It asks some basic questions: To what extent does the Government of Mozambique have a coherent, transparent budget and set of fiscal practices? How do the aid donors fit in?) Brautigam, D., 1999. Aid Dependence and Governance, Stockholm: Almqvist and Wicksell International (Actually a very short book. The most comprehensive and authoritative discussion of the problems)

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Acharya, A. Fuzzo de Lima and M. Moore, 2004. "Aid Proliferation: How Responsible Are the Donors?" IDS Working Paper. (Look at the early sections for the discussion of the 'transactions costs' of 'aid proliferation'.) Manning, C., 2002. "Conflict management and elite habituation in postwar democracy: the case of Mozambique," Comparative Politics 35(1): 63-64. (She explains how aid buys peace in Mozambique.) O'Connell, S. A. and C. C. Soludo, 2001. "Aid intensity in Africa," World Development 29 (9): 1527-52. (Very useful study of the statistics on aid to Africa). Berg, E. J., 1993. Rethinking Technical Cooperation New York: UNDP. (Very authoritative critique of the use of technical assistance by aid donors). Burnell, P., 2001. "Financial indiscipline in Zambia's Third Republic: The role of parliamentary scrutiny," Journal of Legislative Studies 7(3): 34-64. (Looks at the practical steps needed to establish parliamentary control of public spending, including aid.)

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PART III: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Session 10: 21 February Approaches to Global Governance (Andrew Rosser) Outline: This session will address the following questions:

1. What do people mean when they talk about ‘global governance’? 2. How have scholars sought to explain the nature of and changes in the system of global

governance? Learning Outcomes: In this session, students will develop an understanding of the notion of global governance and the various ways in which scholars have sought to understand it. Required Reading: *Underhill G., 2000. “Conceptualising the changing global order”, in R. Stubbs and G. Underhill (eds.) Political Economy and the Changing Global Order, Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, pp.3-24. *Wilkinson R., 2005. “Introduction: concepts and issues in global governance”, in R. Wilkinson (ed.), The Global Governance Reader, London: Routledge, pp. 1-22 Supplementary Reading: The Commission on Global Governance, 1995. “A new world”, in R. Wilkinson (ed.) The Global Governance Reader, London: Routledge, pp.26-44. Wilkinson R., 2002. “Global governance: a preliminary interrogation’ in R. Wilkinson and S. Hughes (ed.), Global Governance: Critical Perspectives, London: Routledge, 1-14. Peet R., 2003. Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO, London: Zed Books, pp. 1-26. Wallerstein I., 2004. World Systems Analysis: An Introduction, Durham and London: Duke University Press, pp.1-22. Scholte J., 2000. Globalization: A Critical Introduction, Houndmills: Palgrave, Ch. 6.

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Session 11: 23 February The Bretton Woods Institutions (Andrew Rosser) Outline: This session will address the following questions:

1. What role do the IMF and the World Bank play in the international financial system and how has this changed over time? In particular, what role have they played vis-à-vis developing countries?

2. What criticisms have been made of the IMF and the World Bank? How valid are they? 3. What non-state actors exercise greatest influence over the IMF and World Bank? To

what effect? Learning Outcomes: In this session, students will develop an understanding of the role of the IMF and the World Bank in the international financial system and their impact on developing countries. Required Reading: *Mallaby, Sebastian, 2005. “Saving the World Bank”, Foreign Affairs, May/June, pp.75-85. *Woods, Ngaire 2000. “The challenge of good governance for the IMF and the World Bank themselves”, World Development, 28(5): 823-841. Supplementary Reading: Peet, R., 2003. Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO. London: Zed Books. Chapter 3, pp. 56-110 and 111-145. Lee, S., 2002. “The International Monetary Fund”, New Political Economy 7(2): 283-298. Bello, W., 2002. Deglobalization. London: Zed Books. Chapters 2 and 3. Nellor, D., 1998. “The role of the International Monetary Fund”, in: R. McLeod and R. Garnaut (eds.), East Asia in Crisis: From Being a Miracle to Needing One? London: Routledge, pp. 245-265. Eichengreen, B., 1998. ‘The International Monetary Fund in the wake of the Asian Crisis’, in G. Noble and J. Ravenhill (eds.), The Asian Financial Crisis and the Architecture of Global Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 170-191. J. Sachs, 1998. “IMF Orthodoxy isn’t what Southeast Asia needs”, International Herald Tribune, 4 November, 1 p. Robison, R. and A. Rosser, 1998. “Contesting reform: Indonesia’s New Order and the IMF”, World Development 26: 1593-1609. O’Brien et al., R. 2000. Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Chapter 5, pp. 24-66 and 159-205. Wade, R., 2001. ‘Making the World Development Report 2000: Attacking Poverty’, World Development 29: 159-205. Kapur, D., 2002. “The changing anatomy of governance of the World Bank”, in: J. Pincus and J. Winters (eds.), Reinventing the World Bank. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 54-75.

