Lynn E. Lawrence, CPOT, ABOC. Etiology – the cause of a disease or abnormal condition ...
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![Page 1: Lynn E. Lawrence, CPOT, ABOC. Etiology – the cause of a disease or abnormal condition Dacryocystitis – inflammation of the lacrimal sac Epiphora.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081515/56649cf55503460f949c428c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Tear EvaluationLynn E. Lawrence, CPOT, ABOC
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Etiology – the cause of a disease or abnormal condition
Dacryocystitis – inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Epiphora – watering of eyes due to excess secretion of tears or obstruction of the lacrimal passage
Terms
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Tear Film Layers
oilaqueous
snot
What functions does each layer of the tear perform?
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Lipid Layer – prevents evaporation
Aqueous Layer - hydration
Mucus Layer – sticks tear to the eye
Other components
Tear Components
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Lipid Secretion: Meibomian Glands
Left:Transillumination of eyelid showingmeibomian glands
Right:Secretion of
lipid at lid margin
• The lipid layer restricts evaporation to 5-10% of tear flow– Also helps lubricate
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Mucin Secretion: Goblet Cells
Superficial layer of bulbar conjunctiva. Goblet cells violet, epithelial cells
blue.
• Soluble mucins – Lower surface tension allowing tear film to spread over
surface Lipid Aqueous Mucin
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Healthy TearsA complex mixture of proteins, mucins, and electrolytes coated
by a lipid layer• Antimicrobial proteins• Growth factors &
suppressors of inflammation
• Soluble mucin helps stabilize tear film
• Electrolytes for proper osmolarity (295-300)– pH slightly alkaline
(7.4)
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Anatomy
What function does the punctum have?
Punctum
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Anatomy and Physiologyof the ocular adnexa
Eyelids Eyebrows Eyelashes Accessory glands Lacrimal Apparatus
What is the opening betweenthe upper and lower lid called?
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Is this possible? You be the judge
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Lacrimal Apparatus Sometimes a person cannot produce natural tears
that they might need some punctal plugs.
Obstructive – vs- non-obstructive
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Lacrimal gland◦ Reflex tearing◦ Too much tearing…
epiphora Meibomian Gland Gland of Krause
◦ Superior fornix Gland of Wolfring
◦ Superior tarsal plate
Tear Production – Secretory
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Punctal agenesis Poor/blocked drainage Trichiasis Superficial foreign
bodies Poor pump action
◦ Eyelid mal-positions◦ Eyelid disease
Tear deficiency or instability
Meibomian gland dysfunction
Trigeminal nerve irritation
Causes of Tearing
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Punctum Tear coverage Exposure issues Diagnosis
assistance
Eyelids are the pump for tears
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Foreign body sensation Hypersecretion
◦ Lacrimal secretion and drainage imbalance
◦ Primary or reflex tearing (reflex tearing is more common with ocular surface irritation)
Lacrimal pump failure Lacrimal drainage
obstruction S/P Surgery
Causes of Tearing Cont…
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Pools◦EyeLacrimal lake
◦Lacrimal Sac◦Nose
Fluid Pools and Connections
A tear lake higher than 2mm indicative of obstruction
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Connections◦Lacrimal gland to the eye
◦From the eye to the lacrimal sac
◦From the lacrimal sac to the nose
The Connections
Caniculitis can cause the blockage
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Lateral side higher than medial side
Starts laterally and moves towards the medial and goes down the punctum
The lid continues to close depressing the lacrimal sac and pushing tears towards the nasal duct
This action also causes a suction for new tears
What is in a blink?
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Crocodile-tears Syndrome
Gustatory Hyperlacrimation or Gustatory epiphora or Gustolacrimal reflex (could be congenital)
Ocular Surface Irritation
Hypersecretion = Pump Failure
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Disease: Trichiasis Entropion Ectropion Tear deficiency /
instability Trigeminal nerve
(5th CN) irritation
Eyelid Positions
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Lacrimal Pump Pump Action
◦ Lids Lateral/medial Muscles Disease
◦ Punctum ◦ Canniculli
Lacrimal Sac Nasolacrimal Duct Facial Nerve Palsy
(7th CN)
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Pump Action◦ Lids
Lateral/medial Muscles Disease
◦ Punctum ◦ Canniculli
Lacrimal Sac Nasolacrimal Duct Facial Nerve Palsy
(7th CN)
Lacrimal Pump
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Primary Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction (PANDO)
Nasolacrimal examination
Office testing
Nasolacrimal Obstruction
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Chief Complaint
History of present illness
Past medical history
Clinical examination
Nasal Examination
Clinical Presentation
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The Tear Lake
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Distinguish welling of tears from epiphora
HPI = Onset, severity, consistency, frequency, nature of discharge, morning mucus, environmental factors, aggravating or alleviating factors
Ask about punctal plugs
Chief Complaint Cont…
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Medications/artificial tears…moisture/oil◦ Fish oil supplements
can take up to 6 months to work
Punctal Plugs
Botulinum Toxin Injections into the lacrimal gland (pg 979)
Surgery…lids, DCR, tubes
Treatments
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Stones 3rd Surgery
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Children don’t start tearing until they are 6 weeks old
5% of children have NLDO
Prognosis is decreased in children after 13 months
Congenital glaucoma can cause reflex tearing due to photophobia
Gee-Whiz Facts
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labeling
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Endoscopic Surgery of the Orbit and Lacrimal System 2006… Acquired Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction David M. Mills M.D., Dale R. Meyer M.D. FACS
Images from EyeImaginations
Reference