Volume 25 | Issue 3 Article 3

1962

Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and ShoulderRegion of SwineL. I. SaarIowa State University

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Recommended CitationSaar, L. I. (1962) "Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region of Swine," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 25 : Iss. 3 ,Article 3.Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol25/iss3/3

Lymph Nodes of the Head, Neck and Shoulder Region

of Swine L. I. Saar, Dr. med. vet. R. Getty, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D.*

I. Introduction A review of various textbooks and other

publications concerned with the lymph system, clearly indicated a great variety of terminology used to group the lymph nodes of 'swine in region of the head, neck and shoulder. Probably the statement made by Baum (1912) was true that, "the group­ing of the lymph nodes is basically very uncertain and will always depend upon the individual viewpoint of the author." Never­the less, an attempt will be made to clarify the controversies found in literature about the descriptive information and terms used.

II. Review of the Literature Before 1914 it was generally assumed

that the patterns of the flow of lymph of swine were probably similar to the ox (Titze, 1914). This opinion was mainly based on viewpointS' expressed by Bartels (1909), that evidently there was basic similarity in distribution of the lymph ves­sels and the lymph nodes in mammals and man. In fact, however, before 1914 the ox was the only animal in which the location of the lymph nodes and their drainage are a s were systematically examined (Baum, 1912). At that time, the descrip­tive information found in textbooks about the lymph system of swine was kept at a minimum (Chauveau 1902; von Ostertag, 1904; Ellenberger-Baum, 1908; Sisson,

• From Iowa State University. Ames. Iowa; where Dr. Saar is with the Department of Veterinary Anat· omy and Dr. Getty is Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy. College of Veteri· nary Medicine.

120

1914). Titze (1911-1914) tried to investi­gate the lymph flow of swine by injecting bovine tuberculosis cultures subcutane­ously but his experiments failed. The first known research paper published about the location of the lymph nodes was done by Gregor (1914), on swine fetuses approach­ing term. In 1927/28 Postma confirmed Gregors results and pointed out the differ­ences found between the lymph flow of swine compared to the ox. In 1929 Baum re-examined the location of the lymph nodes and introduced a new terminology for ,the lymph node groups of swine as found in the region of the head, neck and shoulder. Baum's terminology was adopted by von Ostertag (1932); Egehoj (1934-37); Zietzschmann (1939); Grau (1938, 1943); Klimow-Akajewski (1950); SchOn­berg-Zietzschmann (1958). Some text­books, however, like Sisson-Grossman (1938, 1953) remained firm on terminol­ogy and descriptive information used be­fore 1914. Sisson's influence was reflected in publications of the V.S.D.A. Circular No. 866 (1951) and St. Clair (1958). Some authors, like Thornton (1949, 1957) preferred to keep an "intermediate" posi­tion by mentioning in part some of Baum's and Egehoj's results, but otherwise stating that, "the nodes of the head and neck are numerous and somewhat difficult to group satisfactorily. "

It should be stressed here that Baum's (1929, 1938); Egehoj's (1934-1937) and Zietzschmann's (1939, 1958) research re­sults on lymph flow, were obtained mainly from experiments conducted on nonliving

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animals. Most (1927) recommended to explore the possibilities for research on the lymph system on living ( anesthetized) animals, and he referred to his work per­formed in 1908 on rabbits and guinea pigs. Postma (1928) criticized his own methods of using dead piglets by saying, "However the direction of the lymph flow on 'a living animal will still remain a hypothesis." Ac­cording to Rusznyak et. al. (1960), "all data of the earlier literature that are based an application of injection techniques should be revised by means of autoinjec­tion of the lymphatic system with lymph," performed on living animals. In fact Egehoj (1934) demonstrated that differ­ences may be found on lymph flow on dead and live oxen, which results in turn influence the terminology used to group the lymph nodes.

First, however it seemed proper for the authors to re-examine the terminology of the lymph nodes of swine as sited in pre­sent literature.

III. Terminology of the lymph nodes of the head, neck and shoulder region of swine.

In the tables I through IV the classifi­cation of the lymph nodes of the past are arranged according to the descriptive in­formation and illustrations given by vari­ous authors. In table I, the first column lists the terms given by Baum (1929). They were compared in chronological order with those which existed before and after Baum's classification. The continu­ous horizontal lines indicate the corre­sponding regions of the lymph nodes de­scribed by various authors. The dotted horizontal lines were drawn as "guide lines" thus allowing the reader to compare the different terms presented in the tables I through IV.

It can be observed in tables I through IV that various authors of the past have grouped the lymph nodes into a variable number of groups; ranging from 4 (Chau­veau, 1902) to eleven (Postma, 1928). On a number of occasions the lymph node groups described by Baum (1929) cor­respond in part only with the classification given by the other authors. The question marks (?) placed after a term should in-

Issue, No.3, 1962-63

dicate that the description given by the author may be considered as vague. Fur­thermore, a question mark ( ? ) in an empty rubic designates that an equivalent term for Baum's (1929) classification was not given. Occasionally some of the terms were marked with one or two "stars" (*) ( * * ) bringing to attention that terms marked by the same number of stars repre­sent together one group only. [See Table I, column 4, (Ostertag, 1904): middle cerv­cal glands (* ).J

It can be observed from tables given that all the authors listed were in agreement regarding the descriptive information about the Lnn. mandibulares (Submaxil­lary nodes) and the Lnn. cervicales super­ficiales dorsales (Prescapular nodes), al­although a number of synonyms were used. (C .... mpare the upper (first) and the lower, t14th) horizontal group through tables (I) to (IV).