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Jayasuriya, K., 2002. ‘Governance, post-Washington Consensus and the new anti-politics’, in: T. Lindsey and H. Dick (eds.), Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm, Sydney: The Federation Press, pp. 24-36. Session 12: 28 February International Political Economy (Raphie Kaplinsky) Outline: I will address three sets of issues. Unless you are wildly enthusiastic, choose one. In each case I have tried to keep reading to a few texts. You can chase more up as appropriate. Issue 1: What is globalisation? Globalisation is imbued with a variety of meanings and covers a number of dimensions of global exchange. We will begin by discussing this heterogeneity. Issue 2: Does globalisation erode the nation state? Does globalisation erode the powers of national governments, and in what ways? Issue 3: Transfer pricing When we examine the detailed impact of globalisation on national sovereignty, we are faced with the way in which it helps to erode the fiscal base of governments. One element in this story is transfer pricing, the way in which TNCs shift money around the world to avoid taxes. Learning Outcomes: By the end of this session students should:

• Be able to put some flesh to the idea of globalisation. This is a confusing concept, widely used, but with very many meanings;

• Have some feel of the big debate on the extent to which nation states can continue to survive. Try and relate this to the work of the IDS Governance Team which you will also have access to; and

• Be aware that “big developments” boil down to specific instruments. There are many which affect the nation state in the era of globalisation, including discussions in the WTO, TRIPS, TRIMS etc. I have chosen to expose you to one which is perhaps less well-known (transfer pricing) but one which has a major impact on governments all over the world. But it is only an example of a wider set of issues.

Essential Reading: What is globalisation? *Kaplinsky, R., 2005. Globalisation, Poverty and Inequality: Between a Rock and a Hard Place, Cambridge: Polity Press. Chapter 1 and Chapter 8 (section 8.3). Globalisation and the nation state:

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Wade R., 1996. "Globalization and its Limits: Reports of the death of the national economy are greatly exaggerated", in Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (eds.), National Diversity and Global Capitalism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 61-88 Linda Weiss (ed.), 2002. States in the Global Economy: Bringing Domestic Institutions Back In. Cambridge University Press. See especially the Introduction and the Conclusion. Transfer pricing: Davidmann, M., Community Economics, Multinational Operations, Transfer Pricing and Taxation., http://www.solbaram.org/articles/clm503.html Supplementary Reading:

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PART IV: AUTHORITARIANISM, DEMOCRATISATION AND CONFLICT Learning Outcomes This sequence of four interlinked classes aims develop a better understanding of the questions of political power and legitimate authority in development, including their relationships to violent conflict and to democracy. It will also address important policy issues concerning democratisation, the management of conflict and post-conflict reconstruction. Teaching methods will include lectures, class discussion and case studies. Some General Readings on Questions of Power and Political Violence - Relevant to All Four Classes *Max WEBER (1948) ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, edited by H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, Routledge, pp77-128. Margaret ATWOOD (1990) 'The Loneliness of the Military Historian', Poem, Harpers, December. Michel FOUCAULT, Power/Knowledge. Two essays in this book, 'Two Lectures' and 'Truth and Power' explore dimensions of power, which are highly relevant to these sessions. Charles TILLY, 'War and the Power of Warmakers in Western Europe and Elsewhere 1600-1980' in P. Wallenstein (ed.) Global Militarization, Boulder: Westview. Charles Tilly (1985), 'War-making and State-making as Organised Crime', in Peter B. Evans et al. (eds), Bringing The State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Michael MANN (1988) States, War and Capitalism, Oxford: Blackwell, 1988, Chapters 4-6. Special Issues of Journals

IDS Bulletin 32(1) April 2001 on ‘Structural Conflict in the New Global Disorder.’ Especially articles by Kaldor/Luckham, Kaplinsky and Willett.

Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, 4(3) December 2004 on ‘Security and Development’ Development and Change 33(5), November 2002 on ‘State Failure, Collapse and Reconstruction.

Disasters 24(4) December 2000 on ‘Complex Political Emergencies’.

Third World Quarterly 20(1) 1999 on ‘Complex Political Emergencies’.

Session 13: 2 March Authoritarian and Military Rule: their Legacies and New Forms of Authoritarianism (Robin Luckham) Outline:

