Lymphatic system
description
Transcript of Lymphatic system
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
1. LYMPHATIC VESSELS2. LYMPHOID TISSUES AND ORGANS
FUNCTION: PICK UP EXCESS TISSUE FLUID AND RETURN IT TO THE BLOODSTREAM
LYMPH
EDEMA – ACCUMULATION OF FLUID IN THE TISSUES
LYMPHATICS
• ONE - WAY SYSTEM• BETWEEN TISSUE CELLS AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES• REMARKABLY PERMEABLE (ENDOTHELIAL CELLS FORMING THE WALL OVERLAP AND ACT AS MINIVALVES)• PROTEINS, CELL DEBRIS, BACTERIA, VIRUSES, CANCER CELLS WHICH DO NOT NORMALLY ENTER BLOOD VESSELS CAN ENTER LYMPH VESSELS• LOW PRESSURE, PUMPLESS BUT WITH MILKING ACTION OF MUSCULAR, RESPIRATORY, SMOOTH MUSCLE OF LARGE LYMPHATICS
LYMPH CAPILLARIES
LYMPHATIC COLLECTING VESSELS
LARGE DUCTS: 1. RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT ( FROM RIGHT
ARM, RIGHT SIDE OF HEAD AND THORAX)2. THORACIC DUCT:THE REST OF THE BODY
LYMPH NODES
• HELP PROTECT THE BODY BY REMOVING FOREIGN MATERIAL (BACTERIA AND TUMOR CELLS) • PROTECT THE BODY BY PRODUCING LYMPHOCYTES• LARGE CLUSTERS IN INGUINAL, AXILLARY, CERVICAL REGIONS• OUTER CORTEX CONTAIN LYMPHOCYTES, INNER MEDULLA CONTAIN PHAGOCYTIC MACROPHAGES
OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS
1. SPLEEN 2. THYMUS GLAND3. TONSILS4. PEYER’S PATCHES OF THE INTESTINE5. BITS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES IN EPITHELIAL
AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF THE BODY
- COMMON FEATURE: PREDOMINANCE OF RETICULAR CT AND LYMPHOCYTES
SPLEEN- FILTERS BLOOD- DESTROY WORN- OUT RBC- STORE PLATELETS AND ACT AS BLOOD
RESERVOIR- HEMATOPOEISIS IN FETUS BUT ONLY
PRODUCE LYMPHOCYTES IN ADULTS
THYMUS GLAND- LYMPHATIC MASS OVERLYING THE HEART- PRODUCES THYMOSIN HORMONE
TONSILS- RING THE PHARYNX- TRAP AND REMOVE ANY BACTERIA
ENTERING THE THROAT - ( TONSILLITIS)
PEYER’S PATCHES - PREVENT BACTERIA FROM PENETRATING
THE INTESTINAL WALL
BODY DEFENSES
1. NON- SPECIFICFIRST LINE – INTACT SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE
SECOND LINE – CELLULAR AND CHEMICALPHAGOCYTES, NATURAL KILLER CELLS,
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, FEVER2. SPECIFIC (IMMUNE SYSTEM) THIRD LINE - FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM THAT RECOGNIZES FOREIGN
MOLECULES ( ANTIGENS) AND ACTS TO INACTIVATE OR DESTROY THEM
WHEN IMMUNITY IS DOWN – AIDS, CANCER,
- SPECIFIC - SYSTEMIC - IT HAS MEMORY
ANTIGEN – ANY SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF EXCITING OUR IMMUNE SYSTEM AND PROVOKING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE (NONSELF)
SELF- ANTIGENS – INVENTORY OF ALL SELF ANTIGENS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND RECOGNIZED AS SELF BUT STRONGLY ANTIGENIC TO OTHER PEOPLE
ALLERGIES – CAUSED BY HAPTEN (INCOMPLETE ANTIGEN)
CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. LYMPHOCYTESB LYMPHOCYTES – PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