The Ln. retropharyngicus medialis (Baum, 1929; Engehoj, 1936; Grau, 1943; Klimow-Akajewski, 1950; Zietzschmann, 1958), corresponds with the "retropharyn­geal glands" of von Ostertag, 1904; Ellen­berger-Baum, 1908, 1915. These nodes were called by Sisson (1914, 1953); "Cir­cular No. 866" (1951) and 8t. Clair (1958) as the "suprapharyngeal lymph nodes." The other synonyms noted were: ganglions retropharyngiens, or cervicaux superieurs (Montane, 1920); "deep cervi­cal lymph node" (Jossifow, 1932); the superior cervical glands (Castor, 1938); the internal retropharyngeal lymph nodes (Thornton, 1957). Some (earlier) authors considered the latter nodes as being part of a larger group of lymph nodes. (E.g. the "glandulae tracheales superiores" (Franck, 1871); the "pharyngeal glands" (Chau­veau, 1902); the "upper cervical lymphatic glands" (Leighton, 1927).

Comparing the descriptive information given for the "posterior cervical or pre­pectoral lymph glands" (Sisson, 1914, 1953; "Circular" No. 866, 1951) it ap­peared that the following terms were con­sidered as being synonymous: "Glandulae tracheales inferiores, or the "glandulae cervicales profundae inferiores (Franck, 1871); the "lower or caudal cervical lymph glands, (von Ostertag, 1904); the '1ym-

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s I

thru

IV

: L

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mp

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no

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n. =

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ho

no

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ld. =

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= L

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term

in

dic

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at

the

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n e

mp

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show

s th

at

an

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term

fo

r B

aum

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(192

9)

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was

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t gi

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a

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ms

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Pos

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192

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ce

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cr

ania

l.is

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rv.

pro

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med

ii,

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und

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s L

n.

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all

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r"

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s p

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cerv

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is

sup

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cial

is

14

15

v.

Ost

erta

g,

Joss

ifow

, 19

32

1932

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tral

es

-no

de"

(?)

-L

nn.

Lgl

. su

bm

axil

lari

s m

andi

bula

res

acce

sso

rii

po

ster

ior

Lnn

. ce

rvi c

ales

su

per

fici

ales

(?

) m

edii

Lnn

. re

tro

ph

ary

n-

"!Je

ep c

erv:

l.CIU

. ly

mph

nod

e"

(Lg

l.

geus

med

iali

s re

trop

hary

ngea

)

III

Lnn

. ce

rv.

Q)

cran

ial.

es

~

--

-u ta

Lnn

. ce

rv.

med

ii

-(?

) o

§

--

Lnn

. ce

rv.

.....

~t ca

udal

es

Lnn

. ax

illa

res

Lg

l. p

rim

ae

prim

ae c

ost

ae

cost

ae

In.

cerv

ical

is

Lgl

. ce

rvi c

alis

su

per

fici

alis

d

ors

alis

ce

ntr

alia

16

17

18

v.

Ost

erta

g,

1934

E

geho

ej I

1936

C

asto

r in

: (E

ngl.

ed

.)

Ede

lman

n, 1

938

subm

axil

lary

L

nn.

Sub

max

illa

ry

~phatic

glan

d m

andi

bula

res

lym

ph g

land

s (I

n.

man

dibu

lari

s)

Par

oti

d l

ymph

atic

L

nn.

glan

d; p

aro

tid

p

aro

tid

ei

1_

nn

nn

n;t

,,1

1

Par

oti

d l

ymph

. -I

L

ater

al r

etr

o-

Lnn

. re

tro

ph

ary

ng

ei

glan

ds

phar

ynge

al l

ymph

o-!

~orluli

late

rali

s -

--

Ven

tral

su

per

-In

n. c

erv

ical

es

--

-fi

dal

cerv

ical

su

per

fici

ales

ly

mph

onod

uli

ven

tral

es

-M

iddl

e ce

rvic

al.

glan

ds

(*)

Acc

esso

ry

Lnn

. m

andi

bula

res

An

teri

or

man

dibu

lar

~V1TIPhonoduli

acce

sso

rii

cerv

ical

(?)

M

edia

n su

pf.

cer

v.

Inn.

cer

vic

ales

D

eep

cerv

ical

ly

mph

nod

es (m~~ia

cerv

ical

gla

nds

sup

!. m

edii

gl

ands

(?)

l'l

eClla

J. In

. re

tro

ph

ary

n-

O)u

peno

r C

erv1

CaL

re

trop

hary

ngea

l gl

ands

(R

etro

-an

d ly

mph

onod

uli

geus

med

iali

s pa

raph

aryn

geal

) ~nt..cerv.J.ympn

Lnn

. ce

rv.

rode

s (t

Jppe

r II

I .c

ce

rv.

glan

d)

~ cr

ania

les

t M

iddl

e ce

rvic

al

-u

glan

ds

(*)

[Med

ian

cerv

. ta

Lnn

. ce

rv.

'2 IJ

-ym

phon

odul

i m

edii

U

II

I U

5=:

-r

i'tl

lP

oste

rior

cer

v

::>

Lnn

. ce

rv •

t lii

.....

Q)r

-I ~y

mpho

nodu

li ]~

caud

ales

In

feri

or

cerv

ical

t}

!>D

LOw

er c

erv1

cal

or

glan

ds

(pre

--

pre

pec

tora

l; o

r L

n. ax

illa

ris

pec

tora

l gl

ands

) ax

illa

ry p

rim

o m

sta

prim

ae c

osta

e P

resc

apu

lar lympha~

Ln

. ce

rvic

alis

P

resc

apul

ar l

ymph

g

lan

ds;

do

rsal

su

pf

cerv

. ly

mph

onod

uli

sup

t. d

ors

alis

gl

ands

- '" '" ~ z Sl cv

.....

(0

O

l If

Ol

CV

......

t.:l

CJl

G

R

0 U

p 1 2 3 4 - 5 - 6 1 8 9 10

I--

n I---

12

13

14

COLU

MN

1Q

20

21

22

23

K

limow

-Aka

jew

ski,

U.S

.D.A

.:

1950

; an

d G

rau

in:

Cir

cula

r N

o.