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This class will be devoted to authoritarian rule and the state institutions associated with it, including the military and other "repressive state apparatuses" (paramilitaries, police, intelligence agencies etc.). It is easy to forget that until recently coups and associated forms of political violence (armed rebellions, jacqueries, civil wars, violent revolutions etc.) were the main source of political change, and military or authoritarian regimes were the ‘normal’ form of governance in developing countries. Indeed it was often agued by analyses of the developmental state that ‘bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes’ or ‘developmental dictatorships’ were better at fostering development, and in particular capitalist development, than democratic governments. We shall consider why ‘transitions to democracy’ have largely displaced authoritarianism in the developing and post-communist worlds. At the same time we shall analyse the enduring legacies of authoritarian rule, including continuing military influence, political violence and human rights violations, and ask how much has really changed in post-authoritarian democracies, highlighting in particular the problems of ensuring greater democratic accountability and control of military and security institutions. Essential Reading: *Luckham, R., 1996. 'Faustian Bargains: Democratic Control Over Military and Security Establishments' in R. Luckham and G. White, Democratization in the South, Manchester: Manchester University Press, chapter 4. Analyses transitions from developmental dictatorship and legacies of authoritarian governance, with case studies of Chile, South Korea and Ghana. 3 copies on Course Provision *Steven LEVITSKY and Lucian A. WAY (2002) ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’ Journal of Democracy 13(2), April. Supplementary Reading: Robin LUCKHAM (2003) ‘Democratic Strategies for Security in Transition and Conflict’ in Gavin Cawthra and Robin Luckham, Governing Insecurity. Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, Zed Books, chapter 1. Could be read instead of LUCKHAM (1996) ‘Faustian Bargains’ above. On Course Provision Kees KOONINGS (2003) ‘Political Armies, Security Forces and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America’ in G. Cawthra and R. Luckham (eds), Governing Insecurity. Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies London: Zed Press, chapter 6. Excellent analysis of the legacies of authoritarian rule, including political violence, and the varying ways they have shaped democratic transitions in Latin America.. Peter UVIN (1998) Aiding Violence. The Development Enterprise in Rwanda, West Hartford, Conn: Kumarian Press, Introduction and chapters 4-7. Analyses the complicity of the international development community in Rwanda’s exclusionary developmental regime pre-1994 and implicitly in the genocide. Patrick CHABAL and Jean-Pascal DELOZ (1999) Africa Works. Disorder as Political Instrument, London: James Currey, chapters 1, 6, 10. Richard JACKSON (2002) ‘Violent Conflict and the African State: Towards a Framework of Analysis’ Journal of Contemporary Africa Studies 20(1) on weak or fractured authoritarian states and their relationship to political violence. Michael MCFAUL (2002), ‘The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Non-Cooperative Transitions in the Post-Communist World’, World Politics 54(2). Larry DIAMOND (2002), ‘Thinking about Hybrid Regimes’ Journal of Democracy 13(2) – companion piece to Levitsky and Way above.

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Other Readings On Varieties of Authoritarianism (and of Transitions therefrom): Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, Developmental Dictatorship, Neo-patrimonialism, Warlordism etc. Juan J. LINZ (2000) Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. D. COLLIER, 'Overview of the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model' in D. Collier (ed.) American Council of Learned Societies. Joint Committee on Latin American Studies. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Good though dated critical survey of the literature on bureaucratic authoritarianism, which was the dominant political model in Latin America and the East Asian NICs before the ‘Third Wave’ of democratisation. Karen L. REMMMER and G. MERKX (1992) ‘Bureaucratic Authoritarianism Revisited’ Latin American Research Review. John CRABTREE (2001) ‘The Collapse of Fujimorismo: Authoritarianism and Its Limits’ Bulletin of Latin American Research 20(3). Richard SNYDER (1992) ‘Explaining Transitions from Neopatrimonial Dictatorships’, Comparative Politics 24(4). Michael BRATTON and Nicholas VAN DE WALLE (1994) 'Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa', World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4: 453-489 William RENO, Warlord Politics and African States, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Paul Jackson (2003) ‘Warlords as Alternative Forms of Governance’, Small Wars and Insurgencies 14(1). Jean François BAYART et al. (1999) 'From Kleptocracy to the Felonious State?' The Criminalisation of the State in Africa, London: James Currey, chapter 1 ‘Democradura’ and ‘Dictablanda’: Hard Democracy and Soft Authoritarianism Larry DIAMOND (2002) ‘Thinking About Hybrid Regimes’, and Anton SCHEDLER (2002) ‘The Menu of Manipulation’ both in Journal of Democracy, 13(2) April. These are companion pieces to Levitsky and Way. [Diamond attempts to pigeonhole regimes under different categories of democracy and of authoritarianism.] Marina OTTAWAY (2003) Democracy Challenged: the Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment fir International Peace. Barry GILLS and J. ROCAMORA (1992) 'Low Intensity Democracy', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3. Fareed ZAKARIA (1997) ‘The Rise of Illiberal Democracy’, Foreign Affairs 76. Kurt WEYLAND (2003) 'Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America. How Much Affinity?' Third World Quarterly 24(6).