- DEVELOP IN BMT LYMPHOCYTES – CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNITY- DEVELOP IN THYMUS
2. MACROPHAGESARISE FROM MONOCYTESENGULF FOREIGN PARTICLESPRESENT FRAGMENTS OF ANTIGENS ON
THEIR SURFACE
INTERACT WITH LYMPHOCTES IN IMMUNE RESPONSE
ACTIVE IMMUNITYWHEN B CELL ENCOUNTER ANTIGENS AND
PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AGANST THEM
1. NATURALLY ACQUIRED2. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
PASSIVE IMMUNITYANTIBODIES ARE OBTAINED FROM THE
SERUM OF AN IMMUNE HUMAN OR ANIMAL DONOR
1. NATURAL2. ARTIFICIAL
ANTIBODIES (IMMUNEGLOBULINS)SOLUBLE PROTEINS SECRETED BY
ACTIVATED B CELLS IN RESPONSE TO AN ANTIGENBINDS WITH THE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY INCLUDES:
NOSE PHARYNXLARYNXTRACHEABRONCHI AND SMALLER BRANCHES
- CONDUCTING PASSAGEWAYS THAT ALLOW AIR TO REACH THE LUNGS
- PURIFY, HUMIDIFY, WARM INCOMING AIR
LUNGS – ALVEOLI (ACTUAL AIR EXCHANGE)
NOSE
NOSTRILS (EXTERNAL NARES)NASAL CAVITY DIVIDED BY NASAL SEPTUM
OLFACTORY RECEPTORS – IN SUPERIOR PORTION
RESPIRATORY MUCOSA WITH RICH NETWORK OF THIN- WALLED VEINS TO WARM THE AIR
STICKY MUCUS MOISTEN THE AIR AND TRAP BACTERIA AND OTHER DEBRISCILIATED CELLS CREATE A GENTLE CURRENT THAT MOVES THE MUCUS POSTERIORLY TO THE PHARYNX, SWALLOWED AND DIGESTED IN STOMACH JUICES (SLOW IN COLD WEATHER)
NASAL CONCHAE- 3 MUCOSA COVERED LOBES- INCREASE SURFACE AREA- INCREASE AIR TURBULENCE
PALATE - SEPARATES NASAL CAVITY FROM ORAL
CAVITY-HARD PALATE-SOFT PALATE
CLEFT PALATE – FAILURE OF THE BONES FORMING THE PALATE TO FUSE MEDIALLY
PARANASAL SINUSES – FRONTAL, MAXILLARY, ETHMOID, SPHENOID
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT ALSO EMPTY IN NASAL CAVITY
RHINITIS – INFLAMMATION OF THE NASAL MUCOSASINUSITIS -
PHARYNX
“THROAT”5 INCHES LONGMUSCULARWHERE AIR AND FOOD PASS
AIR FROM NASAL CAVITY FOOD FROM MOUTHNASOPHARYNX NASOPHARYNXOROPHARYNX OROPHARYNXLARYNGOPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNXLARYNX ESOPHAGUS (POSTERIOR)
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBE DRAINS TO NASOPHARYNXOTITIS MEDIA USUALLY FOLLOWS SORE THROAT
TONSILS – CLUSTERS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES IN PHARYNX
LARYNX
“VOICEBOX”MADE UP OF 8 RIGID CARTILAGES
FLAP OF ELASTIC CARTILAGE (EPIGLOTTIS)LARYNX MOVES UP AND EPIGLOTTIS TIPS ON SWALLOWING AND FOOD IS DIVERTED TO ESOPHAGUSCOUGH REFLEX – TRIGGERED IF ANYTHING OTHER THAN AIR ENTERS THE LARYNX
THYROID CARTILAGE (ADAM’S APPLE) – BIGGEST CARTILAGE
TRUE VOCAL CORDS (VOCAL FOLDS)GLOTTIS – SLITLIKE PASSAGEWAY BETWEEN VOCAL FOLDS
TRACHEA
“WINDPIPE”4 INCHES, LEVEL OF 5TH THORACICC – SHAPED RINGS OF HYALINE CARTILAGETRACHEA IS LINED BY CILIATED MUCOSA WHICH BEATS CONTINUOUSLY IN A DIRECTION OPPOSITE TO THE INCOMING AIRSMOKING INHIBITS CILIARY ACTIVITY AND ULTIMATELY DESTROYS CILIA
HEIMLICH MANEUVER
TRACHEOSTOMY
MAIN BRONCHI