866

iTho

rnto

n,

19S1

S

t.

Cla

ir,

1958

Z

ietw

schm

ann,

19S

8 E

11en

berg

er-B

aum

,'4

1951

Lnn

. M

andi

bula

r ly

mph

~u

bmax

illa

ry

Man

dibu

lar

Ln •

man

dibu

lare

s gl

ands

~y

mnh

node

ly

mnh

nod

es

man

dibu

lari

s

Inn

. P

aro

tid

lym

oh n

ode

Par

oti

d l

Y'/ll

!lh

Ln.

p

aro

tid

ici

inod

e P

aro

tid

lym

ph

par

oti

dic

lls

Lnn

. re

tro

ph

ary

n-

node

s L

n. r

etro

oh

ary

n-

gic

i la

ter a

les

gicu

s la

tera

lis

--

-I-

--

I] I]

Cra

nia

l Q

) Q

) G

roup

Inn.

ce

rvic

ales

-~ A

nte

rio

r an

d _ ~~escapular

-I-

- (?)

--

'01'01

ym

ph n

odes

(*

) 0

,..

Mid

dle

s up

erfi

c1al

es

Mid

dle

cerv

ical

. 'E~

Gro

up

ven

tral

es

~ ly

mph

pla

nds

(*)

_ Q

»

--

-0

~ost

erio

r ce

rvic

al;

. Cau

dal

.... p

rep

ecto

ral

node

s(*

go.

Gro

up

...:

l~

--

~nte

rior

or

uppe

r L

nn.

man

dibu

lare

s In

. m

andi

bula

ris

acce

sso

rii

cerv

icii

l(a~

~es~

~~

acce

sso

riu

s Is

ubm

axi

La

rv

no

Mid

dle

cerv

ical

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nn. c

erv

i cal

es

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lem

enta

ry

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cap

ula

r ly

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es

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) L

n.

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ical

is

cerv

icat

Fh

Is

up!'.

med

ii

glan

ds

1 -

~ymp

h no

des

(*)

(1)

sup!

'. m

ediu

s

Ln

. re

tro

ph

ary

n-

supr

apha

ryng

eal.

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tern

al r

etr

o-

Sup

raph

aryn

p,ea

l L

n.

retr

o-

gius

med

iali

s ly

mph

gla

nds

phar

ynge

al l

ymph

ly

mph

nod

es

phar

yngi

cus

node

s m

edia

lis

., L

nn.

cerv

. I]

Ln.

ce

rv.

,!l

Q)

cran

ial.

es

An

teri

or

and

cran

iali

s 'al

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dle

cerv

ical

•

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dle

cerv

ica1

•

'" M

iddl

e ce

rvic

al

0 u

Lnn

. ce

rv.

lym

ph n

odes

ly

mph

nod

es (

**)

~

Ln.

ce

rv.

E:a m

edii

ly

mph

gla

nds

(*)

,...

.-1

med

ius

Q)"

CI

U

§ U

§

Lnn

. ce

rv •

.... L

n.

cerv

. ....

~[

.§[

caud

ales

P

rep

ecto

ral

or

Pre

pec

tora

ls o

r P

ost

erio

r ce

rvic

a1

cau

dal

is

po

ster

ior

p.ow

er c

erv

ical

o

r p

rep

ecto

ra1

JL

nn.

axil

lare

s ce

rvic

al l

ymph

L

n.

ax

illa

ris

j;>rim

ae c

ost

ae

glan

ds

lym

oh n

odes

ly

mph

nod

es

(*)

prim

ae c

ost

ae

IIll.

Cer

vlC

a.i1

s ?r

es c a

pu

lar

Pre

scap

ula

r P

resc

apul

ar o

r L

n.

cerv

ical

is

Isu

per

fici

alis

p

ost

erio

r su

per!

' • su

perf

icia

lis

bo

rsal

is

lym

ph g

land

s ly

mph

nod

es

I ce

rv.

Ivrn

nh

node

s d

ors

alis

.-

24

Gra

u an

d B

oess

neck

, 19

60

Lnn

. m

andi

bula

res

Lnn

. p

aro

tid

ici

Lnn

. re

tro

ph

ary

n-

gic

i la

tera

les

-L

nn.

cerv

ical

es

sup

erfi

cial

es

ven

tral

es

--

Inn

. m

andi

bula

res

acce

sso

rii

Lnn.

cer

vic

ales

su

p!'.

med

ii

Lnn

. re

tro

oh

ary

n-

gic

i m

edia

les

I]

Lnn

. ce

rv.

Q) 'al

cran

iale

s u E:a

Lnn

. ce

rv.

med

ii

U

c: .~

Lnn

. ce

rv.

]~ c

aude

les

Lnn

. m

cill

ares

pr

i:na

e co

stae

Ln.

ce

rvic

alis

st

mer

fici

alis

d

ors

alis

phoglandulae cervicales caudales," (Ellen­berger-Baum, 1908, 1915); the "ganglion pre-pectoraux; auxillaire ou de l'entree (Montane, 1920). In Ellenberger-Baum (1926) the "prepectorals" were divided into two distinct groups, namely the Lnn. cervicales caudales and the Lnn. axillares. Postma (1928) described the "prepector­als" as composed of "several small nodes at the thoracic entrance" and of the Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales. In 1929, Baum concluded from his research that those "prepectorals" should be described as composed of the Lnn. cervicales profundi caudles (mediana) and the Lnn. cervicles profoundi caudales (laterales). The lat­ter lymph nodes were considered by Baum as representing the Lnn. axillares primae costae of the ox. In 1932, von Ostertag adopted Baum's terminology, but unfor­tunately, in the English translation of the same book (1934), the term "Lnn. axillares primare costae" was translated as being synonymous with the "lower cer­vical or prepectoral lymph nodes" (Sisson, 1914; Leighton, 1927). This has caused confusion in the English literature, due to the fact that the Lnn. axillares primae costate (Baum) presented only a part of the "prepectorals" (Sisson, 1914). Accord­ing to St. Clair (1958) the prepectorial lymph nodes included the following groups described by Baum (1929, 1938); 1) Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales, 2) Lnn. axil­lares primae costae and 3) the caudal group of the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales.