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Kurt WEYLAND (1999) ‘Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe’, Comparative Politics. Terry Lynn KARL (1995) ‘The Hybrid Regimes of Central America’, Journal of Democracy, 6, July. Gordon P. MEANS (1996) ‘Soft Authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore’, Journal of Democracy, 7 October. Ayesha JALAL (1995) Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Frederic VOLPI (2004) ‘Pseudo-democracy in the Muslim World’, Third World Quarterly 25(6). Political Armies and the Politics of Force Kees KOONINGS (2003) ‘Political Armies, Security Forces and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America’ in G. Cawthra and R. Luckham (eds), Governing Insecurity, London : Zed Press. [Useful antidote to over-optimistic thinking about demilitarisation and democratisation in Latin America. Also deals with emergence of non-state armed actors.] Gavin CAWTHRA and Robin LUCKHAM (2003) ‘Democratic Control and the Security Sector’ in Gavin Cawthra and Robin Luckham, Governing Insecurity, Zed Press. John LUCAS (1998) 'The Tension Between Despotic and Infrastructural Power: the Military and the Political Class in Nigeria, 1985-1993', Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 33, No. 3: 90-113 Kees KOONINGS and Dirk KRUIJT (eds) (2002) Political Armies. The Military and Nation-Building in an Age of Democracy, London: Zed. State of the art book on changing political roles of armies and of military force in politics. Robin LUCKHAM (1995) 'Dilemmas of Military Disengagement and Democratization in Africa', IDS Bulletin Vol. 26, No. 2: 49-61 Eboe HUTCHFUL and Abdoulaye BATHILY (eds) (1998) The Military and Militarism in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA. E. A. BRETT (1995) 'Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda: the Role of the Military in Politics', Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1: 129-52 (32) L. DIAMOND and M.F. PLATTNER (eds) (1996) Civil Military Relations and Democracy, John Hopkins University Press. Alfred STEPAN (1988) Rethinking Military Politics. Brazil and the Southern Cone, Princeton: Princeton University Press: pages ix-xi (Preface) and 3-12 (Ch. 1). B. LOVEMAN (1994) '"Protected Democracies" and Military Guardianship: Political Transition in Latin America', Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 36, No. 2: 105-189. Alain ROUQUIE (1986) 'Demilitarisation and the Institutionalisation of Military-Dominated Politics in Latin America' in G. O'Donnell et al. (eds) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, John Hopkins University Press. Chai-Anan SUMUDAVANIJA, 'The New Military and Democracy in Thailand' in L. Diamond (ed.) Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries.

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Robin LUCKHAM (1991) 'The Military, the Development State and Social Forces in Asia and the Pacific' in Viberto Selochan (ed.) The Military, The State and Development in Asia and the Pacific, Westview Press. Muthiah ALAGAPPA (2001), Coercion and Governance. The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia, Stanford: Stanford University Press. An insightful introductory essay by Alagappa, plus several excellent country case studies.

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Session 14: 6 March Democratisation in a Global Context: Can Democracy be Designed? (Robin Luckham) Outline: Recent development analysis holds, with Sen, that democracy is more conducive to sustainable development than dictatorship – and in addition that it is better at preventing violent conflict. This class will take neither argument for granted, all the more in the present historical context, in which many in the developing world see the promotion of liberal democracy as an aspect of Western hegemony. We shall start by interrogating varying conceptions of democracy, including liberal democracy. We shall consider how far real world democracies, including Western democracies, live up to democratic ideals, and attempt to identify their main ‘democratic deficits’. We shall assess the case for and against arguments that democracy is conducive to development and that it promotes the peaceful resolution of conflict – and ask whether the empirical evidence supports either of these propositions. We shall then consider whether the design of democratic institutions makes a difference to their capacity to resolve conflicts, focussing in particular on the design of democratic institutions in ‘post-conflict’ states. We shall focus on the relationship between democratic institutions and democratic politics, and argue the latter is crucial for the health of democracy institutions, for development and for peaceful management of conflicts. Essential Reading: *Amartya SEN (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford: OUP, chapter 6 (‘The Importance of Democracy’).. 4 copies on Course Provision. 11 short loan copies @ SUL: HR 33090(SEN) *Robin LUCKHAM, Anne-Marie GOETZ and Mary KALDOR (2003) ‘Democratic Institutions and Democratic Politics’ in Sunil Bastian and Robin Luckham (eds), Can Democracy be Designed? London: Zed Press, chapter 1. 2 copies on Course Provision Supplementary Reading: Philippe SCHMITTER and Terry L. KARL (1991) ‘What Democracy is … And Is Not’, Journal of Democracy 2(3). Bikhu PAREKH (1993) 'The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy' in David Held, Prospects for Democracy North South East West, chapter 7. Sunil BASTIAN and Robin LUCKHAM (2003) ‘Conclusion: the Politics of Institutional Choice’ in Bastian and Luckham (eds), Can Democracy be Designed?, chapter 11. UNDP (2002), Human Development Report 2002: Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World, New York: UNDP. Thomas CAROTHERS (2002) ‘The End of the Transition Paradigm’, Journal of Democracy, 13(1) January. Philip CERNY (1999), ‘Globalization and the Erosion of Democracy’, European Journal of Political Research 36 (1).