RIGHT AND LEFT FROM THE DIVISION OF THE TRACHEARUNS OBLIQUELY BEFORE IT PLUNGES INTO THE HILUSRIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS IS WIDER, SHORTER, STRAIGHTER (COMMON SITE OF FOREIGN BODY BEING LODGED)
LUNGS
APEX – NARROW SUPERIOR PORTIONBASE – BROAD AREA RESTING ON THE DIAPHRAGM
RIGHT LUNG – 3 LOBESLEFT LUNG – 2 LOBES
VISCERAL PLEURAPARIETAL PLEURA
PLEURAL FLUIDPLEURISY - INFLAMMATION
BRONCHIOLES – SMALLEST OF THE CONDUCTING PASSAGEWAYS
RESPIRATORY TREE – ALL HAVE REINFORCING CATILAGES ON WALLS EXCEPT FOR THE SMALLEST
CONDUCTING ZONERESPIRATORY ZONE (RESPRIRATORY BRONCHIOLE, ALVEOLAR DUCTS, ALVEOLAR SACS, ALVEOLI)
WEIGH 2 ½ LBS SOFT AND SPONGY
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE: (AIR-BLOOD BARRIER)
SINGLE THIN LAYER OF SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS OF ALVEOLI AND CAPILLARY WALLS (AIR IN ALVEOLI AND BLOOD INSIDE CAPILLARIES)
GAS EXCHANGE IS SIMPLE DIFFUSION
50- 70 SQUARE METERS OF SURFACE AREA
ALVEOLAR PORES – CONNECT NEIGHBORING SACS, ALTERNATE ROUTE OF AIR TO REACH ALVEOLI
MACROPHAGES –
CUBOIDAL CELL WHICH MANUFACTURE SURFACTANTIRDS
RESPIRATION:
1. PULMONARY VENTILATION (BREATHING)2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION 3. RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT4. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
BREATHING:
INSPIRATIONINVOLVES DIAPHRAGM AND INTERCOSTAL
MUSCLES
EXPIRATIONPASSIVE PROCESS IN HEALTHY (NATURAL
ELASTICITY OF THE LUNG)
ACTIVE PROCESS: (USE OF MUSCLES)ASTHMACHRONIC BRONCHITIS, PNEUMONIA
ATELECTASIS – COLLAPSE OF LUNG TISSUEPNEUMOTHORAX
RESPIRATORY VOLUME AND CAPACITIES
500 ML OF AIR MOVED IN AND OUT OF THE LUNGS DURING NORMAL, QUIET BREATHING – TIDAL VOLUME
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME – AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE TAKEN IN FORCIBLY ( 2100- 3200 ML)
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME – AMOUNT OF AIR THAT CAN BE FORCIBLY EXHALED AFTER A NORMAL EXPIRATIION (1200 ML)
RESIDUAL VOLUME (1200 ML) – REMAINS IN THE LUNGS EVEN AFTER FORCEFUL EXPIRATION)
VITAL CAPACITY – TOTAL AMOUNT OF EXCHANGEABLE AIR ( 4800 ML)
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
DEAD SPACE VOLUME – IN CONDUCTING ZONE PASSAGEWAYS (150 ML)FUNCTIONAL VOLUME – 350 ML
SPIROMETER – MEASURES RESPIRATORY CAPACITIES
RESPIRATORY SOUNDS
BRONCHIAL SOUNDS – PRODUCED BY AIR RUSHING THROUGH LARGE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS
VESICULAR SOUNDS – SOUNDS PRODUCED AS AIR FILLS THE ALVEOLI
CRACKLEWHEEZE
HYPOXIA – INADEQUATE OXYGEN DELIVERED TO TISSUES
CYANOSIS
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONINGCO – COLORLESS, ODORLESS,
COMPETES WITH OXYGEN VIGOROUSLYCHERRY RED APPEARANCERX: 100% OXYGEN
NEURAL CENTERS FOR RESPIRATION: MEDULLA AND PONS
NORMAL RATE – 12- 15/ MIN.
HYPERPNEAAPNEA
SUPPRESSION IN DRUG INTAKE (MORPHINE, ALCOHOL,SLEEPING PILLS)
INVOLUNTARY CONTROL OF BREATHING
HYPERVENTILATION