M O T O R N E U R O N D I S E A S E S
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Transcript of M O T O R N E U R O N D I S E A S E S
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MOTOR NEURON
DISEASES
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DR.PRAVEEN NAGULA
MOTOR NEURON DISEASES
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Each single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates constitute a MOTOR UNIT.
No .of muscle fibers in a motor unit varies.HAND,MOTION OF EYE – 3-6 muscle fibers.LEG MUSCLES – 600 muscle fibers.Group of muscle fibers (forming a motor unit )
can be intermixed in a muscle.ALL THE MUSCLE FIBERS IN A MOTOR UNIT
ARE OF SAME TYPE.
MOTOR UNIT
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Based on type of muscle fibers innervated ,duration of twitch contraction
Motor units are divided intoS- slow -- small unitsFR – fast resistant to fatigueFF fast fatiguable --- large unitsRECRUITMENT of motor units follows size
principle:S muscle units – relatively slow
contraction,controlled contraction ---FR more powerful response –FF muscle units most demanding tasks..
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S MUSCLE UNITS
RELATIVELY SLOW
CONTRACTION
CONTROLLED
CONTRACTION
FR MUSCLE UNITS MORE
POWERFUL
RESPONSE
FF MUSCLE UNITS
MOST DEMAN
DING TASKS
By example
STANDING
WALKING
RUNNING OR JUMPI
NG
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Differ by activityIncreased activity – muscle hypertrophy –type
IIa ,IIb fibersInactivity –atrophy – type I fibers are susceptible
MUSCLE UNITS
If nerve to slow muscle
is cut,the nerve to a
fast muscle is spliced to the cut end
The fast nerve
grows and innervates
the previously
slow muscle
Muscle becomes
fast,changes in portein
isoforms,changes in myosin ATPase activity
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Muscle fibers
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Original delineation of ALS – charcot – CHARCOT’S disease.
Pathological apsects of disease – Joffroy,gambault
Labioglossolaryngealparalysis – progressive bulbar palsy
"Lou Gehrig's disease".
HISTORY
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STEPHEN HAWKING
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Amyotrophic comes from the greek language: A- means "no", myo refers to "muscle",
and trophic means "nourishment"; amyotrophic therefore means "no muscle nourishment," which describes the characteristic atrophication of the sufferer's disused muscle tissue.
Lateral identifies the areas in a person's spinal cord where portions of the nerve cells that are affected are located.
As this area degenerates it leads to scarring or hardening (“sclerosis") in the region.
TERMS
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IntroductionHeterogenous group of neurodegenerative
disorders.Unknown etiologySelective loss of motor neurons controlling
voluntary movements.
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Essentials for diagnosisWeaknessNo sensory lossNo sphincter disturbancesProgressive courseNo identifiable underlying cause
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Spectrum of MNDDISORDER PRIMARY SECONDARY
UMN PRI. LATERAL SCLEROSIS
HIV,SYPHILIS,HTLV,LYME,TB
PROG.PSEUDO BULBAR PALSY
LEAD,Hg,Al,LATHYRISM,VASCULAR,TRAUMA
HER.SPASTIC PARAP.
LMN PROG.MUSCULAR ATR. AC ANTER.POLIO
S.M.A POST POLIO SYN.
P.J.B.P PARANEOPLASTIC
HUNTINGTONS
FREDERICHS
COMBINED A.M.L HYPERTHYROIDISM
HYPERPARATHYROIDIS
POST RADIATION
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AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL
SCLEROSIS
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AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSISM.C form of progressive motor neuron
disease.Prime ex. of neurodegenerative disease.Most devastating of the neurodegenerative
disorders.
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EpidemiologyPrevalence 4-6/100,000Incidence-1-3/100,000Equal presentation in all racial groups20-90 years of agePeak between 50-70 yearsM:F—1.5:1Relentlessly progressiveDeath from resp. paralysisSurvival 3-5 yearsRisk factors-pesticides,smoking.
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familial 5-10% 20%--SOD1 gene mutation 21q chromosome Copper , zinc dependent superoxide
dismutase gene Autosomal dominant Indistinguishable from sporadic Dynactin,senataxin Alsin –AR DYNACTIN
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Pathology
HALLMARK-death of LMN ,.UMNLMN-ant.horn cells of spinal cord,bulbar
musclesUMN—layer 5 of motor cortex,descending via
pyramidal tracts.Other motor neuron disease involves only
subset of motor neurons.
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BETZ CELLS
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Onset-----UMN or LMN-----Involves both---absence of them ?diagnosis.
Acc of lipid pigmented—LIPOFUSCHIN.Normally seen in aged cells.Focal enlargements are frequent –SPHEROID
—acc of neurofilament proteins.Proliferation of astrocytes,microglia.Combined grey and white matter disease.Motor cells and motor fibre tracts.ATROPHY,DEGENERATION.LOSS OF MOTOR
NEURONS OF CN..