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Bruce BERMAN et al (2004), ‘Ethnicity and the Politics of Democratic Nation-Building in Africa’ and Peter EKEH ‘Individuals’ Basic Security Needs and the Limits of Democratisation in Africa’ in Bruce Berman et al (eds), Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa Oxford: James Currey, chapters 1 and 2. Frances STEWART and Meghan O’SULLIVAN (1999), ‘Democracy, Conflict and Development – Three Cases’, in Gustav Ranis et al (eds), The Political Economy of Comparative Development into the 21st Century, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, Chapter 13, pp 355-386. Articles by MCFAUL and by DIAMOND in list for authoritarianism session. Other Readings Democracy and its Variants: David HELD (1993) ‘Democracy: From City-States to Cosmopolitan Order?’ in D. Held (ed.) Prospects for Democracy. North South East West, Cambridge: Polity Press, chapter 1. Robin LUCKHAM (1998) ‘Are There Alternatives to Liberal Democracy?’ in Mark Robinson and Gordon White, The Democratic Developmental State Oxford: Oxford University Press [Consideration of alternative theoretical approaches to democracy, combined with comparative case studies of alternatives to liberal democracy in Sandinista Nicaragua and Ujamaa-period Tanzania]. Ellen M. WOOD (1995) Democracy Against Capitalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, especially chapters 7-9 [Powerful radical thinking about democracy and citizenship]. Kenneth GOOD (2002) The Liberal Model and Africa: Elites Against Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave, chapters 1 (autocratic elites, enfeebled masses) and 7 (participatory democracy). Tony EVANS (2001) ‘If Democracy, Then Human Rights?’ Third World Quarterly 22(4). Carol GOULD (2004), Globalizing Democracy and Human Rights Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Globalisation and Transitions to Democracy Robin LUCKHAM and Gordon WHITE (eds) (1996) Democratisation in the South. The Jagged Wave, Manchester: Manchester University Press, especially Introduction (‘Democratising the South’) and Conclusion (‘The Jagged Wave’). Peter J. SCHRAEDER (ed.) (2002), Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs Reality, London: Lynne Rienner, especially Beatrice HIBOU, ‘The World Bank: Missionary Deeds and Misdeeds’ (chapter 10) and Peter SCHRAEDER, ‘Making the World Safe for Democracy’ (chapter 12). Amy Chua (2004) World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability New York: Anchor Books. Karin von Hippel (2000) Democracy by Force, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Guillermo O’DONNELL and Philippe SCHMITTER (1986) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Samuel P. HUNTINGTON (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century: London: University of Oklahoma Press.

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Adam PRZEWORSKI (1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mark F. PLATTNER (2002) ‘Globalisation and Self Government’, Journal of Democracy 13(3) [Globalisation tends to be more consistent with the liberal than the democratic strand of liberal democracy and tends to worsen the tension between them.] Developmental Democracy Mark ROBINSON and Gordon WHITE (eds) (1998) The Democratic Developmental State, Oxford: OUP (especially chapter 1 by Gordon White, ‘Constructing a Democratic Developmental State’). Richard SKLAR (1987) ‘Developmental Democracy’ Comparative Studies in Society and History 29(4) Adrian LEFTWICH (1995) ‘Bringing Politics Back In: Towards a Model of the Developmental State’, Journal of Development Studies. A. KUHLI (1993) ‘Democracy Amid Economic Orthodoxy’, Third World Quarterly 14(3). Latin American Perspectives No.83 (1994) Special issue on Neoliberalism and ‘Democratisation’ in Latin America; includes James PETRAS and Steve VIEUX, ‘The Transition to Authoritarian Electoral Regimes in Latin America’. Patricio NAVI and Thomas D. ZWEIFEL(?-check name) (2003) ‘Democracy, Dictatorship and Infant Mortality’, Journal of Democracy 14(3). Democracy as a ‘Solution’ to Conflict in Multi-ethnic Societies Susan WOODWARD (2003) ‘The Balkans: the Dangers of Democratisation amidst Insecurity’ in Gavin Cawthra and Robin Luckham, Governing Insecurity, Zed Books, chapter 12. J. ‘Bayo ADEKANYE (1998) ‘Power-Sharing in Multi-Ethnic Political Systems’, Security Dialogue, 29(1). pp 25-36. Bruce Berman et al (2004) Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa Oxford: James Currey. John Anderson (ed) (2004), special issue of Democratization 11(4) on ‘Religion, Democracy and Democratisation’ David Chandler (1999) Bosnia: Faking Democracy After Dayton, Pluto Press, chapter 1. Peter UVIN (2001) 'Difficult Choices in the New Post-Conflict Agenda: the International Community in Rwanda and the Genocide, Third World Quarterly 22 (2)

Peter HARRISS and Ben REILLY (eds) (1998) Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Arend LIJPHART and C.H. WAISMAN (eds) (1996) Institutional Design in New Democracies: Eastern Europe and Latin America, Boulder: Westview, chapters 1-2. Yash GHAI (1998) ‘Decentralisation and Accommodation of Ethnic Diversity’ in Crawford Young (ed.), Ethnic Diversity and Public Policy: a Comparative Enquiry, UNRISD, Basingstoke: Macmillan. D.L. HOROWITZ (1995) ‘Democracy in Divided Societies’, Journal of Democracy 4(4).

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Donald ROTHCHILD (1999) ‘Ethnic Insecurity, Peace Agreements and State building’, in Richard Joseph (ed.), State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Rienner. William EASTERLY (2001) ‘Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?’ Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(4). Benjamin REILLY (2001) Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral Engineering for Conflict-Management, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sam C. NOLUTSHUNGU (1996) Margins of Insecurity: Minorities and International Security, Rochester: University Press. Timothy SISK and A. REYNOLDS (eds) (1998) Elections and Conflict-Resolution, Washington: US Institute of Peace. Rita ABRAHAMSEN (2001) ‘Development Policy and the Democratic Peace in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Conflict Security and Development,1(3). I.W. ZARTMAN (ed.) (1997) Governance as Conflict Management: Politics and Violence in West Africa, Washington DC: Brookings.