Most controversial 'and confusing was the terminology and descriptive informa­tion given for the parotid lymph nodes. The difficulties involved were due to group­ing the Jymph nodes situated along the posterior border of the parotid salivary gland. (See illustration No.1). Ostertag ( 1904) referred to these nodes as the "lymphatic glands"; and Leighton (1927) called them "other lymphatic glands." In Ellenberger-Baum (1908) these nodes were described as the "lymhoglandulae subparotidea" and in 1915 the latter term was ohanged by the same authors into "lymphoglandulae parotideae." It included also the Lnn. mandibulares accessorii (Baum,1929). Sisson (1914) and Sisson-

126

Grossman (1953) were in general agree­ment with Ellenberger-Baum (1908, 1915), except the lymph nodes situated at the posterior ventral edge of the parotid salivary gland were named as the "middle cervical lymph glands" which included also the Lnn. cervicales superficiales medii (Baum, 1929). In Montane-Bourdelle (1920) and in Ellenberger-Baum (1926) the parotid lymph nodes were divided into three groups of w.hich 1) the ganglions preparotidien (Montane, 1920) corre­sponded with the Lnn. parotidei (Ellen­berger-Baum, 1926); Ln. parotideus (Postma, 1928); Lnn. parotidici (Grau, 1943); 2) The ganglions paramastoidien (pre-atloidien) by Montane (1920) were synonymous with the Ln. retropharyngeus lateralis (Ellenberger-Baum, 1926; Baum, 1929; Grau, 1943); while the Ln. retro­pharyngeus lateralis, described by Gregor (1914), Martin (1923) and Postma (1928) corresponded with the "Subparo­tid gland" (Sissqn, 1914, 1953); 3) The ganglions post-parotidiens (M 0 n tan e 1920) were synonymous with the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales (Baum, 1929). Martin (1923) referred to those nodes as the Lgl. cervicales mediae super­ficiales (Table II, column 10). St. Clair (1958) considered the posterior-ventral group of the Lnn. cerv.supf. ventrales (Baum, 1929) as being part of the "pre­pectoral" nodes (Table IV, column 22).

According to Baum (1929) the pre­scapular lymph nodes of swine form 3 groups (dorsal, ventral and medial) of which all of them present the superficial cervical lymph nodes. The "prescapular lymph nodes" (Chauveau, 1902); Sisson, 1914; Montane, 1920; Thornton, 1957) were the "dorsal superficial cervical" lymph nodes (Baum, 1929); while the nodes located at the posterior border of the parotid salivary gland were considered by Baum as the ventral supf. cervical lymph nodes (See table I, column 1). The medial superficial cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales superficiales medii; Baum, 1929), were called by Postma ( 1928) as the Ln. cervicalis profundus medii, or as "the lymph nodes located under the brachiocephalicus muscle," and were probably the "deep cervical glands"

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(Castor, 1938) or the "supplementary cer­vical lymph glands" (V.S.D.A.; Circular, 1951). In Martin (1923) these nodes were described as being part of the "me­dial deep cervical" lymph nodes (See table II, column 10). According to von Oster­tag, (1904); Sisson, 1914, 1953); Leigh­ton, (1927); St. Clair, (1958); those nodes were probably included into the "middle cervical lymph nodes."

The Lnn. mandibulares accessorii (Baum, 1929) were synonymous with the "upper cervical glands" (von Ostertag, 1904; Gregor, 1914; Thornton, 1957); the Lgl. cervicalis prof. cranialis (Martin, 1923); the Ln. cervicalis cranialis (Postma 1928); and the Lgl. submaxillaris poster­ior (Jossifow, 1932). In Montaine-Bour­delle (1920) those nodes were described as being part of the ganglions cervicaux moyens, ou jugulaires, and St. Clair (1958) referred to them as the "middle cervical lymph nodes."

A short review of the grouping of the lymph nodes and the terms used showed· that the problems involved were not solely due to choice of different terms used, but frequqently the same terms were used to describe different lymph node groups. Furthermore the number of lymph node groups differed greatly and thus the termi­nology frequently overlapped. The ques­tion, who's terminology and grouping should be preferred, can be answered only through a thorough knowledge of the af­ferent and efferent lymph vessels, and by taking into consideration the general view­points outlined by the comparative anat­omy and standards set by the Internation Anatomical Nomenclature Committees (LA.N.C.).

However, in order to compare previous results published about the lymph flow of the non-living swine, with experiments conducted on living animals, placed under anesthesia; the terminology used by Baum (1929), Egehoj (1934-1937) and Zietz­schmann (1958) was adopted.

IV. Location of the lymph nodes of the head, neck and shoulder region of swine.

A. Material For the dissection purposes 25 swine of

"mixed breeds" of approximately 45-70

Issue, No.3, 1962-63

kg. body weight were used. Within the limitations, the "mixed breeds" may be classified as: 6 "Chester White" (4 female, 2 castrated males); 3 "Duroc" (2 female, 1 castrated male); 1 0 "Hampshire" (8 fe­male, 2 castrated males); 5 "Berkshire" (3 female, 2 castrated males) and one "Spotted Poland China" (female). Eleven of the animals 'showed a minor degree and two a marked degree of "chronic rhinitis." Three swine presented an umbilical hernia and one animal a scrotal hernia. One ani­mal exhibited an abscess the size of a base­ball on the left ventral side of the neck. Five of the swine were considered as "with­out clinical symptoms" which did not ex­clude slight "stiffness." Twenty of the swine showed arthritis to a lesser or greater degree on one or several joints. Furthermore, all of the swine showed on postmortem pathological changes in the lungs, indicating flu, chronic pneumonia, or parasitic conditions.