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Death of the peripheral motor neurons in brainstem,spinal cord.
Denervation
Consequent atrophy of the muscle fibres
Histo chemical,electrophysiological
Early stages
Reinnervation
Less than poliomyelitis.peripheral neuropathy
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Atrophy,wasting
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Progressive degeneration –muscle atrophy is readily recognised in muscle biopsies and on clinical exam,---AMYOTROPHY.
Thinning of corticospinal tractsLoss of fibers in the Lateral columns—
fibrillary gliosis-LATERAL SCLEROSIS.SELECTIVITY OF NEURONAL CELL DEATH.
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UBIQUITIN-marker for degeneration is seen.Nucleus of Onuf –innervates bowel ,bladder is
not involved.Max involvement in cervical spinal cordLoss of large pyramidal cells BETZ cells in
motor ,premotor cerebral cortex.Gliosis of lateral cordsNONE ARE PATHOGNOMONIC.
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PathogenesisCause not well defined..Excitatory neurotransmitters.Glutamate participate in death of motor
neurons in ALS.EAAT2.SOD1—cellular defense against excitotoxicityWhen mutated—catalytic.Non neuronal cells –influences the disease
course.
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSVariable on motor neurons involved.Asymmetric weakness ,usually distally in one
of the limbs.Insidious onsetDevelopment of cramps with volitional
movements in early hours of morning.WeaknessWasting Atrophy
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Cont.. Spontaneus twitching of motor units or
fasciculation EXTENSORS >FLEXORS in upper limbs Difficulty in chewing ,swallowing,movements of
face and tongue. Early involvement of resp.muscles—death Hyperactivity of muscle stretch reflexes Spastic response to passive movements Muscle stiffness out of proportion Exaggeration of motor expression of emotion—
weeping,laughing—pseudobulbar effect
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Cont…Asymmetric—symmetricWhether UMN or LMN at onset—both laterSensory,bowel,bladder –not involved.Cognitive function,ocular motility –preservedDementia is not a component of sporadic ALSFamilial—ALS+ FRONTO TEMPORAL
DEMENTIA.
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Cont… Fatigue Weight loss Wide spread muscle pains Experience fear,anxiety,depression Limb symptoms>bulbar Proximal weakness—limbs,trunks,neck Hemiplegia Spastic paraparesis Foot drop Pes cavus
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Cont..Upper limb> lower limbDistal> proximalExtensor>flexorClawing of handsAsymmetric at onset
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Cont..Spontaneus clonusDTR—incBabinski—postiveAbd. Reflexes –preservedBed sores are uncommon—collagenDysphagia worse for liquids > solidsChoking Flaccid dysarthriaInability to purse lips
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COMPLETELY SPAREDTHE ENTIRE SENSORY APPARATUSREG. MECH. FOR CONTROL AND
COORDINATION OF MOVEMENTSCOGNITIONSEXUAL FUNCTIONOCULAR MUSCLES
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Diagnosis WORLD FEDERATION OF NEUROLOGY Simultaneous inv. Of UMN,LMN PROGRESSIVE WEAKNESS EXCLUSION OF ALTERNATE DIAGNOSIS DEFINITE ALS-3 or 4 ---
bulbar,cervical,thoracic,lumbosacral 2sites—probable 1 site-possible exception –mutation in gene encoding
SOD1-21q
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INVESTIGATIONSMUSCLE BIOPSYELECTROMYOGRAPHYNERVE CONDUCTION STUDIESMRIOTHER ROUTINE INVESTIGATIONS
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D.DATYPICAL—only UMN or LMNInv. of neurons other than motor neuronsMotor neuronal conduction block1.cervical2.MFMN CB3.lead poisoning4.thyrotoxicosis5.recovery from poliomyelitis6. parkinsonism
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TREATMENTNo treatment arrests the progression.RILUZOLE—100mg/day
Increases survival,18 monthsM.O.A- not knownDecreases glutamate release well tolerated
IGF –1Ceftriaxone—anti excitotoxicInhibitory RNA
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REHABILITATIONFoot drop splintsFinger extension splintsRespiratory supportRespiratory devicesCough assist devicesGastrostomySpeech synthesizers
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LMN disorders1.KENNEDY DISEASE—X LINKED
SPINOBULBAR MUSCLE ATROPHYMalesAndrogen receptor insensitivityGynaecomastiaAbsence of pyramidal tract signsSensory symptoms presentCAG
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2.TAY SACHS—hexosaminidase Cerebellar atrophyAbsent spasticityDysarthria
3.SMA-5qFloppy infantInfantile—werding hoffman disease
4.MMNCB—Improved on immunoglobulins,chemotherapy.
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UMN1.primary lateral sclerosis
SporadicNo fasciculationsNo denervation Selective l oss of pyramidal cells
2.familial spastic paraplegiaADRespiratory function spared
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miscellaneous
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1.what is a motor unit?differentiate UMN and LMN signs? Add a note on ALS ?
questions
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Thank you
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Thank you