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Session 15: 8 March Managing China’s exposure to the global oil market – an organizational approach based on reconfigurating state ownership (Kun-chin Lin) Outline: The motivation of my talk is to go beyond the neoliberal understanding of market transition, especially its under-conceptualized role of the state in this process, to examine what has been called the ORTHODOX PARADOX of transition [Miles Kahler 1990] – “using the state to change policy in a less statist direction.” Through case studies of the oil and petrochemical industries in China, I identify the political economic conditions under which the Chinese state has moved away from direct patronage of the key industries toward a limited shareholding and regulatory role. Through examining variations in policy responses to global oil price shocks in the 1980s and 1990s, I argue that the Chinese central state has exploited macroeconomic conditions and its relative fiscal capacities to overcome domestic coalitions supportive of a more decentralized approach to industrial governance. This top-down authoritarian approach to reform has negative implications for the social embeddedness of emerging market institutions.

Essential Reading: *Holz, Carsten. 2001. “Economic Reforms and State Sector Bankruptcy in China” in China Quarterly, March 2001. Available from BLDS e-library Lin, Yi-min and Tian Zhu. 2001. “Ownership Restructuring in Chinese State Industry” in China Quarterly, March 2001. Available from BLDS e-library. Xerox on Course Provision *Ma, Shu Y. 1998. “The Chinese Route to Privatization: The Evolution of the Shareholding System Option” in Asian Survey 38(4): 381-397. BLDS Serials (112) Asian …

Supplementary Reading: Tenev, Stoyan and Chunlin Zhang with Loup Brefort, 2002, Corporate Governance and Enterprise Reform in China: Building the Institutions of Modern Markets, World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC, March 2002 Available on Course Provision

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Session 16: 14 March Globalization, War and Intervention (Robin Luckham) In the past development analysis and policy either tended to ignore war and political violence, or to see them as exogenous shocks, which might sometimes disrupt or delay development, but were not intrinsic to it. This has changed dramatically in recent years, with the international community paying much more attention to ‘humanitarian emergencies’ and intervening militarily to ‘resolve’ conflicts and keep the peace. In this class we shall consider three alternative accounts of this ‘securitisation’ of development. The first stresses transformations in the global scale, nature and impact of ‘new wars’ - including the mobilisation of ethnic and religious identities, the privatisation of war, the targeting of civilian populations and social capital, the implosion of the state, and the spread of conflicts across national boundaries. The second focuses on changing international perceptions of human security and of the international community’s ‘responsibility to protect’ the rights and livelihoods of those suffering the effects of war and repression. The third views international humanitarianism as a new form of global hegemony, linked to the military and economic interests of major powers and global corporations. We shall critically examine each of these accounts, and consider their implications for development and development policy. Essential Reading: *UNITED NATIONS (2004) A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility. Report of the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change A/59/565, pp 11-24, 31-35 and 53-58 (the report is not long and you could dip into other topics, e.g. terrorism or post-conflict peace-building): www.globalpolicy.org/reform/initiatives/panels/high/1202report.pdf 1 copy on order for Course Provision *Mark DUFFIELD (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars, Zed Press, pages 1-17 and 31-46. 3 copies on Course Provision Mary KALDOR and Robin LUCKHAM (2001) ‘Global Transformations and New Conflicts’, IDS Bulletin, 32(2). 2 copies on Course Provision Supplementary Reading: Robin LUCKHAM (2003) ‘Democratic Strategies for Security in Transition and Conflict’ in Robin Luckham and Gavin Cawthra (eds) Governing Insecurity, Zed Books, chapter 1. Could be read instead of KALDOR and LUCKHAM (2001) Global Transformations and New Conflicts’ above. Mary KALDOR (1999) New and Old Wars, Polity Press. Very influential book, which spells out the new wars arguments in detail. Edward NEWMAN (2004) ‘The “New Wars” Debate: a Historical Perspective is Needed’, Security Dialogue, 35(2). Michael MANN (2004) ‘Globalisation as Violence’ unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, University of Los Angeles, available through scholar.google.com Paul COLLIER et al (2003) Breaking the Conflict Trap. Civil War and Development Policy, Washington: World Bank. Important World Bank study. Stresses the economic determinants, consequences and remedies for conflicts, but gives due recognition to other factors. Michael ROSS (2004) ‘What do we Know about Natural Resources and Civil War?’, Journal of Peace Research 41(3).

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J.D. FEARON and D.D. LAITIN (2003) ‘Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War’ American Political Science Review, 97(1) Important statistical study of competing explanations of violent conflicts.