B. Method The 25 swine described under "mater­

ials" were used for investigations con­ducted on the lymph flow of live animals placed under anesthesia, by using the in­jection dye T-1824*. A detailed report about the method, technique and results will be published in another article to fol­dow. In short, however, it may be said here that after lY2-1% hours following injection the animals were sacrificed while under the anesthesia either by exsanqui­nation through the femoral blood vessels (9 swine) or by giving an overdose of the anesthetic (16 swine), thus leaving the blood vessels intact. After removal of the viscera the specimens were placed for 24 hours in a cooler at 34° F. By routine dis­section the lymph vessels and the lymph nodes were exposed. In this article, the location of the lymph nodes will be de­scribed only.

C. Results a) General Observations Ins swine the neck is relatively short

compared to the horse, dog, cow and sheep; thus, the structures involved in this

* "Evans Blue," Allied Chemical Co., New York, N. Y.

127

area are somewhat closer together. After reflecting the skin, the underlying heavy fat deposits and the cutaneous muscles (Platysma and the M. cutaneous colli) the large three-cornered parotid gland is vis­ible. It extends from near the base of the ear along the posterior border of the man­dible and continues up to the incisura vasorum. Its posterior border covers to a greater part the M. brachiocephalicus (M. cleidooccipitaIis) and ventral, the parotid gland extends up to the ventral edge of thE M. sternohyoideus. A number of lymph nodes are found along the anterior and the posterior border of the parotid gland, being partly or completely covered by the latter gland.

In swine the lymph nodes usually fonn clusters (conglomerations) of nodes, of which their number is often difficult to de­tennine. For that reason they were re­ferred to as presenting one "lymph node" (Ln). However, when in a certain region several conglomerations of lymph nodes were found or when ;single lymph nodes were clearly distinguished from each other, then they were termed "lymph nodes" (Lnn).

The color of the lymph nodes varied from gray-white to tan-grey in animals sacrificied during anesthesia by exsanqui­nation or by an overdose of anesthetic. This is in contrast to the reddish-brown color of the parotid lymph nodes seen in animals killed at abattoirs.

The lymph nodes, show!! in illustration ( 1) may be described as the "superficial lymph nodes." The "deep lymph nodes" are related to the trachea from the jugular process down to the thoracic entIance and include the Lnn. cervicales profundi and the Ln. retropharyngicus medialis. [They are not shown in illustration (1)]. The latter classification, however, is somewhat empirical, because often it is difficult to decide which of the lymph nodes should be considered as being "deep" or "super­ficial." In the following the lymph nodes will be grouped as: 1) the lymph nodes (Lnn.) of the head, 2) the Lnn. of the neck and 3) the Lnn. of the thoracic limb. The term lymphocentrum (Lc.) as intro­duced by Baum (1926) and discussed by Saar-Getty (1962) will be applied to sum-

128

marize differently named lymph node groups which in fact represent a larger common functional unit.

b) The Lymph Nodes of the Head The lymph nodes of the head form three

lymph centers [Lymphocentra (Lcc.)] of which in swine the parotide lymph center (Lc. parotidicum) includes the lympho­nodi (Lnn.) parotidici only; while the mandibular lymph center (Lc. mandibu­lare) is composed of the Lnn. mandibu­lares and the Lnn. mandibularesaccess­orii. The retropharyngical lymph center (Lc. retropharyngicum) presents the Lnn. retropharyngici lateralis and the lympho­nodus (Ln.) retropharyngicus medialis.

1) The Parotid Lymph Center (Le. paro­tidieum) (Illust. 1; and Fig's. 1,2,3)

The Parotid lymph nodes (Lnn. paroti­dici) are situated ventral to the mandibu­lar joint at the posterior border of the M. masseter forming an elongated group of lymph nodes of 2.5 to 5 cm. in length and 0.5 cm. to 1.5 cm. in width. Thus the lymph nodes are located lateral to the V. maxillaris interna and extend dorsal and ventral to the latter vein. The Lnn. paro­tidici may be composed of 2 to 8 lymph nodes, being partly or completely covered laterally by the anterior edge of the paro­tid gland.

2) The Mandibular Lymph Center (Le. mandibulare)

The mandibular lymph nodes (Lnn. mandibulares) (Illust. 1; and Fig's 1,2,3) are covered laterally by the cutaneous muscles and the parotid salivary gland. They are located at the caudoventral border of the mandible, on the lateral side of the M. sternohyoideus. They are found ventromedial to the angle of the mandible and anterior to the mandibular gland. Us­ually the lymph nodes are located ventral to the V. maxillaris externa, but often they extend to the dorsomedial side of the lat­ter vein fonning one or two conglomera­tions of lymph nodes of 2 to 3 cm in length and 1 \12-2\12 cm. in width.

The accessory mandibular lymph nodes (Lnn. mandibulares accessorii) (Illust. 1; and Fig's 1,2,3,4) are found ventral to the

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v. maxillaris externa where the latter vem terminates into V. jugularis externa. The lymph nodes are located on the ventro­lateral side of the M. sternomastoideus and posterior to the mandibular salivary gland, being completely covered and partially em­bedded by the ventral edge of the parotid salivary gland. Usually there is found an oval conglomeration of two or four vari­able sized lymph nodes of 0.5 cm. or 11;2 cm. in length. In one case (out of 25) on the left side and in 3 cases (out of 25) on the right side, the latter lymph nodes were not clearly distinguished from the Lnn. cervicales ventrales. In these exceptional cases, the lymph nodes were located ven­tral to the V. juglaris externa, 1-2 cm. pos­terior to the termination of the maxillary veins into the V. jugularis externa, being situated anterio-medial to the posterior group of the Lnn. cervicales superficiales ventrales.