Frances STEWART (2003), ‘Conflict and the Millenium Development Goals’ Journal of Human Development 4(3). C. CRAMER (2003) ‘Does Inequality Cause Conflict?, Journal of International Development 15 (4). Makes cogent case for inequality and poverty as root causes of violent conflict. David KENNEDY (2004) The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism, Princeton: Princeton University Press, chapters 1 and 8 (4-6 and 9 also pertinent). Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001) The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa IDRC. Other Readings Recent Reports on International Security Issues A Human Security Doctrine for Europe (2004) The Barcelona Report of the Study Group on Europe’s Security Capabilities. United Nations (Brahimi Report) (2000) ‘Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects’ UN Document A/55/305 S/2000/809, 21 August 2000. OECD/DAC (2001) The DAC Guidelines: Helping Prevent Armed Conflict, Paris, OECD. Globalisation and New Forms of Imperialism Mark DUFFIELD (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars, Zed Press, remainder of the book. Fred HALLIDAY ( ), ‘The Pertinence of Imperialism’ in M. Rupert and H. Smith (eds) Historical Materialism and Globalization, London: Routledge. William RENO (2004) ‘Order and Commerce in Turbulent Areas: 19th Century Lessons, 21st Century Practice’ Third World Quarterly, 25(6). Susan SOEDEBERG (2004) ‘American Empire and Excluded States: the Millenium Challenge Account and the Shift to Pre-emptive Development’, Third World Quarterly, 25(2). Chalmers JOHNSON (2000) Blowback, The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, Little Brown and Co. Philip CERNY (1998) ‘Neomedievalism, Civil War and the New Security Dilemma: Globalisation as Durable Disorder’, Civil Wars 1(1). Mark DUFFIELD (1998) 'Post-Modern Conflict, Warlords, Post-adjustment States and Private Protection', Civil Wars 1(1). Dietrich JUNG (2003), Shadow Globaization, Ethnic Conflcits and New Wars: a Poltical Economy of Intra-State War, London: Taylor and Francis. Causes, Dynamics and Developmental Impacts of Violent Conflict

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David KEEN (1997) ‘A Rational Kind of Madness’, Oxford Development Studies, 25(1) pp 67-75. Jan ANGSTROM (2000) ‘Towards a Typology of Internal Armed Conflict: Synthesising a Decade of Conceptual Turmoil’ Civil Wars, 4(3). Mats BERDAL and David KEEN (1997) ‘Violence and Economic Agendas in Civil Wars: Some Policy Implications’, Millennium, 26(3) Michael L. ROSS (1999) ‘The Political Economy of the Resource Curse’, World Politics 51(2). C. CRAMER (2002) 'Homo Economicus Goes to War: Methodological Individualism, Rational Choice and the Political Economy of War, World Development 30(1) [Good summary and critique of economic explanations and of the greed vs grievance debate].

E. Wayne NAFZIGER and Juha AUVINEN (2002) ‘Economic development, Inequality, War, and State Violence’ World Development 30(2) [Solid statistical study]. Richard SANDBROOK and David ROMANO (2004) ‘Globalisation, Extremism and Violence in Poor countries’, Third World Quarterly 25(6). Lionel CLIFFE and Robin LUCKHAM (1999) ‘Complex Political Emergencies and the State’, Third World Quarterly, 20(1) [Roots of violence in failures of governance] Claude AKE (1997) ‘Why Humanitarian Emergencies Occur: Insights from the Interface of State, Democracy and Civil Society’, Research for Action No 31, Helsinki: WIDER [Crises of state-making; political and social exclusion].

E.W. NAFZIGFER et al (eds) (2000) War, Hunger and Displacement, Vol. 1, chapters 1 [Stewart on root causes, especially inequality and poverty], 4 [Fairhead on environmental conflicts], 6 [Morrison on economic stabilisation and social costs], 7 [Holsti on political causes], 8 [Fitzgerald on international political economy], 9 [Alexander et al on ethnicity].

Thandika MKANDAWIRE (2002) ‘The Terrible Toll of Post-Colonial ‘Rebel Movements’ in Africa: Towards an Explanation of the Violence against the Peasantry’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 40(2) [Critique of both ‘greed’ and ‘grievance’ approaches; emphasises urban roots of ‘rural’ rebellions]. Peter UVIN, (1998) Aiding Violence. The Development Enterprise in Rwanda, West Hartford: Kumarian Press, chapters 6, 7, 10, 11 David TURTON (1997) ‘War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence in North East Africa and Former Yugoslavia’, Oxford Development Studies, 25(1) [ethnicity, globalisation].

David TURTON (ed.) (2000) War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence, Rochester NY: University of Rochester Press [Ethnicity, globalisation, politics]. Alice HILLS (1997), ‘Warlords, Militia and Conflict in Contemporary Africa: a Re-Examination of Terms’ Small Wars and Insurgencies, 8(1).

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Session 17: 15 March: Post-Conflict Governance (Robin Luckham) The international community has embarked upon a massive and increasingly contested process of state and national reconstruction in conflict-torn societies. This class will be devoted to a critical analysis of this process, drawing upon the analysis of war and intervention in the preceding section, as well as the literature on state failure and collapse. We will question whether there can be any single model of state failure or correspondingly of state reconstruction – and emphasise greater historical understanding of varying trajectories of change. We will also question the credentials of the international community to reconstruct states from above, and ask what can be done to increase national ownership and to rebuild political authority from below. For this reason democratisation will be considered an essential aspect of post-conflict state-building – and hence we shall return to some of the issues discussed in our class on democratisation, including the pitfalls of international democracy promotion. We will scrutinise the limitations of ‘one-size-fits-all’ policy prescriptions, and suggest that it may be more fruitful instead to identify the characteristic policy dilemmas, which tend to arise during post-conflict reconstruction. Essential Reading Martin DOORNBOS (2002) ‘State Collapse and Fresh Starts: Some Critical Reflections’ in Development and Change, 33(5) 797-815. Xerox copy on Course Provision *Robin LUCKHAM (2004) ‘The International Community and State Reconstruction in War-torn Societies’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development 4(3). *Christopher CRAMER and Jonathan GOODHAND (2002) ‘Try Again, Fail Again and Fail Better? War, the State and the ‘Post-Conflict Challenge in Afghanistan’, Development and Change, 33 (5). Recommended Mark DUFFIELD (2001) Global Governance and the New Wars, Zed Books, pp 44-6 and chapters 4 and 7. George DOWNS and Stephen J STEDMAN (2002) Evaluation Issues in Peace Implementation’ in Stephen J Stedman et al. (eds) The Implementation of Peace Agreements, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, chapter 2. Lionel CLIFFE and Robin LUCKHAM (2000) ‘What Happens to the State in Conflict? Political Analysis as a Tool for Planning Humanitarian Assistance’, Disasters 24(4) Gavin CAWTHRA and Robin LUCKHAM (eds) (2003) ‘Democratic Control and the Security Sector’ in Cawthra and Luckham, Governing Insecurity. Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies, chapter 13. On Course Provision Marina OTTAWAY (2002), ‘Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States’ Development and Change 33(5). Jenny PEARCE, ‘Peace-Building in the Periphery: Lessons from Central America’, Third World Quarterly, 20(1). Susan WOODWARD (2002) ‘Economic Priorities for Successful Peace Implementation’ in Stedman et al., The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Susan WOODWARD (2003) ‘In Whose Interest is Security Sector Reform? Lessons from the Balkans’ in Gavin Cawthra and Robin Luckham Governing Insecurity, London: zed Press.

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Other Readings Biku PAREKH (1997) ‘Rethinking Humanitarian Intervention’, International Political Science Review, 18(1). Lionel CLIFFE and Robin LUCKHAM (1999) ‘Complex Political Emergencies and the State’, Third World Quarterly, 20(1) Susan WOODWARD (2002) 'On War and Peacebuilding: Unfinished Lessons of the 1990s', Social Science Research Council, www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/woodward.htm Jelena SMOLJAN (2003), ‘The Relationship Between Peace-building and Development’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development 3(2). Karin von Hippel (2004), ‘Back-Pedalling in Iraq: Lessons Unlearned’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development 4(1). Ken MENKHAUS (2004), ‘Vicious Circles and the Security Development Nexus in Somalia, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development 4(2). Nicola DAHRENDORF (2003) A Review of Peace Operations: a Case for Change , Conflict, Security and Development Unit, International Policy Institute, King’s College London, chapter 1, pp 17, 28-37 and 40-41. Jane BOULDEN (2001) Peace Enforcement; the United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia and Bosnia, Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Christian P. Scherrer (2003), Ethnicity, Nationalism and Violence: Conflict-management, Human Rights and Multilateral Regimes, Aldershot: Ashgate. Catherine BARNES (ed.) (2002) Owning the Process. Public Participation in Peacemaking ACCORD 13 Conciliation Resources. Caroline MOSER and Fiona CLARK (2001) ‘Gender, Conflict and Peacebuilding: Recent Lessons from Latin America’, Gender and Development 9(3). Sheila MEINTJES et al (2001) The Aftermath: Women in Post-Conflict Transformation, London: Zed. Elizabeth COUSENS and Chetan KUMA, Peace-building as Politics: Cultivating Peace in Fragile Societies, for International Peace Academy. Boulder: Lynne Reinner. Stephen J. STEDMAN et al (2002) Ending Civil Wars; the Implementation of Peace Agreements for International Peace Academy. Boulder: Lynne Reinner. Taiser M. ALI and Robert O. MATTHEWS (1999) ‘Conclusion: Conflict-Resolution and Building Peace’, in T.M. Ali and R.Matthews (eds), Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Donna PANKHURST (1999) ‘Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies: Conceptualising Reconciliation, Justice and Peace’, Third World Quarterly, 20(1). K. KUMAR (ed.), Rebuilding Societies After Civil War, Boulder: Rienner. Cynthia J. ARNSON (ed.) (1999) Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America, Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, chapter 1 (Introduction). Also contains useful case studies.

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Alice HILLS (1999) Policing Africa. Internal Security and the Limits of Liberalization Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Funmi OLANISAKIN (2004), ‘Windows of Opportunity for Conflict Prevention: Responding to Regional Conflict in West Africa’, Journal of Conflict, Security and Development, 4(2).