3) The Retropharyngical Lymph Center (Lc. retropharyngicum)

The lateral retropharyngical lymph nodes (Lnn. retropharyngici laterales) (11-lust. 1; and Fig. 1) form a group of 1-2 lymph nodes along the dorsal, posterior border of the parotid gland; thus, being situated caudal to the V. auricularis magna and dorsal to the V. maxillaris in­terna on the M. brachiocephalicus (M. cleidomastoideus). Those lymph nodes are partly or completely covered by the posterior border of the parotid gland and often they are not clearly distinguished from the anterior group of the Lnn. cervi­cales superficiales ventrales.

The medial retrophanJngical lymph node (Ln. retropharygicus medialis) (Fig's. 2,3) is found on the dorsolateral side of the pharynx muscles; located dorsal to the A. carotis communis, V. jugularis intern a and the vago-sympathetic trunk. The lymph node is found just posterior to the hyoid bone and it extends 2 cm. ventro­medial to the wing of the atlas, reaching posteriorly to the lateral side of the M. longus capitis. Laterally the lymph node is covered by fat, and the thymus when present, and by the tendon of the M. ster­nomastoideus, which structures in turn are covered laterally by the M. cleidoma-

Issue, No.3, 1962-63

stoideus. Usually the medial retropharyn­gical lymph node presents an oval con­glomeration of lymph nodes of 2 to 3 cm. in length and 1 to 1 Y2 cm. in width. Oc­casionally one or two small lymph nodes of 0.5 and 1.0 cm. in length may accom­pany the main node, being situated pos­teriorly or ventrally to the latter lymph node.

c) The Lymph Nodes of the Neck The lymph nodes of the neck form two

lymph centers (Lcc.) of which in swine the superficial cervical lymph center (Lc. cervicale superficiale) includes three lymph node groups (Lnn. cervicales super­ficiales dorsales, ventrales and medii); and the deep cervical lymph center (Lc. cervi­cale profundum) which is composed of three lymph node groups (Lnn. cervicales profundi craniales, medii and caudales).

1) The Superficial Cervial Lymph Center (Lc. cervicale superficiale).

The dorsal superficial cervial lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales superficiales dor­sales) (IlIust. 1; and Fig's. 1,2,3) are situ­ated craniodorsal to the shoulder joint, just anterior to the scapular portion of the deep pectoral muscle, being located on the M. serratus ventralis. The dorsal third of the conglomerate of lymph nodes is cov­ered by the M. trapezius, while the ventral portion extends under the M. omotrasver­sarius. Generally there is only one oval shaped conglomerate lymph node present of a variable size of 1-4 cm. in length but occasionally one or two smaller lymph nodes of 0.5-1 cm. in width are found ventral to the main group, covered by the M. omotransversarius.

The ventral superficial cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales superficiales ven­trales) (Illust. 1; Fig's. 1,4) form a row of lymph nodes on the ventrolateral side of the M. cleidooccipitalis and on the lateral side of the M. cleidomastoideus along the posterior border of the parotid gland. They represent a chain of lymph nodes extend­ing from the lateral retropharyngical lymph nodes caudoventral along the anter­ior edge of the brachiocephalicus muscle. Usually the lymph nodes seem to form 2 or 3 groups which may be distinguished as

129

the cranial, the middle and the caudal group.

The caudal group was found in all the cases examined (25 swine) to be the larg­est compared to the other two groups. It forms a conglomeration of lymph nodes of 2-3 cm. in length 'and 1-1Y2 cm. in width.

The middle group may be described as composed of smaller lymph nodes of less than 0.5 cm. to 1 cm. in size. Occasionally some of the latter lymph nodes were found to cover an area dorsally on the M. cleido­occipitalis reaching up to the dorsal border of the M. omotransversarius; thus being located close to the dorsal superficial cervi­cal lymph nodes.

The cranial group of the ventral super­ficial cervical lymph nodes were repre­sented by 2-5 variable sized lymph nodes of up to 2 cm in length. Quite frequently they were not clearly distinguished from the lateral retropharyngical lymph nodes.

The classification of the ventral super­ficial cervial lymph nodes into the "cran­ial," "middle" and "caudal" group is rather empirical but it serves a practical purpose for describing the afferent and efferent lymph vessels.

The medial superficial cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cerviales superficiales medii) (Illust. 1; Fig's. 1,2,3,4) may be described as two inconsistantly found groups of lymph nodes, of which the first group is represented by one or two small lymph nodes varying in size from 0.5 cm. to 1 cm. in length. They were found to fol­low the course of the V. cervicales ascen­dens down to the termination of the latter vein into the V. jugularis externa. Some of the dorsally located lymph nodes can not clearly be distinguished from the dor­sal superficial cervical lymph nodes.

The second group is 'situated dorsal to the course of the V. jugularis externa, being covered laterally by the M. cleido­occipitalis and M. cleido-occipitalis and M. cleidomastoideus. The lymph nodes can not always be clearly distinguished anter­iorly from the ventral superficial cervical lymph nodes. Usually (34 times of 50 cases) 1 to 3 (seldom 4) small lymph nodes of less than 0.5 cm. or up to 1.0 cm. in lengtJh were located anteriorly at the angle formed by the V. cervicalis ascend-

130

ens and the V. jugularis externa. Occa­sionally (4 out of 50 cases) some of the lymph nodes extended caudally along the dorsal or lateral side of the V. jugularis externa and thus it becomes difficult to distinguish the medial superficial cervical lymph nodes from ·the "split off" lymph nodes of the Lnn. axillares primate costae.

2) The Deep Cervical Lymph Center (Lc. cervicale profundum).

The deep lymph nodes of the neck (Lnn. cervicales profundi) are related to the trachea !ranging from posterior to the larynx, downward to the thoracic inlet. In swine they were relatively small and inconsistently found and of less import­ance compared to the numerous and well developed superficial cervical lymph nodes in this animal. The deep cervical lymph nodes form three groups which may be distinguished as the cranial, middle and the caudal group.

The cranial deep cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales profundi craniales) are situated in the region between the larynx and the thyroid on the first and second tracheal ring, ventral to the V. jugularis interna. In 17 out of 25 swine examined these lymph nodes were found to be absent on both sides of the head. In two cases, 3 lymph nodes of less than 0.5 em. were lo­cated on the left side and 2 lymph nodes of 0.25 cm. on the right side. In 3 cases, three lymph nodes were present on the left side, and 2 lymph nodes on the right side of varying sizes of less than 0.25 cm. and up to 0.5 cm. in length. Finally in 2 cases, one lymph node of 0.25 em. was present on the right side and none were found on the left side.

The middle deep cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales profundi medii) are situ­ated just dorsal to the thyroid gland, thus ventrolateral to the trachea in the region of the latter gland. Of 25 swine examined, these lymph nodes were found to be absent in 20 animals and in five cases 1 to 3 lymph nodes of approximately 0.25 cm. in size were located near the posterior exten­sion of the thyroid gland.

The caudal deep cervical lymph nodes (Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales) (Fig. 4) form an unpaired group of lymph nodes

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located posteriorly to the thyroid gland being situated ventral to the trachea in an angle fonned by the common jugular veins. These lymph nodes were found to be present in all cases examined (25 swine). The caudal deep cervical lymph nodes present usually a scattered group of 3-8 small lymph nodes of less than 0.25 cm. up to approximately 0.75 cm. in size. Laterally the lymph nodes were covered by the thymus. The latter gland when pre­sent) separates the caudal deep cervical lymph nodes from the Lnn. axillares pri­mae costae.

d) Lymph Nodes of the Thoracic Limb. 1) Lnn. axillares primae costae

In swine there are no lymph nodes found on the "free" thoracic limb. The Lnn. axillares primae costae (Illust. 1; Fig's. 3,4) fonn a conglomerate of small lymph nodes located anterior to the first rib, and lateral to the thymus, and ventral to the axillary veins. The term given for these lymph nodes appears to be too long and thus the term Lnn. costoaxillares is suggested, (Cos to-axillary lymph nodes).

The size of the conglomerate of these lymph nodes varies from 1.0 to 2.5 cm. in length and occasionally one or two smaller lymph nodes of 0.5 em. or less in size may be found anteriorly to the main group, along the lateral or ventral side of theV. jugularis externa. Thus, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish the latter lymph nodes from the Lnn. cervicales superfi­ciales medii of which some may be situ­ated near (around) the termination of the V. cervicalis aseendens. Sometimes, the latter the lymph nodes can not be distin­guished clearly from the Lnn. cervicales profundi caudales. This is especially true in older animals in which the thymus has been reduced in size.

V. Summary The terminology and the descriptive in­

formation of the lymph nodes of the head, neck and shoulder region of swine were re­viewed, compared and evaluated in 24 publications, and were arranged in 4 tables in chronological order, dated from 1871 to 1960.

It was found that a great variety of syn-

Issue, No.3, 1962-63

onyms and controversies were present. The research papers dealing with the lymph flow were based mainly on tenninology introduced by Baum (1929).

In this report only the location of the lymph nodes was described and illustrated by one drawing and 4 photographs. An article to follow will describe the experi­ments conducted to date on the lymph flow in the living (anesthetized) swine.

REFERENCES

1. Baum, H.: Betrachtungen liber die Arbeit Vun Postma "Oas Lymphgefass.System des Sehwein­es." Z. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 39, (January 15, 1929): 133-140.

2. Baum, H. und Grau, H.: Oas Lymphgefass-Sys­tern des Schweines. Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, Berlin, (1938): 15-52.

3. Castor, T.: In: Edelmann. R.: Text-Book of Meat Hygiene, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1939) :60.

4. Chauveau, A.: The Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals, 2. English edit., D. Ap­pleton and Company, New-York, (1902): 713-724.

5. Egehoj, J.: Untersuchungen tiber das VerhaJten einiger Lymphknoten am Kopf und am Halse des Schweines, Deutsche Tierarztl. Wschr. 44, (April 11, and April 25, 1936) :287-289; 319-322.

6. Egehoj, J.: Das Lymphgefass-System des Seh­weines, Z. f. Flcisch- u. Milchhyg., 47, (May 1, 1937): 293-298.

7. Ellenberger, W. und Baum, H.: Handbuch der verglcichenden Anatomic der Haustiere, 13. and 14. edit., Verlag August Hirschwald, Berlin, (1908):762-773, and (1915):725-753.

8. Franck. Ludw.: Handbuch der Anatomie der Hausthiere. Verlag von Eber & Seubert, Stuttgart, 1871.

9. Grau, H.: Oas Lymphgefass-System, In. Ellen­berger-Baum, Handbuch der vergl. Anatomie der Haustiere, 18. edit., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1943): 746-808.

10. Grau, H. und Boessneck, .T.: Der Lymphapparat. In: Ktikenthal, W.: Handbuch der Zoologic; 8. Band/25. Lieferung. WaJter de Gruyter & Co.; Berlin, (1960): 1-74.

11. Gregor, P.: Lymphknoten und Lymphbahnen am Kopf und Hals des Schweincs. Inaug. Disserta­tion. Berlin, 1914 (Cited in Postma, C., 1928).

12. Jossifow, J. M.: Das Lvmphgefass-System des Schweines, Anat. Anz., Vol. 75, (November 7, 1932):91-104.

13. KJimow, A. i. Akajewski, A.: Anatomija Domas­zich Ziwotnych, Vol. 2., Gosundarstwiennoje Izdatielstwo Sjelskochozjastwiennoj Literatury, Moskwa, 1950.

14. Leighton, G.: The Principles and Practice of Meat Inspection. William Hodge and Company, Edinburgh and London, (1927): 142-153.

15. Martin. P.: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haus­tiere. 4. Band. Verlag von Schickhardt & Ebner, Stuttgart, (1923): 95-97.

16. Miller, A. R.: Meat Hvgiene. 2. edit., Lea & Fe­biger. Philadelphia, (1958) :53-75.

17. Montane et Bourdelle: Anatomie Regionale des Animaux Domcstiques. III, Pore. Librairie J.-B. Baillicrc et Fils. Paris, (1920):112, 142, 184.

18. Most, A.: Zur Darstellung der Chylusgefa.se in vivo, Anat. Anz., Vol. 64, (November 2, 1927): 119-128.

19. von Ostertag, R.: Handbook of Meat Inspection. William R. Jenkins, New York, (1904): 177-181.

20. von Ostertag, R.: Lehrbuch der Schlaehtvieh- und Flcischbeschau, F. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart, (1932):242-272, and (1955):233-265.

21. von Ostertag, R.: Textbook of Meat Inspection. Bailliere, Tindall and Cox, London, (1934): 52-84.

22. Postma, C.: tiber das Lymphgefass-System an Kopf, Hals und Schulter beim Schwein. Z. f. Fleisch-u. Milchhyg., Vol. 38, (October I, 1927): 1-2.

23. Postma, C.: Das Lymphgcfass-System des Sch­weines. Z. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., Vol. 38, (July 15, 1928):354-362.

24. Saar, L. 1. and Getty, R.: The Lymphatic Sys­i4~lJl~·U. Veterinarian, Vol. 24, No.3, (1952):-

131

25. Saar, L. I. and Getty, R.: Nomenclature of the Lymph Apparatus. I.S. U. Veterinarian, Vol. 25, No.1, (1962): 23-29.

26. Sisson, S. : The Anatomy of the Domestic Ani­mals. 2 . edit. W. B. Saunders Company, Phila­delphia and London, (1914):740-742.

27. Sisson-Grossman: Anatomy of the Demestic Ani­mals. 4. edit., Press of W . B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. (1953) : 760-762.

28. Spira. Anneliese: Die Lymphknotengruppen (Lym­phocentra) bei den Saugern-ein Homologisier­ungsversuch. Inaug. Dissertation. Miichen. 1961.

29. St. Clair, L. E.: Lymphatic Svstem. In : Dunne' s, "Diseases of Swine." Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa, (1958):28-31.

30. Thornton, H.: Textbook of Meat Inspection. Bail­liere, Tindall and Cox, London, (1949): 96-99 and (1957): 95-98.

31. Titze, C.: Lage und Wurzelgebiete der Fleisch­lymphknoten beim Rinde und Schweine, Z . f . Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., Vol. 24, (September 1, 1914) :525-529.

32. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C .• Circular No. 866 : The Lymph Glands of Cattle, Hogs and Sheep, (January 1951) :2-14.

33. Zietzschmann, 0.: Das Lymphsystem. In : Schonberg. F. und Zietzschmann, D.: Die Aus­fiihrung der tierarztlichen Fleischuntersuchung, Paul Parey, Berlin und Hamburg, (1958): 1-30.

Legends (or figures I thru 4.

Lymph nodes: I. Mandibular, 2. parotid, 3. accessory mandibular, 4. lateral retropharyngical, 5. ven­tral superficial cervical, 6. medial retropharyngical, 7. dorsal superficial cervical, 8. medial superficial cer­vical, 9. caudal deep cervical, 10. axillares primae costae (costo·axillary).

lUl/sdes: A. masseter, n. brachiocephalieus, C. trapezius, D. omotransversarius, E. deep pectoral (seal" ular portion), F. omohyoideus, G. sternomastoideus, H. sternohyoideus, 1. scalenus primae costate, ]. ser­ratus ventralis, K. scalenus supraeostalis, L. sternothyroideus (ventral portion), M. sternothyroideus (dor­sal portion), N. hyothyroideus, O. deep pectoral (humeral portion).

Other structures: n. masseteric vein (v.); b. transverse facial v.; c. superficial temporal v.; d. cut por· tion o( the parotill gland; e. great auricular v.; f. internal maxillary v.; g. mandibular, gland; It. extemal maxillary v.; i. external jugular v.; k. ascending cervical v.; m. cephalic hlllneral v.; n. suprascapular v.; o. subscapular v.; p. brachial v.; q. external thoracic v.; r. first rib; .f. internal thoracic v.; t. thyroid gland; II. thymus; v. cricoid cartilage; w. thyroid cartilage; x. proximal end of the humerus; y. inter·tuberal groove.

Figure No. I: (Left side) Lateral view of the head, neck region. The cutaneous muscles, fat and the paro· tid gland have been removed.

132 Iowa State University Veterinarian

Figure No.2: (Left side) The brachiocephalic muscle and the lateral retropharyngical and the ventral su­perficial cervical lymph nodes have been removed.

Figure ~o. 3: (Left side) Lateral "iew of the head, neck and shoulder region. The thoracic limb has been removed.

Issue, No.3, 1962-63 133

Figure No.4: (Ventral view) The cervical region is dissected to illustrate the "deeper structures" from the larynx to the first rib.

o/l.rW\.~lIIttfolK ./

"" ..M dIldoot_ ..... "" ",,\M~ /' ./ "" ./ ,"' .... _-',....,.

./ '" ",'" l.M ~ Mlll4f6clalft dOr1IGI-. ", ,,'" ,,' ~~sor ...

"" /' "" ""Ill pee_all proflMldullllon ~ 0/

"I.-..-coIIa ...-rt- _ / // ,,'!/----~

; ./

IIIlctacl.hlwel

Illustration No.1: Lateral view of the head, neck region (left side). The cutaneous muscles have been re­moved.

134 Iowa State University Veterinarian